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1. Overview paper: New insights into aerosol and climate in the Arctic

Author

Abbatt, JPD, Richard Leaitch, W, Aliabadi, AA, Bertram, AK, Blanchet, JP, Boivin-Rioux, A, Bozem, H, Burkart, J, Chang, RYW, Charette, J, Chaubey, JP, Christensen, RJ, Cirisan, A, Collins, DB, Croft, B, Dionne, J, Evans, GJ, Fletcher, CG, Gali, M, Ghahremaninezhad, R, Girard, E, Gong, W, Gosselin, M, Gourdal, M, Hanna, SJ, Hayashida, H, Herber, AB, Hesaraki, S, Hoor, P, Huang, L, Hussherr, R, Irish, VE, Keita, SA, Kodros, JK, Köllner, F, Kolonjari, F, Kunkel, D, Ladino, LA, Law, K, Levasseur, M, Libois, Q, Liggio, J, Lizotte, M, MacDonald, KM, Mahmood, R, Martin, RV, Mason, RH, Miller, LA, Moravek, A, Mortenson, E, Mungall, EL, Murphy, JG, Namazi, M, Norman, AL, O'Neill, NT, Pierce, JR, Russell, LM, Schneider, J, Schulz, H, Sharma, S, Si, M, Staebler, RM, Steiner, NS, Thomas, JL, Von Salzen, K, Wentzell, JJB, Willis, MD, Wentworth, GR, Xu, JW, and Yakobi-Hancock, JD

Subjects
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract

Motivated by the need to predict how the Arctic atmosphere will change in a warming world, this article summarizes recent advances made by the research consortium NETCARE (Network on Climate and Aerosols: Addressing Key Uncertainties in Remote Canadian Environments) that contribute to our fundamental understanding of Arctic aerosol particles as they relate to climate forcing. The overall goal of NETCARE research has been to use an interdisciplinary approach encompassing extensive field observations and a range of chemical transport, earth system, and biogeochemical models. Several major findings and advances have emerged from NETCARE since its formation in 2013. (1) Unexpectedly high summertime dimethyl sulfide (DMS) levels were identified in ocean water (up to 75 nM) and the overlying atmosphere (up to 1 ppbv) in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA). Furthermore, melt ponds, which are widely prevalent, were identified as an important DMS source (with DMS concentrations of up to 6 nM and a potential contribution to atmospheric DMS of 20 % in the study area). (2) Evidence of widespread particle nucleation and growth in the marine boundary layer was found in the CAA in the summertime, with these events observed on 41 % of days in a 2016 cruise. As well, at Alert, Nunavut, particles that are newly formed and grown under conditions of minimal anthropogenic influence during the months of July and August are estimated to contribute 20 % to 80 % of the 30-50 nm particle number density. DMS-oxidation-driven nucleation is facilitated by the presence of atmospheric ammonia arising from seabird-colony emissions, and potentially also from coastal regions, tundra, and biomass burning. Via accumulation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), a significant fraction of the new particles grow to sizes that are active in cloud droplet formation. Although the gaseous precursors to Arctic marine SOA remain poorly defined, the measured levels of common continental SOA precursors (isoprene and monoterpenes) were low, whereas elevated mixing ratios of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) were inferred to arise via processes involving the sea surface microlayer. (3) The variability in the vertical distribution of black carbon (BC) under both springtime Arctic haze and more pristine summertime aerosol conditions was observed. Measured particle size distributions and mixing states were used to constrain, for the first time, calculations of aerosol-climate interactions under Arctic conditions. Aircraft- and ground-based measurements were used to better establish the BC source regions that supply the Arctic via long-range transport mechanisms, with evidence for a dominant springtime contribution from eastern and southern Asia to the middle troposphere, and a major contribution from northern Asia to the surface. (4) Measurements of ice nucleating particles (INPs) in the Arctic indicate that a major source of these particles is mineral dust, likely derived from local sources in the summer and long-range transport in the spring. In addition, INPs are abundant in the sea surface microlayer in the Arctic, and possibly play a role in ice nucleation in the atmosphere when mineral dust concentrations are low. (5) Amongst multiple aerosol components, BC was observed to have the smallest effective deposition velocities to high Arctic snow (0.03 cm s1).

Published
2019

2. Atmospheric and Surface Processes, and Feedback Mechanisms Determining Arctic Amplification: A Review of First Results and Prospects of the (AC)3 Project

Author

Wendisch, M., Brückner, M., Crewell, Susanne, Ehrlich, A., Notholt, J., Lüpkes, C., Macke, A., Burrows, J. P., Rinke, A., Quaas, J., Maturilli, M., Schemann, V., Shupe, M. D., Akansu, E. F., Barrientos-Velasco, C., Bärfuss, K., Blechschmidt, A.-M., Block, K., Bougoudis, I., Bozem, H., Böckmann, C., Bracher, A., Bresson, H., Bretschneider, L., Buschmann, M., Chechin, D. G., Chylik, J., Dahlke, S., Deneke, H., Dethloff, K., Donth, T., Dorn, W., Dupuy, R., Ebell, K., Egerer, U., Engelmann, R., Eppers, O., Gerdes, R., Gierens, R., Gorodetskaya, I. V., Gottschalk, M., Griesche, H., Gryanik, V. M., Handorf, D., Harm-Altstädter, B., Hartmann, J., Hartmann, M., Heinold, B., Herber, A., Herrmann, H., Heygster, G., Höschel, I., Hofmann, Z., Hölemann, J., Hünerbein, A., Jafariserajehlou, S., Jäkel, E., Jacobi, C., Janout, M., Jansen, F., Jourdan, O., Jurányi, Z., Kalesse-Los, H., Kanzow, T., Käthner, R., Kliesch, L. L., Klingebiel, M., Knudsen, E. M., Kovács, T., Körtke, W., Krampe, D., Kretzschmar, J., Kreyling, D., Kulla, B., Kunkel, D., Lampert, A., Lauer, M., Lelli, L., von Lerber, A., Linke, O., Löhnert, U., Lonardi, M., Losa, S. N., Losch, M., Maahn, M., Mech, M., Mei, L., Mertes, S., Metzner, E., Mewes, D., Michaelis, J., Mioche, G., Moser, Manuel, Nakoudi, K., Neggers, R., Neuber, R., Nomokonova, T., Oelker, J., Papakonstantinou-Presvelou, I., Pätzold, F., Pefanis, V., Pohl, C., van Pinxteren, M., Radovan, A., Rhein, M., Rex, Markus, Richter, A., Risse, N., Ritter, C., Rostosky, P., Rozanov, V. V., Ruiz Donoso, E., Saavedra-Garfias, P., Salzmann, M., Schacht, J., Schäfer, M., Schneider, J., Schnierstein, N., Seifert, P., Seo, S., Siebert, H., Soppa, M. A., Spreen, G., Stachlewska, I. S., Stapf, J., Stratmann, F., Tegen, I., Viceto, C., Voigt, Christiane, Vountas, M., Walbröl, A., Walter, M., Wehner, B., Wex, H., Willmes, S., Zanatta, M., Zeppenfeld, S., Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], clouds, Arctic amplification
Abstract

Mechanisms behind the phenomenon of Arctic amplification are widely discussed. To contribute to this debate, the (AC)3 project was established in 2016 (www.ac3-tr.de/). It comprises modeling and data analysis efforts as well as observational elements. The project has assembled a wealth of ground-based, airborne, shipborne, and satellite data of physical, chemical, and meteorological properties of the Arctic atmosphere, cryosphere, and upper ocean that are available for the Arctic climate research community. Short-term changes and indications of long-term trends in Arctic climate parameters have been detected using existing and new data. For example, a distinct atmospheric moistening, an increase of regional storm activities, an amplified winter warming in the Svalbard and North Pole regions, and a decrease of sea ice thickness in the Fram Strait and of snow depth on sea ice have been identified. A positive trend of tropospheric bromine monoxide (BrO) column densities during polar spring was verified. Local marine/biogenic sources for cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles were found. Atmospheric–ocean and radiative transfer models were advanced by applying new parameterizations of surface albedo, cloud droplet activation, convective plumes and related processes over leads, and turbulent transfer coefficients for stable surface layers. Four modes of the surface radiative energy budget were explored and reproduced by simulations. To advance the future synthesis of the results, cross-cutting activities are being developed aiming to answer key questions in four focus areas: lapse rate feedback, surface processes, Arctic mixed-phase clouds, and airmass transport and transformation.

Published
2023

3. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: NEXT-GENERATION MESENCHYMAL STROMAL/STEM CELL THERAPEUTICS: HIGH-END PHENOTYPIC, AND FUNCTIONAL PROFILING OF THERAPEUTIC PLACENTA-DERIVED PLX-PAD CELL PRODUCTS FOR TREATMENT OF MULTIPLE CLINICAL INDICATIONS

Author

Moll, G., primary, Schlickeiser, S., additional, Juerchott, K., additional, Souidi, N., additional, Consentius, C., additional, Juelke, K., additional, Streitz, M., additional, Martini, S., additional, Drzeniek, N., additional, Richter, S., additional, Krueger, U., additional, Zemojtel, T., additional, Kunkel, D., additional, Reinke, S., additional, Geissler, S., additional, Winkler, T., additional, Reinke, P., additional, Seifert, M., additional, Aberman, Z., additional, Ofir, R., additional, and Volk, H., additional

Published
2023
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4. Atmospheric and Surface Processes, and Feedback Mechanisms Determining Arctic Amplification: A Review of First Results and Prospects of the (AC)3 Project

Author

Wendisch, M, Brückner, M, Crewell, S, Ehrlich, A, Notholt, J, Lüpkes, C, Macke, A, Burrows, JP, Rinke, A, Quaas, J, Maturilli, M, Schemann, V, Shupe, MD, Akansu, EF, Barrientos-Velasco, C, Bärfuss, K, Blechschmidt, A-M, Block, K, Bougoudis, I, Bozem, H, Böckmann, C, Bracher, A, Bresson, H, Bretschneider, L, Buschmann, M, Chechin, DG, Chylik, J, Dahlke, S, Deneke, H, Dethloff, K, Donth, T, Dorn, W, Dupuy, R, Ebell, K, Egerer, U, Engelmann, R, Eppers, O, Gerdes, R, Gierens, R, Gorodetskaya, IV, Gottschalk, M, Griesche, H, Gryanik, VM, Handorf, D, Harm-Altstädter, B, Hartmann, J, Hartmann, M, Heinold, B, Herber, A, Herrmann, H, Heygster, G, Höschel, I, Hofmann, Z, Hölemann, J, Hünerbein, A, Jafariserajehlou, S, Jäkel, E, Jacobi, C, Janout, M, Jansen, F, Jourdan, O, Jurányi, Z, Kalesse-Los, H, Kanzow, T, Käthner, R, Kliesch, LL, Klingebiel, M, Knudsen, EM, Kovács, T, Körtke, W, Krampe, D, Kretzschmar, J, Kreyling, D, Kulla, B, Kunkel, D, Lampert, A, Lauer, M, Lelli, L, von Lerber, A, Linke, O, Löhnert, U, Lonardi, M, Losa, SN, Losch, M, Maahn, M, Mech, M, Mei, L, Mertes, S, Metzner, E, Mewes, D, Michaelis, J, Mioche, G, Moser, M, Nakoudi, K, Neggers, R, Neuber, R, Nomokonova, T, Oelker, J, Papakonstantinou-Presvelou, I, Pätzold, F, Pefanis, V, Pohl, C, van Pinxteren, M, Radovan, A, Rhein, M, Rex, M, Richter, A, Risse, N, Ritter, C, Rostosky, P, Rozanov, VV, Donoso, E Ruiz, Saavedra Garfias, P, Salzmann, M, Schacht, J, Schäfer, M, Schneider, J, Schnierstein, N, Seifert, P, Seo, S, Siebert, H, Soppa, MA, Spreen, G, Stachlewska, IS, Stapf, J, Stratmann, F, Tegen, I, Viceto, C, Voigt, C, Vountas, M, Walbröl, A, Walter, M, Wehner, B, Wex, H, Willmes, S, Zanatta, M, Zeppenfeld, S, Wendisch, M, Brückner, M, Crewell, S, Ehrlich, A, Notholt, J, Lüpkes, C, Macke, A, Burrows, JP, Rinke, A, Quaas, J, Maturilli, M, Schemann, V, Shupe, MD, Akansu, EF, Barrientos-Velasco, C, Bärfuss, K, Blechschmidt, A-M, Block, K, Bougoudis, I, Bozem, H, Böckmann, C, Bracher, A, Bresson, H, Bretschneider, L, Buschmann, M, Chechin, DG, Chylik, J, Dahlke, S, Deneke, H, Dethloff, K, Donth, T, Dorn, W, Dupuy, R, Ebell, K, Egerer, U, Engelmann, R, Eppers, O, Gerdes, R, Gierens, R, Gorodetskaya, IV, Gottschalk, M, Griesche, H, Gryanik, VM, Handorf, D, Harm-Altstädter, B, Hartmann, J, Hartmann, M, Heinold, B, Herber, A, Herrmann, H, Heygster, G, Höschel, I, Hofmann, Z, Hölemann, J, Hünerbein, A, Jafariserajehlou, S, Jäkel, E, Jacobi, C, Janout, M, Jansen, F, Jourdan, O, Jurányi, Z, Kalesse-Los, H, Kanzow, T, Käthner, R, Kliesch, LL, Klingebiel, M, Knudsen, EM, Kovács, T, Körtke, W, Krampe, D, Kretzschmar, J, Kreyling, D, Kulla, B, Kunkel, D, Lampert, A, Lauer, M, Lelli, L, von Lerber, A, Linke, O, Löhnert, U, Lonardi, M, Losa, SN, Losch, M, Maahn, M, Mech, M, Mei, L, Mertes, S, Metzner, E, Mewes, D, Michaelis, J, Mioche, G, Moser, M, Nakoudi, K, Neggers, R, Neuber, R, Nomokonova, T, Oelker, J, Papakonstantinou-Presvelou, I, Pätzold, F, Pefanis, V, Pohl, C, van Pinxteren, M, Radovan, A, Rhein, M, Rex, M, Richter, A, Risse, N, Ritter, C, Rostosky, P, Rozanov, VV, Donoso, E Ruiz, Saavedra Garfias, P, Salzmann, M, Schacht, J, Schäfer, M, Schneider, J, Schnierstein, N, Seifert, P, Seo, S, Siebert, H, Soppa, MA, Spreen, G, Stachlewska, IS, Stapf, J, Stratmann, F, Tegen, I, Viceto, C, Voigt, C, Vountas, M, Walbröl, A, Walter, M, Wehner, B, Wex, H, Willmes, S, Zanatta, M, and Zeppenfeld, S

Abstract

Mechanisms behind the phenomenon of Arctic amplification are widely discussed. To contribute to this debate, the (AC)3 project was established in 2016 (www.ac3-tr.de/). It comprises modeling and data analysis efforts as well as observational elements. The project has assembled a wealth of ground-based, airborne, shipborne, and satellite data of physical, chemical, and meteorological properties of the Arctic atmosphere, cryosphere, and upper ocean that are available for the Arctic climate research community. Short-term changes and indications of long-term trends in Arctic climate parameters have been detected using existing and new data. For example, a distinct atmospheric moistening, an increase of regional storm activities, an amplified winter warming in the Svalbard and North Pole regions, and a decrease of sea ice thickness in the Fram Strait and of snow depth on sea ice have been identified. A positive trend of tropospheric bromine monoxide (BrO) column densities during polar spring was verified. Local marine/biogenic sources for cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles were found. Atmospheric–ocean and radiative transfer models were advanced by applying new parameterizations of surface albedo, cloud droplet activation, convective plumes and related processes over leads, and turbulent transfer coefficients for stable surface layers. Four modes of the surface radiative energy budget were explored and reproduced by simulations. To advance the future synthesis of the results, cross-cutting activities are being developed aiming to answer key questions in four focus areas: lapse rate feedback, surface processes, Arctic mixed-phase clouds, and airmass transport and transformation.

Published
2023

7. Store-operated calcium entry controls innate and adaptive immune cell function in inflammatory bowel disease

Author

Letizia, M., Wang, Y.H., Kaufmann, U., Gerbeth, L., Sand, A., Brunkhorst, M., Weidner, P., Ziegler, J.F., Böttcher, C., Schlickeiser, S., Fernández, C., Yamashita, M., Stauderman, K., Sun, K., Kunkel, D., Prakriya, M., Sanders, A.D., Siegmund, B., Feske, S., and Weidinger, C.

Subjects
Cancer Research, Function and Dysfunction of the Nervous System
Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by dysregulated intestinal immune responses. Using mass cytometry (CyTOF) to analyze the immune cell composition in the lamina propria (LP) of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), we observed an enrichment of CD(4+) effector T cells producing IL-17A and TNF, CD(8+) T cells producing IFNγ, T regulatory (Treg) cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILC). The function of these immune cells is regulated by store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE), which results from the opening of Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels formed by ORAI and STIM proteins. We observed that the pharmacologic inhibition of SOCE attenuated the production of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17A, TNF, and IFNγ by human colonic T cells and ILCs, reduced the production of IL-6 by B cells and the production of IFNγ by myeloid cells, but had no effect on the viability, differentiation, and function of intestinal epithelial cells. T cell-specific deletion of CRAC channel genes in mice showed that Orai1, Stim1, and Stim2-deficient T cells have quantitatively distinct defects in SOCE, which correlate with gradually more pronounced impairment of cytokine production by Th1 and Th17 cells and the severity of IBD. Moreover, the pharmacologic inhibition of SOCE with a selective CRAC channel inhibitor attenuated IBD severity and colitogenic T cell function in mice. Our data indicate that SOCE inhibition may be a suitable new approach for the treatment of IBD.

Published
2022

10. Assessment of the types of catheter infectivity caused by Candida species and their biofilm formation. First study in an intensive care unit in Algeria

Author

Seddiki SML, Boucherit-Otmani Z, Boucherit K, Badsi-Amir S, Taleb M, and Kunkel D

Subjects
Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Sidi Mohammed Lahbib Seddiki,1 Zahia Boucherit-Otmani,1 Kebir Boucherit,1 Souad Badsi-Amir,2 Mourad Taleb,3 Dennis Kunkel41Laboratory: Antifungal Antibiotic, Physico-Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activity, University of Tlemcen, Algeria; 2Department of Anesthesiology, 3Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria; 4Dennis Kunkel Microscopy Inc, Kailua, HI, USAAbstract: Nosocomial candidiasis remains a potential risk in intensive care units (ICUs), wherein Candida albicans is most responsible for its occurrence. Equally, non-C. albicans species, especially C. glabrata, are also involved. These infections are frequently associated with biofilms that contaminate medical devices, such as catheters. These biofilms constitute a significant clinical problem, and cause therapeutic failures, because they can escape the immune response and considerably decrease sensitivity to antifungal therapy. The diagnosis of catheter-related candidiasis is difficult; however, the differentiation between an infection of the catheter (or other medical implant) and a simple contamination is essential to start an antifungal treatment. Among the methods used for this type of study is the Brun-Buisson method, but this method only examines the infectivity of catheters caused by bacteria. For this reason, we wanted to adapt this method to the yeast cells of Candida spp. To assess the various types of infectivity of catheters (contamination, colonization, or infection) and their corresponding rates, as well as the responsible yeast species, we conducted our study, between February 2011 and January 2012, in the ICU at the University Hospital Center of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria; during this study, we took photographic images of the tongue of one patient and of that patient's implanted orobronchial catheter. In addition, catheters contaminated by C. albicans biofilms were observed by scanning electron microscopy.Keywords: ICU, contamination, colonization, infection

Published
2013

11. Single-cell mass cytometry reveals complex myeloid cell composition in active lesions of progressive multiple sclerosis

Author

Böttcher, C., van der Poel, M., Fernández-Zapata, C., Schlickeiser, S., Leman, J.K.H., Hsiao, C.-C., Mizee, M.R., Adelia, Vincenten, M.C.J., Kunkel, D., Huitinga, I., Hamann, J., Priller, J., Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Graduate School, AII - Inflammatory diseases, Experimental Immunology, and Structural and Functional Plasticity of the nervous system (SILS, FNWI)

Subjects
methods [Cell Separation], methods [Single-Cell Analysis], Research, methods [Flow Cytometry], Brain, Cell Separation, Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive, Flow Cytometry, pathology [Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive], lcsh:RC346-429, Active lesion, pathology [Brain], Myeloid cells, Humans, Myeloid Cells, Mass cytometry, ddc:610, Microglia, Single-Cell Analysis, Progressive multiple sclerosis, 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit::610 Medizin und Gesundheit, lcsh:Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system
Abstract

Myeloid cells contribute to inflammation and demyelination in the early stages of multiple sclerosis (MS), but it is still unclear to what extent these cells are involved in active lesion formation in progressive MS (PMS). Here, we have harnessed the power of single-cell mass cytometry (CyTOF) to compare myeloid cell phenotypes in active lesions of PMS donors with those in normal-appearing white matter from the same donors and control white matter from non-MS donors. CyTOF measurements of a total of 74 targeted proteins revealed a decreased abundance of homeostatic and TNFhi microglia, and an increase in highly phagocytic and activated microglia states in active lesions of PMS donors. Interestingly, in contrast to results obtained from studies of the inflammatory early disease stages of MS, infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages were scarce in active lesions of PMS, suggesting fundamental differences of myeloid cell composition in advanced stages of PMS.

Published
2020

13. Contribution of tissue inflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption to brain softening in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis

Author

Silva, R.V., Morr, A.S., Mueller, S., Koch, S.P., Boehm-Sturm, P., Rodriguez-Sillke, Y., Kunkel, D., Tzschätzsch, H., Kühl, A.A., Schnorr, J., Taupitz, M., Sack, I., and Infante-Duarte, C.

Subjects
Function and Dysfunction of the Nervous System
Abstract

Neuroinflammatory processes occurring during multiple sclerosis cause disseminated softening of brain tissue, as quantified by in vivo magnetic resonance elastography (MRE). However, inflammation-mediated tissue alterations underlying the mechanical integrity of the brain remain unclear. We previously showed that blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption visualized by MRI using gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) does not correlate with tissue softening in active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, it is unknown how confined BBB changes and other inflammatory processes may determine local elasticity changes. Therefore, we aim to elucidate which inflammatory hallmarks are determinant for local viscoelastic changes observed in EAE brains. Hence, novel multifrequency MRE was applied in combination with GBCA-based MRI or very small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (VSOPs) in female SJL mice with induced adoptive transfer EAE (n = 21). VSOPs were doped with europium (Eu-VSOPs) to facilitate the post-mortem analysis. Accumulation of Eu-VSOPs, which was previously demonstrated to be sensitive to immune cell infiltration and ECM remodeling, was also found to be independent of GBCA enhancement. Following registration to a reference brain atlas, viscoelastic properties of the whole brain and areas visualized by either Gd or VSOP were quantified. MRE revealed marked disseminated softening across the whole brain in mice with established EAE (baseline: 3.1 ± 0.1 m/s vs. EAE: 2.9 ± 0.2 m/s, p < 0.0001). A similar degree of softening was observed in sites of GBCA enhancement i.e., mainly within cerebral cortex and brain stem (baseline: 3.3 ± 0.4 m/s vs. EAE: 3.0 ± 0.5 m/s, p = 0.018). However, locations in which only Eu-VSOP accumulated, mainly in fiber tracts (baseline: 3.0 ± 0.4 m/s vs. EAE: 2.6 ± 0.5 m/s, p = 0.023), softening was more pronounced when compared to non-hypointense areas (percent change of stiffness for Eu-VSOP accumulation: −16.81 ± 16.49% vs. for non-hypointense regions: −5.85 ± 3.81%, p = 0.048). Our findings suggest that multifrequency MRE is sensitive to differentiate between local inflammatory processes with a strong immune cell infiltrate that lead to VSOP accumulation, from disseminated inflammation and BBB leakage visualized by GBCA. These pathological events visualized by Eu-VSOP MRI and MRE may include gliosis, macrophage infiltration, alterations of endothelial matrix components, and/or extracellular matrix remodeling. MRE may therefore represent a promising imaging tool for non-invasive clinical assessment of different pathological aspects of neuroinflammation.

Published
2021

14. Evaluation of Observed and Modelled Aerosol Lifetimes Using Radioactive Tracers of Opportunity and an Ensemble of 19 Global Models

Author

Kristiansen, N. I, Stohl, A, Olivie, D. J. L, Croft, B, Sovde, O. A, Klein, H, Christoudias, T, Kunkel, D, Leadbetter, S. J, Lee, Y. H, Zhang, K, Tsigaridis, K, Bauer, S. E, Faluvegi, G. S, and Shindell, D

Subjects
Meteorology And Climatology
Abstract

Aerosols have important impacts on air quality and climate, but the processes affecting their removal from the atmosphere are not fully understood and are poorly constrained by observations. This makes modelled aerosol lifetimes uncertain. In this study, we make use of an observational constraint on aerosol lifetimes provided by radionuclide measurements and investigate the causes of differences within a set of global models. During the Fukushima Dai-Ichi nuclear power plant accident of March 2011, the radioactive isotopes cesium-137 (Cs-137) and xenon-133 (Xe-133) were released in large quantities. Cesium attached to particles in the ambient air, approximately according to their available aerosol surface area. Cs-137 size distribution measurements taken close to the power plant suggested that accumulation mode (AM) sulfate aerosols were the main carriers of cesium. Hence, Cs-137 can be used as a proxy tracer for the AM sulfate aerosol's fate in the atmosphere. In contrast, the noble gas Xe-133 behaves almost like a passive transport tracer. Global surface measurements of the two radioactive isotopes taken over several months after the release allow the derivation of a lifetime of the carrier aerosol. We compare this to the lifetimes simulated by 19 different atmospheric transport models initialized with identical emissions of Cs-137that were assigned to an aerosol tracer with each model's default properties of AM sulfate, and Xe-133 emissions that were assigned to a passive tracer. We investigate to what extent the modelled sulfate tracer can reproduce the measurements, especially with respect to the observed loss of aerosol mass with time. Modelled Cs-137and Xe-133 concentrations sampled at the same location and times as station measurements allow a direct comparison between measured and modelled aerosol lifetime. The e-folding lifetime e, calculated from station measurement data taken between 2 and 9 weeks after the start of the emissions, is 14.3 days (95% confidence interval 13.1-15.7 days). The equivalent modelled e lifetimes have a large spread, varying between 4.8 and 26.7 days with a model median of 9.42.3 days, indicating too fast a removal in most models. Because sufficient measurement data were only available from about 2 weeks after the release, the estimated lifetimes apply to aerosols that have undergone long-range transport, i.e. not for freshly emitted aerosol. However, modelled instantaneous lifetimes show that the initial removal in the first 2 weeks was quicker (lifetimes between 1 and 5 days) due to the emissions occurring at low altitudes and co-location of the fresh plume with strong precipitation. Deviations between measured and modelled aerosol lifetimes are largest for the northernmost stations and at later time periods, suggesting that models do not transport enough of the aerosol towards the Arctic. The models underestimate passive tracer (Xe-133) concentrations in the Arctic as well but to a smaller extent than for the aerosol (Cs-137) tracer. This indicates that in addition to too fast an aerosol removal in the models, errors in simulated atmospheric transport towards the Arctic in most models also contribute to the underestimation of the Arctic aerosol concentrations.

Published
2016
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15. Human small intestinal infection by SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by a mucosal infiltration with activated CD8+ T cells

Author

Lehmann, M, additional, Allers, K, additional, Heldt, C, additional, Schmidt, F, additional, Rodriguez-Sillke, Y, additional, Kunkel, D, additional, Schumann, M, additional, Böttcher, C, additional, Elezkurtaj, S, additional, Bojarski, C, additional, Corman, VM, additional, Schneider, T, additional, Loddenkemper, C, additional, Moos, V, additional, Weidinger, C, additional, Kühl, A, additional, and Siegmund, B, additional

Published
2021
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16. HDAC7 controls anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity by CD8+ T cells via the control of apoptosis and cellular exhaustion

Author

Keye, J, additional, Yerinde, C, additional, Durlanik, S, additional, Schmidt, F, additional, Friedrich, M, additional, Wu, H, additional, Schlickeiser, S, additional, Kunkel, D, additional, Freise, I, additional, Kühl, A, additional, Thiel, A, additional, Siegmund, B, additional, Glauben, R, additional, and Weidinger, C, additional

Published
2021
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19. Impairment of the intestinal barrier is evident in untreated but absent in suppressively treated HIV-infected patients

Author

Epple, H.-J., Schneider, T., Troeger, H., Kunkel, D., Allers, K., Moos, V., Amasheh, M., Loddenkemper, C., Fromm, M., Zeitz, M., and Schulzke, J.-D.

Subjects
Gastrointestinal mucosa -- Physiological aspects, Gastrointestinal mucosa -- Research, HIV infection -- Development and progression, HIV infection -- Research, Highly active antiretroviral therapy -- Patient outcomes, Highly active antiretroviral therapy -- Physiological aspects, Highly active antiretroviral therapy -- Research, Epithelium -- Physiological aspects, Epithelium -- Research, Health
Published
2009

20. Correlation of T cell response and bacterial clearance in human volunteers challenged with Helicobacter pylori revealed by randomised controlled vaccination with Ty21a-based Salmonella vaccines

Author

Aebischer, T., Bumann, D., Epple, H.J., Metzger, W., Schneider, T., Cherepnev, G., Walduck, A.K., Kunkel, D., Moos, V., Loddenkemper, C., Jiadze, I., Panasyuk, M., Stolte, M., Graham, D.Y., Zeitz, M., and Meyer, T.F.

Subjects
Helicobacter infections -- Prevention, Bacterial vaccines -- Dosage and administration, Bacterial vaccines -- Research, Immune response -- Research, Health
Published
2008

21. Interventions for Preventing Falls in People After Stroke

Author

Denissen, S., Staring, W.H.A., Kunkel, D., Pickering, R.M., Lennon, S., Geurts, A.C.H., Weerdesteyn, V.G.M., Verheyden, G., Denissen, S., Staring, W.H.A., Kunkel, D., Pickering, R.M., Lennon, S., Geurts, A.C.H., Weerdesteyn, V.G.M., and Verheyden, G.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 218689.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access)

Published
2020

22. Severe COVID-19 is marked by a dysregulated myeloid cell compartment

Author

Schulte-Schrepping, J., Reusch, N., Paclik, D., Baßler, K., Schlickeiser, S., Zhang, B., Krämer, B., Krammer, T., Brumhard, S., Bonaguro, L., De Domenico, E., Grasshoff, M., Kapellos, T.S., Beckstette, M., Pecht, T., Saglam, A., Dietrich, O., Mei, H.E., Schulz, A.R., Conrad, C., Kunkel, D., Vafadarnejad, E., Xu, C.-J., Horne, A., Herbert, M., Drews, A., Thibeault, C., Pfeiffer, M., Hippenstiel, S., Hocke, A., Müller-Redetzky, H., Heim, K.-M., Machleidt, F., Uhrig, A., Bosquillon de Jarcy, L., Jürgens, L., Stegemann, M., Glösenkamp, C.R., Volk, H.-D., Goffinet, C., Landthaler, M., Wyler, E., Georg, P., Schneider, M., Dang-Heine, C., Neuwinger, N., Kappert, K., Tauber, R., Corman, V., Raabe, J., Kaiser, K.M., Vinh, M.T., Rieke, G., Meisel, C., Ulas, T., Becker, M., Geffers, R., Witzenrath, M., Drosten, C., Suttorp, N., von Kalle, C., Kurth, F., Händler, K., Schultze, J.L., Aschenbrenner, A.C., Li, Y., Nattermann, J., Sawitzki, B., Saliba, A.-E., Sander, L.E., McHardy, A., Mertes, C., Nöthen, M., Nürnberg, P., Ohler, U., Ossowski, S., Overmann, J., Peter, S., Pfeffer, K., Poetsch, A.R., Pühler, A., Rajewsky, N., Ralser, M., Rieß, O., Ripke, S., Nunes da Rocha, Ulisses, Rosenstiel, P., Schiffer, P., Schulte, E.-C., Sczyrba, A., Stegle, O., Stoye, J., Theis, F., Vehreschild, J., Vogel, J., von Kleist, M., Walker, A., Walter, J., Wieczorek, D., Ziebuhr, J., Schulte-Schrepping, J., Reusch, N., Paclik, D., Baßler, K., Schlickeiser, S., Zhang, B., Krämer, B., Krammer, T., Brumhard, S., Bonaguro, L., De Domenico, E., Grasshoff, M., Kapellos, T.S., Beckstette, M., Pecht, T., Saglam, A., Dietrich, O., Mei, H.E., Schulz, A.R., Conrad, C., Kunkel, D., Vafadarnejad, E., Xu, C.-J., Horne, A., Herbert, M., Drews, A., Thibeault, C., Pfeiffer, M., Hippenstiel, S., Hocke, A., Müller-Redetzky, H., Heim, K.-M., Machleidt, F., Uhrig, A., Bosquillon de Jarcy, L., Jürgens, L., Stegemann, M., Glösenkamp, C.R., Volk, H.-D., Goffinet, C., Landthaler, M., Wyler, E., Georg, P., Schneider, M., Dang-Heine, C., Neuwinger, N., Kappert, K., Tauber, R., Corman, V., Raabe, J., Kaiser, K.M., Vinh, M.T., Rieke, G., Meisel, C., Ulas, T., Becker, M., Geffers, R., Witzenrath, M., Drosten, C., Suttorp, N., von Kalle, C., Kurth, F., Händler, K., Schultze, J.L., Aschenbrenner, A.C., Li, Y., Nattermann, J., Sawitzki, B., Saliba, A.-E., Sander, L.E., McHardy, A., Mertes, C., Nöthen, M., Nürnberg, P., Ohler, U., Ossowski, S., Overmann, J., Peter, S., Pfeffer, K., Poetsch, A.R., Pühler, A., Rajewsky, N., Ralser, M., Rieß, O., Ripke, S., Nunes da Rocha, Ulisses, Rosenstiel, P., Schiffer, P., Schulte, E.-C., Sczyrba, A., Stegle, O., Stoye, J., Theis, F., Vehreschild, J., Vogel, J., von Kleist, M., Walker, A., Walter, J., Wieczorek, D., and Ziebuhr, J.

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a mild to moderate respiratory tract infection, however, a subset of patients progress to severe disease and respiratory failure. The mechanism of protective immunity in mild forms and the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 associated with increased neutrophil counts and dysregulated immune responses remain unclear. In a dual-center, two-cohort study, we combined single-cell RNA-sequencing and single-cell proteomics of whole-blood and peripheral-blood mononuclear cells to determine changes in immune cell composition and activation in mild versus severe COVID-19 (242 samples from 109 individuals) over time. HLA-DRhiCD11chi inflammatory monocytes with an interferon-stimulated gene signature were elevated in mild COVID-19. Severe COVID-19 was marked by occurrence of neutrophil precursors, as evidence of emergency myelopoiesis, dysfunctional mature neutrophils, and HLA-DRlo monocytes. Our study provides detailed insights into the systemic immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and reveals profound alterations in the myeloid cell compartment associated with severe COVID-19.

Published
2020

27. The IL-1 Pathway Is Hyperactive in Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Contributes to Skin Infiltration and Destruction

Author

Witte-Händel, E. Wolk, K. Tsaousi, A. Irmer, M.L. Mößner, R. Shomroni, O. Lingner, T. Witte, K. Kunkel, D. Salinas, G. Jodl, S. Schmidt, N. Sterry, W. Volk, H.-D. Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E.J. Pokrywka, A. Döcke, W.-D. Schneider-Burrus, S. Sabat, R.

Abstract

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)(also designated acne inversa)is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by painful purulent skin lesions and progressive destruction of skin architecture. Despite the high burden for the patients, pathogenetic pathways underlying HS alterations remain obscure. When we examined the HS cytokine pattern, IL-1β turned out to be a highly prominent cytokine, overexpressed even compared with psoriatic lesions. Analyses of IL-1β–induced transcriptome in various cell types showed overlapping profiles, with upregulations of molecules causing immune cell infiltration and extracellular matrix degradation, and of specific cytokines including IL-6, IL-32, and IL-36. Matching cellular IL-1 receptor levels, dermal fibroblasts showed both the strongest and broadest IL-1β response, which was not clearly shared or strengthened by other cytokines. The IL-1β signature was specifically present in HS lesions and could be reversed by application of IL-1 receptor antagonist. Search for blood parameters associated with IL-1β pathway activity in HS identified serum amyloid A, which was synergistically induced by IL-1β and IL-6 in hepatocytes. Consequently, strongly elevated blood serum amyloid A levels in HS correlated positively with the extent of inflammatory skin alterations. In summary, the IL-1β pathway represents a pathogenetic cascade, whose activity may be therapeutically targeted and monitored by blood SAA levels. © 2018 The Authors

Published
2019

28. Multi-parameter immune profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by multiplexed single-cell mass cytometry in patients with early multiple sclerosis

Author

Böttcher, C., Fernández-Zapata, C., Schlickeiser, S., Kunkel, D., Schulz, A.R., Mei, H.E., Weidinger, C., Gieß, R.M., Asseyer, S., Siegmund, B., Paul, F., Ruprecht, K., and Priller, J.

Subjects
Adult, Male, Neuroimmunology, lcsh:Medicine, metabolism [Leukocytes, Mononuclear], multiple sclerosis, Mass Spectrometry, Article, Young Adult, immunology [Leukocytes, Mononuclear], Humans, lcsh:Science, methods [Single-Cell Analysis], methods [Mass Spectrometry], lcsh:R, methods [Flow Cytometry], Middle Aged, Flow Cytometry, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Healthy Volunteers, blood [Multiple Sclerosis], Case-Control Studies, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, immunology [Multiple Sclerosis], lcsh:Q, Female, Single-Cell Analysis, Function and Dysfunction of the Nervous System, ddc:600, 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit::610 Medizin und Gesundheit
Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Studies in rodent models demonstrated an association of CNS-infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages with disease severity. However, little is known about humans. Here,we performed an exploratory analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from healthy controls and drug-naïve patients with early MS using multiplexed single-cell mass cytometry and algorithm-based data analysis. Two antibody panels comprising a total of 64 antibodies were designed to comprehensively analyse diverse immune cell populations, with particular emphasis on monocytes. PBMC composition and marker expression were overall similar between the groups. However, an increased abundance of CCR7(+) and IL-6(+) T cells was detected in early MS-PBMCs, whereas NFAT1(hi)T-bet(hi)CD4(+) T cells were decreased. Similarly, we detected changes in the subset composition of the CCR7(+) and MIPβ(hi) HLA-DR(+) lymphocyte compartment. Only mild alterations were detected in monocytes/myeloid cells of patients with early MS, namely a decreased abundance of CD141(hi)IRF8(hi)CXCR3(+)CD68(−) dendritic cells. Unlike in Crohn’s disease, no significant differences were found in the monocyte fraction of patients with early MS compared to healthy controls. This study provides a valuable resource for future studies designed to characterise and target diverse PBMC subsets in MS.

Published
2019
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30. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (second edition)

Author

Cossarizza, A, Chang, H-D, Radbruch, A, Acs, A, Adam, D, Adam-Klages, S, Agace, WW, Aghaeepour, N, Akdis, M, Allez, M, Almeida, LN, Alvisi, G, Anderson, G, Andrae, I, Annunziato, F, Anselmo, A, Bacher, P, Baldari, CT, Bari, S, Barnaba, V, Barros-Martins, J, Battistini, L, Bauer, W, Baumgart, S, Baumgarth, N, Baumjohann, D, Baying, B, Bebawy, M, Becher, B, Beisker, W, Benes, V, Beyaert, R, Blanco, A, Boardman, DA, Bogdan, C, Borger, JG, Borsellino, G, Boulais, PE, Bradford, JA, Brenner, D, Brinkman, RR, Brooks, AES, Busch, DH, Buescher, M, Bushnell, TP, Calzetti, F, Cameron, G, Cammarata, I, Cao, X, Cardell, SL, Casola, S, Cassatella, MA, Cavani, A, Celada, A, Chatenoud, L, Chattopadhyay, PK, Chow, S, Christakou, E, Cicin-Sain, L, Clerici, M, Colombo, FS, Cook, L, Cooke, A, Cooper, AM, Corbett, AJ, Cosma, A, Cosmi, L, Coulie, PG, Cumano, A, Cvetkovic, L, Dang, VD, Dang-Heine, C, Davey, MS, Davies, D, De Biasi, S, Del Zotto, G, Dela Cruz, GV, Delacher, M, Della Bella, S, Dellabona, P, Deniz, G, Dessing, M, Di Santo, JP, Diefenbach, A, Dieli, F, Dolf, A, Doerner, T, Dress, RJ, Dudziak, D, Dustin, M, Dutertre, C-A, Ebner, F, Eckle, SBG, Edinger, M, Eede, P, Ehrhardt, GRA, Eich, M, Engel, P, Engelhardt, B, Erdei, A, Esser, C, Everts, B, Evrard, M, Falk, CS, Fehniger, TA, Felipo-Benavent, M, Ferry, H, Feuerer, M, Filby, A, Filkor, K, Fillatreau, S, Follo, M, Foerster, I, Foster, J, Foulds, GA, Frehse, B, Frenette, PS, Frischbutter, S, Fritzsche, W, Galbraith, DW, Gangaev, A, Garbi, N, Gaudilliere, B, Gazzinelli, RT, Geginat, J, Gerner, W, Gherardin, NA, Ghoreschi, K, Gibellini, L, Ginhoux, F, Goda, K, Godfrey, DI, Goettlinger, C, Gonzalez-Navajas, JM, Goodyear, CS, Gori, A, Grogan, JL, Grummitt, D, Gruetzkau, A, Haftmann, C, Hahn, J, Hammad, H, Haemmerling, G, Hansmann, L, Hansson, G, Harpur, CM, Hartmann, S, Hauser, A, Hauser, AE, Haviland, DL, Hedley, D, Hernandez, DC, Herrera, G, Herrmann, M, Hess, C, Hoefer, T, Hoffmann, P, Hogquist, K, Holland, T, Hollt, T, Holmdahl, R, Hombrink, P, Houston, JP, Hoyer, BF, Huang, B, Huang, F-P, Huber, JE, Huehn, J, Hundemer, M, Hunter, CA, Hwang, WYK, Iannone, A, Ingelfinger, F, Ivison, SM, Jaeck, H-M, Jani, PK, Javega, B, Jonjic, S, Kaiser, T, Kalina, T, Kamradt, T, Kaufmann, SHE, Keller, B, Ketelaars, SLC, Khalilnezhad, A, Khan, S, Kisielow, J, Klenerman, P, Knopf, J, Koay, H-F, Kobow, K, Kolls, JK, Kong, WT, Kopf, M, Korn, T, Kriegsmann, K, Kristyanto, H, Kroneis, T, Krueger, A, Kuehne, J, Kukat, C, Kunkel, D, Kunze-Schumacher, H, Kurosaki, T, Kurts, C, Kvistborg, P, Kwok, I, Landry, J, Lantz, O, Lanuti, P, LaRosa, F, Lehuen, A, LeibundGut-Landmann, S, Leipold, MD, Leung, LYT, Levings, MK, Lino, AC, Liotta, F, Litwin, V, Liu, Y, Ljunggren, H-G, Lohoff, M, Lombardi, G, Lopez, L, Lopez-Botet, M, Lovett-Racke, AE, Lubberts, E, Luche, H, Ludewig, B, Lugli, E, Lunemann, S, Maecker, HT, Maggi, L, Maguire, O, Mair, F, Mair, KH, Mantovani, A, Manz, RA, Marshall, AJ, Martinez-Romero, A, Martrus, G, Marventano, I, Maslinski, W, Matarese, G, Mattioli, AV, Maueroder, C, Mazzoni, A, McCluskey, J, McGrath, M, McGuire, HM, McInnes, IB, Mei, HE, Melchers, F, Melzer, S, Mielenz, D, Miller, SD, Mills, KHG, Minderman, H, Mjosberg, J, Moore, J, Moran, B, Moretta, L, Mosmann, TR, Mueller, S, Multhoff, G, Munoz, LE, Munz, C, Nakayama, T, Nasi, M, Neumann, K, Ng, LG, Niedobitek, A, Nourshargh, S, Nunez, G, O'Connor, J-E, Ochel, A, Oja, A, Ordonez, D, Orfao, A, Orlowski-Oliver, E, Ouyang, W, Oxenius, A, Palankar, R, Panse, I, Pattanapanyasat, K, Paulsen, M, Pavlinic, D, Penter, L, Peterson, P, Peth, C, Petriz, J, Piancone, F, Pickl, WF, Piconese, S, Pinti, M, Pockley, AG, Podolska, MJ, Poon, Z, Pracht, K, Prinz, I, Pucillo, CEM, Quataert, SA, Quatrini, L, Quinn, KM, Radbruch, H, Radstake, TRDJ, Rahmig, S, Rahn, H-P, Rajwa, B, Ravichandran, G, Raz, Y, Rebhahn, JA, Recktenwald, D, Reimer, D, Reis e Sousa, C, Remmerswaal, EBM, Richter, L, Rico, LG, Riddell, A, Rieger, AM, Robinson, JP, Romagnani, C, Rubartelli, A, Ruland, J, Saalmueller, A, Saeys, Y, Saito, T, Sakaguchi, S, Sala-de-Oyanguren, F, Samstag, Y, Sanderson, S, Sandrock, I, Santoni, A, Sanz, RB, Saresella, M, Sautes-Fridman, C, Sawitzki, B, Schadt, L, Scheffold, A, Scherer, HU, Schiemann, M, Schildberg, FA, Schimisky, E, Schlitzer, A, Schlosser, J, Schmid, S, Schmitt, S, Schober, K, Schraivogel, D, Schuh, W, Schueler, T, Schulte, R, Schulz, AR, Schulz, SR, Scotta, C, Scott-Algara, D, Sester, DP, Shankey, TV, Silva-Santos, B, Simon, AK, Sitnik, KM, Sozzani, S, Speiser, DE, Spidlen, J, Stahlberg, A, Stall, AM, Stanley, N, Stark, R, Stehle, C, Steinmetz, T, Stockinger, H, Takahama, Y, Takeda, K, Tan, L, Tarnok, A, Tiegs, G, Toldi, G, Tornack, J, Traggiai, E, Trebak, M, Tree, TIM, Trotter, J, Trowsdale, J, Tsoumakidou, M, Ulrich, H, Urbanczyk, S, van de Veen, W, van den Broek, M, van der Pol, E, Van Gassen, S, Van Isterdael, G, van Lier, RAW, Veldhoen, M, Vento-Asturias, S, Vieira, P, Voehringer, D, Volk, H-D, von Borstel, A, von Volkmann, K, Waisman, A, Walker, RV, Wallace, PK, Wang, SA, Wang, XM, Ward, MD, Ward-Hartstonge, KA, Warnatz, K, Warnes, G, Warth, S, Waskow, C, Watson, JV, Watzl, C, Wegener, L, Weisenburger, T, Wiedemann, A, Wienands, J, Wilharm, A, Wilkinson, RJ, Willimsky, G, Wing, JB, Winkelmann, R, Winkler, TH, Wirz, OF, Wong, A, Wurst, P, Yang, JHM, Yang, J, Yazdanbakhsh, M, Yu, L, Yue, A, Zhang, H, Zhao, Y, Ziegler, SM, Zielinski, C, Zimmermann, J, Zychlinsky, A, Cossarizza, A, Chang, H-D, Radbruch, A, Acs, A, Adam, D, Adam-Klages, S, Agace, WW, Aghaeepour, N, Akdis, M, Allez, M, Almeida, LN, Alvisi, G, Anderson, G, Andrae, I, Annunziato, F, Anselmo, A, Bacher, P, Baldari, CT, Bari, S, Barnaba, V, Barros-Martins, J, Battistini, L, Bauer, W, Baumgart, S, Baumgarth, N, Baumjohann, D, Baying, B, Bebawy, M, Becher, B, Beisker, W, Benes, V, Beyaert, R, Blanco, A, Boardman, DA, Bogdan, C, Borger, JG, Borsellino, G, Boulais, PE, Bradford, JA, Brenner, D, Brinkman, RR, Brooks, AES, Busch, DH, Buescher, M, Bushnell, TP, Calzetti, F, Cameron, G, Cammarata, I, Cao, X, Cardell, SL, Casola, S, Cassatella, MA, Cavani, A, Celada, A, Chatenoud, L, Chattopadhyay, PK, Chow, S, Christakou, E, Cicin-Sain, L, Clerici, M, Colombo, FS, Cook, L, Cooke, A, Cooper, AM, Corbett, AJ, Cosma, A, Cosmi, L, Coulie, PG, Cumano, A, Cvetkovic, L, Dang, VD, Dang-Heine, C, Davey, MS, Davies, D, De Biasi, S, Del Zotto, G, Dela Cruz, GV, Delacher, M, Della Bella, S, Dellabona, P, Deniz, G, Dessing, M, Di Santo, JP, Diefenbach, A, Dieli, F, Dolf, A, Doerner, T, Dress, RJ, Dudziak, D, Dustin, M, Dutertre, C-A, Ebner, F, Eckle, SBG, Edinger, M, Eede, P, Ehrhardt, GRA, Eich, M, Engel, P, Engelhardt, B, Erdei, A, Esser, C, Everts, B, Evrard, M, Falk, CS, Fehniger, TA, Felipo-Benavent, M, Ferry, H, Feuerer, M, Filby, A, Filkor, K, Fillatreau, S, Follo, M, Foerster, I, Foster, J, Foulds, GA, Frehse, B, Frenette, PS, Frischbutter, S, Fritzsche, W, Galbraith, DW, Gangaev, A, Garbi, N, Gaudilliere, B, Gazzinelli, RT, Geginat, J, Gerner, W, Gherardin, NA, Ghoreschi, K, Gibellini, L, Ginhoux, F, Goda, K, Godfrey, DI, Goettlinger, C, Gonzalez-Navajas, JM, Goodyear, CS, Gori, A, Grogan, JL, Grummitt, D, Gruetzkau, A, Haftmann, C, Hahn, J, Hammad, H, Haemmerling, G, Hansmann, L, Hansson, G, Harpur, CM, Hartmann, S, Hauser, A, Hauser, AE, Haviland, DL, Hedley, D, Hernandez, DC, Herrera, G, Herrmann, M, Hess, C, Hoefer, T, Hoffmann, P, Hogquist, K, Holland, T, Hollt, T, Holmdahl, R, Hombrink, P, Houston, JP, Hoyer, BF, Huang, B, Huang, F-P, Huber, JE, Huehn, J, Hundemer, M, Hunter, CA, Hwang, WYK, Iannone, A, Ingelfinger, F, Ivison, SM, Jaeck, H-M, Jani, PK, Javega, B, Jonjic, S, Kaiser, T, Kalina, T, Kamradt, T, Kaufmann, SHE, Keller, B, Ketelaars, SLC, Khalilnezhad, A, Khan, S, Kisielow, J, Klenerman, P, Knopf, J, Koay, H-F, Kobow, K, Kolls, JK, Kong, WT, Kopf, M, Korn, T, Kriegsmann, K, Kristyanto, H, Kroneis, T, Krueger, A, Kuehne, J, Kukat, C, Kunkel, D, Kunze-Schumacher, H, Kurosaki, T, Kurts, C, Kvistborg, P, Kwok, I, Landry, J, Lantz, O, Lanuti, P, LaRosa, F, Lehuen, A, LeibundGut-Landmann, S, Leipold, MD, Leung, LYT, Levings, MK, Lino, AC, Liotta, F, Litwin, V, Liu, Y, Ljunggren, H-G, Lohoff, M, Lombardi, G, Lopez, L, Lopez-Botet, M, Lovett-Racke, AE, Lubberts, E, Luche, H, Ludewig, B, Lugli, E, Lunemann, S, Maecker, HT, Maggi, L, Maguire, O, Mair, F, Mair, KH, Mantovani, A, Manz, RA, Marshall, AJ, Martinez-Romero, A, Martrus, G, Marventano, I, Maslinski, W, Matarese, G, Mattioli, AV, Maueroder, C, Mazzoni, A, McCluskey, J, McGrath, M, McGuire, HM, McInnes, IB, Mei, HE, Melchers, F, Melzer, S, Mielenz, D, Miller, SD, Mills, KHG, Minderman, H, Mjosberg, J, Moore, J, Moran, B, Moretta, L, Mosmann, TR, Mueller, S, Multhoff, G, Munoz, LE, Munz, C, Nakayama, T, Nasi, M, Neumann, K, Ng, LG, Niedobitek, A, Nourshargh, S, Nunez, G, O'Connor, J-E, Ochel, A, Oja, A, Ordonez, D, Orfao, A, Orlowski-Oliver, E, Ouyang, W, Oxenius, A, Palankar, R, Panse, I, Pattanapanyasat, K, Paulsen, M, Pavlinic, D, Penter, L, Peterson, P, Peth, C, Petriz, J, Piancone, F, Pickl, WF, Piconese, S, Pinti, M, Pockley, AG, Podolska, MJ, Poon, Z, Pracht, K, Prinz, I, Pucillo, CEM, Quataert, SA, Quatrini, L, Quinn, KM, Radbruch, H, Radstake, TRDJ, Rahmig, S, Rahn, H-P, Rajwa, B, Ravichandran, G, Raz, Y, Rebhahn, JA, Recktenwald, D, Reimer, D, Reis e Sousa, C, Remmerswaal, EBM, Richter, L, Rico, LG, Riddell, A, Rieger, AM, Robinson, JP, Romagnani, C, Rubartelli, A, Ruland, J, Saalmueller, A, Saeys, Y, Saito, T, Sakaguchi, S, Sala-de-Oyanguren, F, Samstag, Y, Sanderson, S, Sandrock, I, Santoni, A, Sanz, RB, Saresella, M, Sautes-Fridman, C, Sawitzki, B, Schadt, L, Scheffold, A, Scherer, HU, Schiemann, M, Schildberg, FA, Schimisky, E, Schlitzer, A, Schlosser, J, Schmid, S, Schmitt, S, Schober, K, Schraivogel, D, Schuh, W, Schueler, T, Schulte, R, Schulz, AR, Schulz, SR, Scotta, C, Scott-Algara, D, Sester, DP, Shankey, TV, Silva-Santos, B, Simon, AK, Sitnik, KM, Sozzani, S, Speiser, DE, Spidlen, J, Stahlberg, A, Stall, AM, Stanley, N, Stark, R, Stehle, C, Steinmetz, T, Stockinger, H, Takahama, Y, Takeda, K, Tan, L, Tarnok, A, Tiegs, G, Toldi, G, Tornack, J, Traggiai, E, Trebak, M, Tree, TIM, Trotter, J, Trowsdale, J, Tsoumakidou, M, Ulrich, H, Urbanczyk, S, van de Veen, W, van den Broek, M, van der Pol, E, Van Gassen, S, Van Isterdael, G, van Lier, RAW, Veldhoen, M, Vento-Asturias, S, Vieira, P, Voehringer, D, Volk, H-D, von Borstel, A, von Volkmann, K, Waisman, A, Walker, RV, Wallace, PK, Wang, SA, Wang, XM, Ward, MD, Ward-Hartstonge, KA, Warnatz, K, Warnes, G, Warth, S, Waskow, C, Watson, JV, Watzl, C, Wegener, L, Weisenburger, T, Wiedemann, A, Wienands, J, Wilharm, A, Wilkinson, RJ, Willimsky, G, Wing, JB, Winkelmann, R, Winkler, TH, Wirz, OF, Wong, A, Wurst, P, Yang, JHM, Yang, J, Yazdanbakhsh, M, Yu, L, Yue, A, Zhang, H, Zhao, Y, Ziegler, SM, Zielinski, C, Zimmermann, J, and Zychlinsky, A

Abstract

These guidelines are a consensus work of a considerable number of members of the immunology and flow cytometry community. They provide the theory and key practical aspects of flow cytometry enabling immunologists to avoid the common errors that often undermine immunological data. Notably, there are comprehensive sections of all major immune cell types with helpful Tables detailing phenotypes in murine and human cells. The latest flow cytometry techniques and applications are also described, featuring examples of the data that can be generated and, importantly, how the data can be analysed. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid, all written and peer-reviewed by leading experts in the field, making this an essential research companion.

Published
2019

34. Cost-Effectiveness of the Pdsafe Home-Based Personalized Physiotherapy Intervention to Prevent Falls Among People with Parkinson’s: an Economic Evaluation Alongside a Randomised Controlled Trial

Author

Xin, Y, primary, Ashburn, A, additional, Seymour, KC, additional, Marian, I, additional, Hulbert, S, additional, Fitton, C, additional, Pickering, R, additional, Rochester, L, additional, Roberts, HC, additional, Nieuwboer, A, additional, Kunkel, D, additional, Goodwin, V, additional, Ballinger, C, additional, Lamb, SE, additional, and McIntosh, E, additional

Published
2018
Full Text
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37. Aerosol pollution potential from major population centers

Author

Kunkel, D., Tost, H., and Lawrence, M.

Subjects
lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract

Major population centers (MPCs) or mega-cities represent the largest of growing urban agglomerations with major societal and environmental implications. In terms of air quality they are seen as localized but strong emission sources of aerosols and trace gases which in turn affect air pollution levels in the city or in downwind regions. In the state-of-the-art atmospheric chemistry general circulation model EMAC, generic aerosol and gas phase tracers with equal emission source strengths at 46 MPC locations are used to study the balance between local pollution build up and pollution export, either vertically into the upper troposphere or horizontally, but remaining in the lower atmosphere. The insoluble gas phase tracers with fixed lifetimes are transported with the atmospheric circulation, while the aerosol tracers also undergo gravitational sedimentation as well as dry and wet deposition processes. The strength of low-level tracer export depends on the location of the emission source and prevailing meteorology, in particular on atmospheric stability and the height of the boundary layer and the mixing out of this layer. In contrast, vertical transport of tracer mass depends on the tracer's solubility: the more soluble a tracer is the less mass reaches altitudes above five kilometers. Hence, the mass of insoluble gas phase tracer above five kilometers can be up to ten times higher than the hydrophilic aerosol mass from the same source. In the case of aerosol tracers, pollution build up around the source is determined by meteorological factors which have only indirect effects on tracer lifetime, like surface wind, boundary layer height, and turbulent mixing as well as those which affect the lifetime of the tracers such as precipitation. The longer a tracer stays in the atmosphere, the lower is the relative importance of the location of the source to the atmospheric mass and thus the lower is the relative local pollution build up. We further use aerosol deposition fields to estimate regions with high deposition, that is more than 1% or more than 5% of the corresponding tracer emission deposited in this region. In doing so, we find that the high deposition areas are larger for larger aerosols, and these differ less between the MPCs than for smaller aerosols due to faster deposition. Furthermore, cities in regions with high precipitation rates or unfavorable geographic location, e.g. in a basin, suffer most of this high deposition. Most of the high deposition occurs over land, although about 50% of the MPCs are located along coastlines. By folding the aerosol deposition fields with geographical distributions of cropland, pasture, and forest, the impact on different land ecosystems is assessed. In general, forest are exhibited most to deposition from MPCs while pasture land is least affected. Moreover, the impact on humans, measured with a threshold exceedance of pollutant surface mixing ratios, is more dependent on population densities than on the size of the area holding a certain mixing ratio.

Published
2013

38. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies

Author

Cossarizza, A. (Andrea), Chang, H.-D. (Hyun-Dong), Radbruch, A. (Andreas), Andrä, I. (Immanuel), Annunziato, F. (Francesco), Bacher, P. (Petra), Barnaba, V. (Vincenzo), Battistini, L. (Luca), Bauer, W.M. (Wolfgang M.), Baumgart, S. (Sabine), Becher, B. (Burkhard), Beisker, W. (Wolfgang), Berek, C. (Claudia), Blanco, A. (Alfonso), Borsellino, G. (Giovanna), Boulais, P.E. (Philip E.), Brinkman, R.R. (Ryan R.), Büscher, M. (Martin), Busch, D.H. (Dirk), Bushnell, T.P. (Timothy P.), Cao, X. (Xuetao), Cavani, A. (Andrea), Chattopadhyay, P.K. (Pratip K.), Cheng, Q. (Qingyu), Chow, S. (Sue), Clerici, M. (Mario), Cooke, A. (Anne), Cosma, A. (Antonio), Cosmi, L. (Lorenzo), Cumano, A. (Ana), Dang, V.D. (Van Duc), Davies, D. (Derek), De Biasi, S. (Sara), Del Zotto, G. (Genny), Della Bella, S. (Silvia), Dellabona, P. (Paolo), Deniz, G. (Gunnur), Dessing, M. (Mark), Diefenbach, A. (Andreas), Santo, J.P. (James) di, Dieli, F. (Francesco), Dolf, A. (Andreas), Donnenberg, V.S. (Vera S.), Dörner, A. (Andrea), Ehrhardt, G.R.A. (Götz R. A.), Endl, E. (Elmar), Engel, P. (Pablo), Engelhardt, B. (Britta), Esser, C. (Charlotte), Everts, B. (Bart), Falk, C.S. (Christine S.), Fehniger, T.A. (Todd A.), Filby, A. (Andrew), Fillatreau, S. (Simon), Follo, M. (Marie), Förster, I. (Irmgard), Foster, J. (John), Foulds, G.A. (Gemma A.), Frenette, P.S. (Paul S.), Galbraith, D. (David), Garbi, N. (Natalio), García-Godoy, M.D. (Maria Dolores), Ghoreschi, K. (Kamran), Gibellini, L. (Lara), Goettlinger, C. (Christoph), Goodyear, C.S. (Carl), Gori, A. (Andrea), Grogan, J.L. (Jane), Gross, M. (Mor), Grützkau, A. (Andreas), Grummitt, D. (Daryl), Hahn, J. (Jonas), Hammer, Q. (Quirin), Hauser, A.E. (Anja E.), Haviland, D.L. (David L.), Hedley, D. (David), Herrera, G. (Guadalupe), Herrmann, M. (Martin), Hiepe, F. (Falk), Holland, T. (Tristan), Hombrink, P. (Pleun), Houston, J.P. (Jessica P.), Hoyer, B.F. (Bimba F.), Huang, B. (Bo), Hunter, C.A. (Christopher A.), Iannone, A. (Anna), Jäck, H.-M. (Hans-Martin), Jávega, B. (Beatriz), Jonjic, S. (Stipan), Juelke, K. (Kerstin), Jung, S. (Steffen), Kaiser, T. (Toralf), Kalina, T. (Tomas), Keller, B. (Baerbel), Khan, S. (Srijit), Kienhöfer, D. (Deborah), Kroneis, T. (Thomas), Kunkel, D. (Désirée), Kurts, C. (Christian), Kvistborg, P. (Pia), Lannigan, J. (Joanne), Lantz, O. (Olivier), Larbi, A. (Anis), LeibundGut-Landmann, S. (Salome), Leipold, M.D. (Michael D.), Levings, M.K., Litwin, V. (Virginia), Liu, Y. (Yanling), Lohoff, M. (Michael), Lombardi, G. (Giovanna), Lopez, L. (Lilly), Lovett-Racke, A. (Amy), Lubberts, E.W. (Erik), Ludewig, B. (Burkhard), Lugli, E. (Enrico), Maecker, H.T. (Holden T.), Martrus, G. (Glòria), Matarese, G. (Giuseppe), Maueröder, C. (Christian), McGrath, M. (Mairi), McInnes, I.B. (Iain), Mei, H.E. (Henrik E.), Melchers, F. (Fritz), Melzer, S. (Susanne), Mielenz, D. (Dirk), Mills, K. (Kingston), Mjösberg, J.M. (Jenny), Moore, J. (Jonni), Moran, B. (Barry), Moretta, A. (Alessandro), Moretta, L. (Lorenzo), Mosmann, T.R. (Tim R.), Müller, S. (Susann), Müller, W. (Werner), Münz, C. (Christian), Multhoff, G. (Gabriele), Munoz, L.E. (Luis Enrique), Murphy, K.M. (Kenneth M.), Nakayama, T. (Toshinori), Nasi, M. (Milena), Neudörfl, C. (Christine), Nolan, J. (John), Nourshargh, S. (Sussan), O'Connor, J.-E. (José-Enrique), Ouyang, W. (Wenjun), Oxenius, A. (Annette), Palankar, R. (Raghav), Panse, I. (Isabel), Peterson, P. (Pärt), Peth, C. (Christian), Petriz, J. (Jordi), Philips, D. (Daisy), Pickl, W. (Winfried), Piconese, S. (Silvia), Pinti, M. (Marcello), Pockley, A.G. (A. Graham), Podolska, M.J. (Malgorzata Justyna), Pucillo, C. (Carlo), Quataert, S.A. (Sally A.), Radstake, T.R.D.J. (Timothy R. D. J.), Rajwa, B. (Bartek), Rebhahn, J.A. (Jonathan A.), Recktenwald, D. (Diether), Remmerswaal, D. (Daniëlle), Rezvani, K. (Katy), Rico, L.G. (Laura G.), Robinson, J.P. (J. Paul), Romagnani, C. (Chiara), Rubartelli, A. (Anna), Ruland, J. (Jürgen), Sakaguchi, S. (Shimon), Sala-de-Oyanguren, F. (Francisco), Samstag, Y. (Yvonne), Sanderson, S. (Sharon), Sawitzki, B. (Birgit), Scheffold, A. (Alexander), Schiemann, M. (Matthias), Schildberg, F. (Frank), Schimisky, E. (Esther), Schmid, S.A. (Stephan A), Schmitt, S. (Steffen), Schober, K. (Kilian), Schüler, T. (Thomas), Schulz, A.R. (Axel Ronald), Schumacher, T.N. (Ton), Scotta, C. (Cristiano), Shankey, T.V. (T. Vincent), Shemer, A. (Anat), Simon, A.-K. (Anna-Katharina), Spidlen, J. (Josef), Stall, A.M. (Alan M.), Stark, R. (Regina), Stehle, C. (Christina), Stein, M. (Merle), Steinmetz, T. (Tobit), Stockinger, H. (Hannes), Takahama, Y. (Yousuke), Tarnok, A. (Attila), Tian, Z. (ZhiGang), Toldi, G. (Gergely), Tornack, J. (Julia), Traggiai, E. (Elisabetta), Trotter, J. (Joe), Ulrich, H. (Henning), van der Braber, M. (Marlous), Van Lier, R.A.W. (Rene A. W.), Veldhoen, M. (Marcello), Vento-Asturias, S. (Salvador), Vieira, P. (Paulo), Voehringer, D. (David), Volk, H.D. (Hans), von Volkmann, K. (Konrad), Waisman, A. (Ari), Walker, R. (Rachael), Ward, M.D. (Michael D.), Warnatz, K. (Klaus), Warth, S. (Sarah), Watson, J.V. (James V.), Watzl, C. (Carsten), Wegener, L. (Leonie), Wiedemann, A. (Annika), Wienands, J. (Jürgen), Willimsky, G. (Gerald), Wing, J. (James), Wurst, P. (Peter), Yu, L. (Liping), Yue, A. (Alice), Zhang, Q. (Qianjun), Zhao, Y. (Yi), Ziegler, S. (Susanne), Zimmermann, J. (Jakob), Cossarizza, A. (Andrea), Chang, H.-D. (Hyun-Dong), Radbruch, A. (Andreas), Andrä, I. (Immanuel), Annunziato, F. (Francesco), Bacher, P. (Petra), Barnaba, V. (Vincenzo), Battistini, L. (Luca), Bauer, W.M. (Wolfgang M.), Baumgart, S. (Sabine), Becher, B. (Burkhard), Beisker, W. (Wolfgang), Berek, C. (Claudia), Blanco, A. (Alfonso), Borsellino, G. (Giovanna), Boulais, P.E. (Philip E.), Brinkman, R.R. (Ryan R.), Büscher, M. (Martin), Busch, D.H. (Dirk), Bushnell, T.P. (Timothy P.), Cao, X. (Xuetao), Cavani, A. (Andrea), Chattopadhyay, P.K. (Pratip K.), Cheng, Q. (Qingyu), Chow, S. (Sue), Clerici, M. (Mario), Cooke, A. (Anne), Cosma, A. (Antonio), Cosmi, L. (Lorenzo), Cumano, A. (Ana), Dang, V.D. (Van Duc), Davies, D. (Derek), De Biasi, S. (Sara), Del Zotto, G. (Genny), Della Bella, S. (Silvia), Dellabona, P. (Paolo), Deniz, G. (Gunnur), Dessing, M. (Mark), Diefenbach, A. (Andreas), Santo, J.P. (James) di, Dieli, F. (Francesco), Dolf, A. (Andreas), Donnenberg, V.S. (Vera S.), Dörner, A. (Andrea), Ehrhardt, G.R.A. (Götz R. A.), Endl, E. (Elmar), Engel, P. (Pablo), Engelhardt, B. (Britta), Esser, C. (Charlotte), Everts, B. (Bart), Falk, C.S. (Christine S.), Fehniger, T.A. (Todd A.), Filby, A. (Andrew), Fillatreau, S. (Simon), Follo, M. (Marie), Förster, I. (Irmgard), Foster, J. (John), Foulds, G.A. (Gemma A.), Frenette, P.S. (Paul S.), Galbraith, D. (David), Garbi, N. (Natalio), García-Godoy, M.D. (Maria Dolores), Ghoreschi, K. (Kamran), Gibellini, L. (Lara), Goettlinger, C. (Christoph), Goodyear, C.S. (Carl), Gori, A. (Andrea), Grogan, J.L. (Jane), Gross, M. (Mor), Grützkau, A. (Andreas), Grummitt, D. (Daryl), Hahn, J. (Jonas), Hammer, Q. (Quirin), Hauser, A.E. (Anja E.), Haviland, D.L. (David L.), Hedley, D. (David), Herrera, G. (Guadalupe), Herrmann, M. (Martin), Hiepe, F. (Falk), Holland, T. (Tristan), Hombrink, P. (Pleun), Houston, J.P. (Jessica P.), Hoyer, B.F. (Bimba F.), Huang, B. (Bo), Hunter, C.A. (Christopher A.), Iannone, A. (Anna), Jäck, H.-M. (Hans-Martin), Jávega, B. (Beatriz), Jonjic, S. (Stipan), Juelke, K. (Kerstin), Jung, S. (Steffen), Kaiser, T. (Toralf), Kalina, T. (Tomas), Keller, B. (Baerbel), Khan, S. (Srijit), Kienhöfer, D. (Deborah), Kroneis, T. (Thomas), Kunkel, D. (Désirée), Kurts, C. (Christian), Kvistborg, P. (Pia), Lannigan, J. (Joanne), Lantz, O. (Olivier), Larbi, A. (Anis), LeibundGut-Landmann, S. (Salome), Leipold, M.D. (Michael D.), Levings, M.K., Litwin, V. (Virginia), Liu, Y. (Yanling), Lohoff, M. (Michael), Lombardi, G. (Giovanna), Lopez, L. (Lilly), Lovett-Racke, A. (Amy), Lubberts, E.W. (Erik), Ludewig, B. (Burkhard), Lugli, E. (Enrico), Maecker, H.T. (Holden T.), Martrus, G. (Glòria), Matarese, G. (Giuseppe), Maueröder, C. (Christian), McGrath, M. (Mairi), McInnes, I.B. (Iain), Mei, H.E. (Henrik E.), Melchers, F. (Fritz), Melzer, S. (Susanne), Mielenz, D. (Dirk), Mills, K. (Kingston), Mjösberg, J.M. (Jenny), Moore, J. (Jonni), Moran, B. (Barry), Moretta, A. (Alessandro), Moretta, L. (Lorenzo), Mosmann, T.R. (Tim R.), Müller, S. (Susann), Müller, W. (Werner), Münz, C. (Christian), Multhoff, G. (Gabriele), Munoz, L.E. (Luis Enrique), Murphy, K.M. (Kenneth M.), Nakayama, T. (Toshinori), Nasi, M. (Milena), Neudörfl, C. (Christine), Nolan, J. (John), Nourshargh, S. (Sussan), O'Connor, J.-E. (José-Enrique), Ouyang, W. (Wenjun), Oxenius, A. (Annette), Palankar, R. (Raghav), Panse, I. (Isabel), Peterson, P. (Pärt), Peth, C. (Christian), Petriz, J. (Jordi), Philips, D. (Daisy), Pickl, W. (Winfried), Piconese, S. (Silvia), Pinti, M. (Marcello), Pockley, A.G. (A. Graham), Podolska, M.J. (Malgorzata Justyna), Pucillo, C. (Carlo), Quataert, S.A. (Sally A.), Radstake, T.R.D.J. (Timothy R. D. J.), Rajwa, B. (Bartek), Rebhahn, J.A. (Jonathan A.), Recktenwald, D. (Diether), Remmerswaal, D. (Daniëlle), Rezvani, K. (Katy), Rico, L.G. (Laura G.), Robinson, J.P. (J. Paul), Romagnani, C. (Chiara), Rubartelli, A. (Anna), Ruland, J. (Jürgen), Sakaguchi, S. (Shimon), Sala-de-Oyanguren, F. (Francisco), Samstag, Y. (Yvonne), Sanderson, S. (Sharon), Sawitzki, B. (Birgit), Scheffold, A. (Alexander), Schiemann, M. (Matthias), Schildberg, F. (Frank), Schimisky, E. (Esther), Schmid, S.A. (Stephan A), Schmitt, S. (Steffen), Schober, K. (Kilian), Schüler, T. (Thomas), Schulz, A.R. (Axel Ronald), Schumacher, T.N. (Ton), Scotta, C. (Cristiano), Shankey, T.V. (T. Vincent), Shemer, A. (Anat), Simon, A.-K. (Anna-Katharina), Spidlen, J. (Josef), Stall, A.M. (Alan M.), Stark, R. (Regina), Stehle, C. (Christina), Stein, M. (Merle), Steinmetz, T. (Tobit), Stockinger, H. (Hannes), Takahama, Y. (Yousuke), Tarnok, A. (Attila), Tian, Z. (ZhiGang), Toldi, G. (Gergely), Tornack, J. (Julia), Traggiai, E. (Elisabetta), Trotter, J. (Joe), Ulrich, H. (Henning), van der Braber, M. (Marlous), Van Lier, R.A.W. (Rene A. W.), Veldhoen, M. (Marcello), Vento-Asturias, S. (Salvador), Vieira, P. (Paulo), Voehringer, D. (David), Volk, H.D. (Hans), von Volkmann, K. (Konrad), Waisman, A. (Ari), Walker, R. (Rachael), Ward, M.D. (Michael D.), Warnatz, K. (Klaus), Warth, S. (Sarah), Watson, J.V. (James V.), Watzl, C. (Carsten), Wegener, L. (Leonie), Wiedemann, A. (Annika), Wienands, J. (Jürgen), Willimsky, G. (Gerald), Wing, J. (James), Wurst, P. (Peter), Yu, L. (Liping), Yue, A. (Alice), Zhang, Q. (Qianjun), Zhao, Y. (Yi), Ziegler, S. (Susanne), and Zimmermann, J. (Jakob)

Published
2017
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39. An overview of OCTAV-UTLS (Observed Composition Trends and Variability in the UTLS) - A SPARC Emerging Activity

Author

Manney, G., Hoor, P., Petropavlovskikh, I., Bourassa, A., Braathen, G., Chang, K.-L., Hegglin, M., Kramarova, N., Kunkel, D., Lawrence, Z., Leblanc, T., Livesey, N., Valle, L. Millan, Stiller, G., Tegtmeier, Susann, Thouret, V., Voigt, C., Walker, K., Manney, G., Hoor, P., Petropavlovskikh, I., Bourassa, A., Braathen, G., Chang, K.-L., Hegglin, M., Kramarova, N., Kunkel, D., Lawrence, Z., Leblanc, T., Livesey, N., Valle, L. Millan, Stiller, G., Tegtmeier, Susann, Thouret, V., Voigt, C., and Walker, K.

Published
2017

40. Global risk of radioactive fallout after major nuclear reactor accidents

Author

Lelieveld, J., Kunkel, D., and Lawrence, M.

Subjects
lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract

Major reactor accidents of nuclear power plants are rare, yet the consequences are catastrophic. But what is meant by "rare"? And what can be learned from the Chernobyl and Fukushima incidents? Here we assess the cumulative, global risk of exposure to radioactivity due to atmospheric dispersion of gases and particles following severe nuclear accidents (the most severe ones on the International Nuclear Event Scale, INES 7), using particulate 137Cs and gaseous 131I as proxies for the fallout. Our results indicate that previously the occurrence of INES 7 major accidents and the risks of radioactive contamination have been underestimated. Using a global model of the atmosphere we compute that on average, in the event of a major reactor accident of any nuclear power plant worldwide, more than 90% of emitted 137Cs would be transported beyond 50 km and about 50% beyond 1000 km distance before being deposited. This corroborates that such accidents have large-scale and trans-boundary impacts. Although the emission strengths and atmospheric removal processes of 137Cs and 131I are quite different, the radioactive contamination patterns over land and the human exposure due to deposition are computed to be similar. High human exposure risks occur around reactors in densely populated regions, notably in West Europe and South Asia, where a major reactor accident can subject around 30 million people to radioactive contamination. The recent decision by Germany to phase out its nuclear reactors will reduce the national risk, though a large risk will still remain from the reactors in neighbouring countries.

Published
2012

41. In situ measurements of tropical cloud properties in the West African Monsoon: upper tropospheric ice clouds, Mesoscale Convective System outflow, and subvisual cirrus

Author

Frey, W., Borrmann, S., Kunkel, D., Weigel, R., De Reus, M., Schlager, H., Roiger, Anke, Voigt, C., Hoor, P., Curtius, J., Krämer, M., Schiller, C., Volk, C. M., Homan, C. D., Fierli, Federico, Di Donfrancesco, G., Ulanovsky, A., Ravegnani, F., Sitnikov, N. M., Viciani, S., D'Amato, F., Shur, G. N., Belyaev, G. V., Law, Kathy S., Cairo, F., Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz = Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences [Frankfurt/Main] (IAU), Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics und Natural Sciences [Wuppertal], University of Wuppertal, CNR Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Italian National agency for new technologies, Energy and sustainable economic development [Frascati] (ENEA), Central Aerological Observatory (CAO), Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet), Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO), Myasishchev Design Bureau (MDB), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz (JGU), and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS, convective System outflow, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, in-situ measurements, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, ice crystal size distributions, ddc:550, Life Science, TROPOPAUSE-LAYER, MICROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Atmosphärische Spurenstoffe, lcsh:QC1-999, troposphere, lcsh:QD1-999, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, AIRBORNE MEASUREMENTS, SUBVISIBLE CIRRUS, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

In situ measurements of ice crystal size distributions in tropical upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS) clouds were performed during the SCOUT-AMMA campaign over West Africa in August 2006. The cloud properties were measured with a Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP-100) and a Cloud Imaging Probe (CIP) operated aboard the Russian high altitude research aircraft M-55 Geophysica with the mission base in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. A total of 117 ice particle size distributions were obtained from the measurements in the vicinity of Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS). Two to four modal lognormal size distributions were fitted to the average size distributions for different potential temperature bins. The measurements showed proportionately more large ice particles compared to former measurements above maritime regions. With the help of trace gas measurements of NO, NOy, CO2, CO, and O3 and satellite images, clouds in young and aged MCS outflow were identified. These events were observed at altitudes of 11.0 km to 14.2 km corresponding to potential temperature levels of 346 K to 356 K. In a young outflow from a developing MCS ice crystal number concentrations of up to (8.3 ± 1.6) cm−3 and rimed ice particles with maximum dimensions exceeding 1.5 mm were found. A maximum ice water content of 0.05 g m−3 was observed and an effective radius of about 90 μm. In contrast the aged outflow events were more diluted and showed a maximum number concentration of 0.03 cm−3, an ice water content of 2.3 × 10−4 g m−3, an effective radius of about 18 μm, while the largest particles had a maximum dimension of 61 μm. Close to the tropopause subvisual cirrus were encountered four times at altitudes of 15 km to 16.4 km. The mean ice particle number concentration of these encounters was 0.01 cm−3 with maximum particle sizes of 130 μm, and the mean ice water content was about 1.4 × 10−4 g m−3. All known in situ measurements of subvisual tropopause cirrus are compared and an exponential fit on the size distributions is established for modelling purposes. A comparison of aerosol to ice crystal number concentrations, in order to obtain an estimate on how many ice particles may result from activation of the present aerosol, yielded low ratios for the subvisual cirrus cases of roughly one cloud particle per 30 000 aerosol particles, while for the MCS outflow cases this resulted in a high ratio of one cloud particle per 300 aerosol particles.

Published
2011

46. The impact of overshooting deep convection on local transport and mixing in the tropical upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS)

Author

Frey, W, Schofield, R, Hoor, P, Kunkel, D, Ravegnani, F, Ulanovsky, A, Viciani, S, D'Amato, F, Lane, TP, Frey, W, Schofield, R, Hoor, P, Kunkel, D, Ravegnani, F, Ulanovsky, A, Viciani, S, D'Amato, F, and Lane, TP

Abstract

In this study we examine the simulated downward transport and mixing of stratospheric air into the upper tropical troposphere as observed on a research flight during the SCOUT-O3 campaign in connection to a deep convective system. We use the Advanced Research Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF-ARW) model with a horizontal resolution of 333 m to examine this downward transport. The simulation reproduces the deep convective system, its timing and overshooting altitudes reasonably well compared to radar and aircraft observations. Passive tracers initialised at pre-storm times indicate the downward transport of air from the stratosphere to the upper troposphere as well as upward transport from the boundary layer into the cloud anvils and overshooting tops. For example, a passive ozone tracer (i.e. a tracer not undergoing chemical processing) shows an enhancement in the upper troposphere of up to about 30 ppbv locally in the cloud, while the in situ measurements show an increase of 50 ppbv. However, the passive carbon monoxide tracer exhibits an increase, while the observations show a decrease of about 10 ppbv, indicative of an erroneous model representation of the transport processes in the tropical tropopause layer. Furthermore, it could point to insufficient entrainment and detrainment in the model. The simulation shows a general moistening of air in the lower stratosphere but it also exhibits local dehydration features. Here we use the model to explain the processes causing the transport and also expose areas of inconsistencies between the model and observations.

Published
2015

47. The impact of overshooting deep convection on local transport and mixing in the tropical upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS)

Author

Frey, W., Schofield, R., Hoor, P., Kunkel, D., Ravegnani, F., Ulanovsky, A., Viciani, S., D'Amato, F., Lane, T.P., Frey, W., Schofield, R., Hoor, P., Kunkel, D., Ravegnani, F., Ulanovsky, A., Viciani, S., D'Amato, F., and Lane, T.P.

Abstract

In this study we examine the simulated downward transport and mixing of stratospheric air into the upper tropical troposphere as observed on a research flight during the SCOUT-O3 campaign in connection with a deep convective system. We use the Advanced Research Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF-ARW) model with a horizontal resolution of 333 m to examine this downward transport. The simulation reproduces the deep convective system, its timing and overshooting altitudes reasonably well compared to radar and aircraft observations. Passive tracers initialised at pre-storm times indicate the downward transport of air from the stratosphere to the upper troposphere as well as upward transport from the boundary layer into the cloud anvils and overshooting tops. For example, a passive ozone tracer (i.e. a tracer not undergoing chemical processing) shows an enhancement in the upper troposphere of up to about 30 ppbv locally in the cloud, while the in situ measurements show an increase of 50 ppbv. However, the passive carbon monoxide tracer exhibits an increase, while the observations show a decrease of about 10 ppbv, indicative of an erroneous model representation of the transport processes in the tropical tropopause layer. Furthermore, it could point to insufficient entrainment and detrainment in the model. The simulation shows a general moistening of air in the lower stratosphere, but it also exhibits local dehydration features. Here we use the model to explain the processes causing the transport and also expose areas of inconsistencies between the model and observations.

Published
2015

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