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Preverjanje zvočne zaščite stavbnih ovojev je v urbanih okoljih eden izmed pomembnejših ukrepov pri doseganju primernega bivalnega okolja. Sprememba in pomembna novost, ki jo je vnesel Pravilnik o zaščiti pred hrupom v stavbah, sta med drugim tudi to, da moramo za vsako še tako enostavno bivalno enoto, torej tudi za individualno enodružinsko hišo, preveriti učinkovitost zvočne izolirnosti vsaj zunanjega ovoja (fasade) vključno z okenskimi in vratnimi odprtinami. V zadnjem času v skladu s trendi oblikovanja stavb množično uporabljamo lahke nosilne konstrukcije (predvsem montažne in lesene stene) in velike zastekljene površine. Obe izbiri pa, v nasprotju s težkimi masivnimi stenami z relativno majhnimi površinami okenskih odprtin, nudita manjšo sposobnost dušenja zvoka v zraku, ki prihaja iz zunanjega okolja. Prav zato smo lahko upravičeno zaskrbljeni zaradi nezadostne kakovosti in potencialno nezdravega notranjega okolja, kar še posebno velja za stavbe, umeščene v IV. območje varstva pred hrupom. Zaradi naštetega smo s pomočjo računalniškega programa URSA - Fragmat AKUSTIKA - izdelali študijo vpliva različnih sestav fasadnih ovojev in stopenj zasteklitve na zahtevano zvočno izolirnost v različnih območjih varstva pred hrupom.

Področje učinkovite rabe energije je že od prvih energetskih kriz izjemno aktualno, s tem pa posredno tudi sanacija energetsko potratnih stavb v Sloveniji. Največ raziskav je bilo opravljenih na področju finančnih vložkov in prihrankov energije, potrebne za ogrevanje in hlajenje stavb, kot posledica izvedbe sanacijskih ukrepov v obnovo toplotnih ovojev. Pri tem pa vsebovana energija v primerjavi s porabljeno energijo v amortizacijski dobi toplotnega ovoja ostaja v večji meri slabo raziskana. Pri izvedbi sanacijskih ukrepov, ki so energetsko učinkoviti in obenem prispevajo k varovanju okolja, je poznavanje vsebovane energije v gradbenih proizvodih izrednega pomena. Članek obravnava vsebovano energijo izbranih gradbenih proizvodov, toplotnoizolacijskih materialov. S ciljem varčevanja energije v stavbi z amortizacijsko dobo toplotnega ovoja tridesetih let je namen članka ugotoviti smiselnost vgradnje toplotnoizolacijskih gradbenih proizvodov, ki imajo različno veliko količino vsebovane energije. Predpostavili smo referenčni neizoliran objekt, izbrali in določili najpomembnejše konstrukcijske sklope za analizo in objekt locirali v tri različna karakteristična klimatska območja v Sloveniji z različno dobo trajanja ogrevalne sezone. Na podlagi zakonsko določene toplotne prehodnosti posameznega elementa stavbe smo najprej določili izgubo energije ogrevanja na kvadratni meter konstrukcijskega sklopa. S podatki vsebovane energije izbranih gradbenih proizvodov, pripadajočih gostot in toplotnih karakteristik materiala smo izračunali količino vsebovane energije. V nadaljevanju smo mejne toplotne prehodnosti konstrukcijskih sklopov zaostrili do te mere, da je vsebovana energija v uporabljenih izolacijskih materialih predstavljala približno tretjino vse porabljene energije v amortizacijski dobi toplotnega ovoja. Rezultati analize so pokazali, da je večino organskih toplotnoizolacijskih materialov z izjemo plute in večino anorganskih toplotnoizolacijskih materialih z izjemo penjenega stekla energijsko smiselno vgrajevati v toplotni ovoj izbranega elementa stavbe. Pluta (2530 MJ/m2) in penjeno steklo (1700 MJ/m2) namreč močno presegata predpostavljeno razmerje energij v primerjavi s preostalimi proizvodi (od 170 MJ/m2 do 1400 MJ/m2). Pluta kot izolacijski material s stališča razmerja energij ni primerna za izdelavo toplotnega ovoja, saj vsebovana energija v nobenem primeru ne doseže razmerja ena tretjina v primerjavi s porabljeno energijo v dobi trideset let. Penjeno steklo pa ima kopico drugih pozitivnih lastnosti (velika tlačna odpornost, izjemna odpornost proti vlagi in difuzijski pari), zato ga je smiselno uporabiti pod določenimi pogoji. Terasa kot konstrukcijski sklop ima zelo mile zakonsko predpisane mejne vrednosti toplotne prehodnosti, saj v amortizacijski dobi nastajajo prevelike toplotne izgube. Analiza vsebovane energije za sanacijo stavb ima velik pomen za celovito sanacijo stavbe. Omogoča nam lažji izbor proizvodov, ki krepijo energetsko učinkovitost gradnje, s tem pa pripomoremo k nižjim emisijam CO2 in tako tudi k zmanjšanim stroškom za obratovanje stavbe.

Učinkovita in trajnostna obnova obstoječega stavbnega fonda bo pri zmanjševanju toplogrednih emisij na področju gradbeništva v prihodnosti ključna. Okoljski vplivi prenov se določajo z analizo življenjskega cikla (metodo LCA), pri čemer se prenova običajno obravnava kot začetek novega življenjskega cikla stavbe. V okviru doktorske naloge smo razvili napredno metodologijo LCA za ocenjevanje okoljskih vplivov prenov, ki vključuje tudi faze pred prenovo in rabo časovno ustreznih podatkov za analizo življenjskega cikla stavbe (LCA). S tem zagotavlja, da so vključeni vsi vplivi prenove stavb in se eliminira podvajanje vplivov. Napredna metodologija je sestavljena iz dveh delov. Prvi del omogoča prilagajanje trenutno dostopnih podatkov tako, da ustrezajo dejanskemu času proizvodnje. Drugi del metodologije zagotavlja ustrezno razporejanje (alokacijo) vplivov na okolje in preostale vrednosti materialov ter gradbenih elementov v življenjski cikel pred prenovo in po njej. Oba dela metodologije lahko uporabimo tudi ločeno. Vzporedno smo razvili LCA metodologijo za primerjanje ukrepov prenove, ki poleg utelešenih vplivov vključuje tudi okoljske vplive v času rabe stavbe. V nalogi je bilo dokazano, da je uporaba časovno ustreznih podatkov pri analizi okoljskih vplivov izjemno pomembna. Za prenove stavb pa je ključno tudi, da se okoljske vplive alocira na življenjski cikel pred obnovo in po njej, kar je pomembno zlasti kadar se materiali reciklirajo in ponovno uporabijo. Primerjalne okoljske analize prenove fasadnega ovoja so pokazale, da v našem geografskem področju položaj toplotnoizolacijskega sloja ne vpliva bistveno na toplotni akumulacijski potencial stavbe in da je povračilna doba okoljskih vplivov fasadnega ovoja v veliki meri odvisna od okoljskih vplivov same toplotne izolacije. The refurbishment of the building stock is one of the key tasks for reducing future environmental emissions. The environmental emissions are mostly assessed with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, where the refurbishment is usually considered as the beginning of the new life cycle, and all the impacts associated with the life cycle before the refurbishment are neglected. In order to overcome this inconsistency, in the PhD study an advanced LCA methodology was developed that allocates the impacts between the life cycle before and after the refurbishment, and assures the use of time-corresponding data. In this sense, the neglecting of the environmental impacts before the refurbishment, as well as the double-counting, is eliminated. The developed methodology consists of two sub-methodologies. The first sub-methodology is used for remodelling the input data, in order to make them time-corresponding. The second sub-methodology enables the allocation of environmental impacts before and after a refurbishment and calculation of the residual value of materials. Both sub-methodologies can be used also individually. Additionally, a methodology for the comparison of the environmental impacts of refurbishment measures that also includes operational EI was developed. The thesis proved that the use of time-appropriate data for the analysis of environmental impacts is extremely important. For building refurbishment, it is also crucial that environmental impacts are allocated to the life cycle before and after renovation, especially when materials are recycled or reused. The comparative methodology for the refurbishment measures indicated that in Central Europe the position of the thermal insulation layer does not significantly affect the heat storage capacity of buildings, and that the environmental payback period for the façade refurbishment is mainly dependent on the environmental impacts of the thermal insulation itself.

Pravilno zasnovan toplotni ovoj stavbe in toplotna prehodnost konstrukcijskega sklopa le-tega imata pomembno vlogo predvsem z vidika bivanjskega ugodja, varovanja okolja in nizkih stroškov izkoriščanja stavbe ter njene trajnosti. Ohranjanje toplote znotraj stavbe in varčevanje z energijo postaja z leti vse bolj pomembno oz. zaostreno, zaradi težnje po zmanjšanju vpliva na okolje. Skozi leta so tako nastajali zakonodajni dokumenti, politike in strategije na področju varčevanja z energijo. V diplomski nalogi bom naredila kronološki pregled nacionalne zakonodaje na tem področju. Za večstanovanjsko stavbo v Vižmarjih bom iz načrtov pridobila podatke o sestavi posameznih konstrukcijskih sklopov toplotnega ovoja in jih analizirala z vidika parametra toplotne stabilnosti. Izračunala bom vrednosti toplotne prehodnosti posameznih sklopov ter njihove vrednosti primerjala z nacionalno zakonodajo o varčevanju z energijo, ki določa omejitve glede največje dovoljene vrednosti toplotne prehodnosti. Izračuni bodo pokazali ustreznosti ali pa odstopanja od veljavne zakonodaje pred letom 2001, v času projektiranja stavbe, nato leta 2005, v času po izgradnji stavbe in pa v sedanjem času. Prav tako bodo izračuni toplotne prehodnosti podlaga k izračunu potrebne debeline toplotne izolacije za izpolnitev pogojev trenutno veljavne zakonodaje. S toplotno kamero bom preverila tudi pojav toplotnih mostov na stavbi, ki predstavljajo toplotne izgube. The correct design of the thermal envelope and thermal transmittance of construction complexes of a buliding are important for the comfort of living, enviomental safety operating costs and coservation of the building. Preserving heat within the buliding and energy conservation have become increasingly important through the years due to a growing tendency to lower the impact on the environment. This tendency is evident in the development of policies and legislation on energy conservation through the years. In this thesis a cronological review of legislation in the field of energy conservation will be presented. The composition of the constructional complexes for a multi unit apartment building in Vižmarje will be determined from the construction plans. Next, the thermal stability of the constructional complexes will be analysed. Thermal transmittance will be calculated for the individual sets/ layers and compared to limits set by energy conservation policies. Compliance of the calculated values of thermal transmittance for the building studied with the limits set by legislation will be determined for legislation valid before the year 2001 during building planning, in the year 2005 after construction of the building and for current legislation. In addition, the calculated thermal transmittance will be used to determine the thickness of thermal insulation required to comply with current legislation. Lastly, the building will be analysed to determine potential thermal bridging and consequent heat loss.

Diplomska naloga temelji na obstoječem objektu enostanovanjske hiše na Izlakah, ki je bila zgrajena v zgodnjih 80. letih 20. stoletja. Tako kot večina takrat grajenih objektov je potrebna celotne prenove in obenem izvedbe obnove toplotnega ovoja za namen učinkovitejše rabe energije. V diplomski nalogi je predstavljen in analiziran toplotni ovoj obstoječega in prenovljenega stanja objekta s programskim orodjem Ubakus. Toplotni mostovi so bili identificirani s pomočjo posnetkov toplotne IR kamere, njihova linijska toplotna prevodnost pa je bila določena s standardom SIST EN ISO 14683. Na podlagi teh podatkov je s pomočjo programa KI Energija izračunana energijska učinkovitost obstoječega stanja. Sledi predlog obnove obstoječega stanja, ki je bila narejena na podlagi »Pravilnika o učinkoviti rabi energije v stavbah – PURES« [1] in zahtev za pridobitev subvencije Eko sklada. Celovita obnova je razdeljena na štiri dele obnove: fasada, streha, medetažna konstrukcija in zunanje stavbno pohištvo. S tem je prikazana preglednost energijske prenove posameznega dela obnove. Iz dobljenih rezultatov je razvidno, da je prihranek toplote za ogrevanje po celotni obnovi 21641 kWh/leto. Pri delni obnovi stavbnega ovoja je najbolj učinkovita zamenjava zunanjega stavbnega pohištva, s katero privarčujemo 7381 kWh/leto, sledi obnova fasade s prihrankom 6248 kWh/leto, obnova medetažne konstrukcije s prihrankom 4201 kWh/leto in obnova strehe s prihrankom 868 kWh/leto. Na koncu je narejena ocena ekonomičnosti posamezne faze obnove po predračunu podjetja Zagrad d. o. o. in upoštevanju subvencije Eko sklada glede na strošek ogrevanja s toplotno črpalko in pečjo na kurilno olje. Ker je ogrevanje s pečjo na kurilno olje 2,53-krat dražje od ogrevanja s toplotno črpalko, je smiselno izbrati sistem ogrevanja s toplotno črpalko. Posledično je čas pokritja stroškov investicije (glede na prihranek stroškov za ogrevanje) bistveno daljši. The diploma thesis is based on the existing building of a single family house in Izlake, which was built in the early 1980s. Like most buildings constructed at that time, it needs complete renovation and at the same time a renewal of the thermal envelope in order to be more energy efficient. The diploma thesis presents and analyses the thermal envelope of the existing and renovated condition of the building using the Ubakus software tool. Thermal bridges were identified using thermal imagery, while their linear thermal transmittance was determined by the standard SIST EN ISO 14683. Based on these data, the energy efficiency of the existing condition was calculated using the KI Energy program. This is followed by a proposal for the restoration of the existing condition, which was made on the basis of the "Rules on Efficient Use of Energy in Buildings (PURES)" [1] and the requirements for obtaining an Eco Fund grant. The complete renovation is divided into four parts of the renovation: facade, roof, interstorey structure and exterior joinery. This demonstrates the transparency of the energy renovation of each part of the renovation. The obtained results show that the total heat energy savings for the whole renovation is 21641 kWh/year. Regarding the partial renovation of the thermal envelopment, the most efficient is the replacement of the exterior joinery with savings of 7381 KWh/year, followed by the facade renovation with savings of 6248 kWh/year, the restoration of the interstorey structure with savings of 4201 kWh/year and the renovation of the roof with savings of 868 kWh/year. Finally, the economics of each part of the renovation is made according to the estimate of the company Zagrad d. o. o. and the Eco Fund grant, given the cost of heating with a heat pump and a fuel oil stove. Since heating with a fuel oil stove is 2.53 times more expensive than heating with a heat pump, it is reasonable to choose a heating system with a heat pump. As a result, the time to cover the investment costs is significantly longer, given the cost savings for heating.

Namen: Diplomska naloga se ukvarja s problematiko prehoda toplote in vlage skozi difuzijsko odprte in zaprte konstrukcijske sklope zunanje stene, ki so sestavljeni pretežno iz naravnih materialov. Metoda: S pomočjo spletnega programa Ubakus smo obravnavali 9 konstrukcijskih sklopov (KS) zunanje stene sestavljene iz pretežno naravnih materialov. Preverili smo izbrane parametre gradbene fizike, kot so količina in čas sušenja kondenzacije, vsebnost vlage v lesu, toplotno prehodnost, toplotno stabilnost in površinsko temperaturo v zimski in poletni sezoni. Izračunane vrednosti smo primerjali s kriteriji Pravilnika o učinkoviti rabi energije (Ur. l. RS, št. 52/10) in tehničnih smernic TSG-1-004:2010. V zimski sezoni smo preučili 5 primerov KS zunanje stene: 1. primer nosilna konstrukcija iz CLT (ang. Cross-Laminated Timber), 2. primer: zaščitne plošče iz DHF (ang. High Density Fiberboard) plošč, 3. primer: zaščitne plošče iz OSB (ang. Oriented Strand Board) plošč, 4. primer: promovirani difuzijsko odprt sklop in 5. primer : optimizirani sklop za zimsko sezono. Promoviran in optimiziran KS smo preučili tudi v poletni sezoni (primer 6 in 7). V zimski sezoni smo pri primeru 8 preverili prehod vlage in toplote za primer namestitve OSB plošč v notranjosti in DHF na zunanji strani sklopa. Pri primeru 9 smo analizirali še zamenjan položaj OSB in DHF plošč. Rezultati in razprava: Rezultati kažejo, da velika debelina toplotne izolacije pri večini konstrukcijskih sklopov rezultira z ustrezno toplotno prehodnostjo. V primeru udobnih notranjih in ne ekstremnih zunanjih razmer, so bolj univerzalni difuzijsko odprti konstrukcijski sklopi zunanje stene. Pri difuzijsko odprtem sklopu (4. primer) v ekstremnih zimskih razmerah nastane 0,51 kg/m2 vlage, ki se posuši v devetnajstih poletnih dneh. V poletni sezoni pri ekstremno visoki temperaturi in vlagi (primer 6) nastane 0,12 kg/m2 vlage, kar se posuši v šestih dneh. Difuzijsko zaprt sklop (primer 7) je z 2,53 kg/m2 vlage v poletnih dneh neuporaben, ker za osušitev nastale vlage rabimo 233 poletnih dni. Ob napačni namestitvi OSB plošč nastane 0,38 kg/m2 vlage in 124 dni potrebnih za izsušitev. Pri zasnovani vgradnji bi nastalo 0,28 kg/m2 vlage s časom izsuševanja 7 dni. Po zamenjavi položaja zaščitnih plošč dobimo funkcijsko drugačen konstrukcijski sklop in pri zvišanju vlage v zraku ali temperature zraka notranjih prostorov dobimo nefunkcionalen KS, saj nimamo dovolj toplih dni v poletni sezoni za izsušitev. Zaključki: Analizo smo izvedli le za konstrukcijski sklop zunanje stene. Na podoben način lahko preverimo tudi ostale segmente stavbnega ovoja. Pri zasnovi KS je potrebno preveriti delovanje le teh v različnih zunanjih in notranjih razmerah in izvesti optimizacijo sestave upoštevajoč najbolj neugodne razmere. The purpose: The graduation thesis deals with the problem of the transition of heat and humidity through diffusion-open and diffusion-closed constructional complexes of the outer wall made from natural materials. The methodology: With online program Ubakus, we analyzed 9 constructional complexes (CC) of an exterior wall made from natural materials. After entering all parameters, we receive information about quantity of condensation, time of drying of the condensation, moisture in the wood, the thermal transmittance, the thermal stability and surface temperature in the winter and summer seasons. The results were compared with the criteria according to the Rules on efficient use of energy in buildings with a technical guideline (OJ. RS, no. 52/10) and TSG-1-004: 2010. In the winter season, we are made 5 examples of CC: example 1 load bearing construction from CLT (Cross-Laminated Timber), example 2 DHF (High Density Fiberboard) panels, example 3 OSB (Oriented Strand Board) panels, example 4 promoted diffusion-open construction complexes and example 5 optimized diffusion-closed construction complexes made for the winter season. Optimized CC and promoted CC was also analyzed during the summer season (Example 6 and 7). In the winter season, we checked the moisture and heat transfer where we installed OSB panels inside and DHF panels to the outside of CC (example 8). In example 9, we analyzed changed position of OSB and DHF panels. The results and discussion: With a larger thickness of thermal insulation, we get adequate thermal transmittance. In case of comfortable internal conditions and non-extreme external conditions, diffusion-open construction complexes are more universal. In a diffusion-open CC (Example 4) 0,51 kg/m2 of condensation in extreme winter climate conditions are produced. In the summer season at extremely high temperatures and humidity (Example 6), CC 0,12 kg/m2 condensate is produces. This quantity dries in summer in 6 days. The diffusion-closed CC (Example 7) is unuseless in summer days with 2,53 kg/m2 of condensation, because CC need 233 summer days for drying a quantity condensate. Incorrect installation of OSB panels, resulted 0,38 kg/m2 of condensation and need 124 days for dries in summer days. In a planned installation of panels 0,28 kg/m2 of condensation is produced with a drying time of 7 days. After replacement a wood panels, functionality of CC is different. When the humidity or air temperature of the interior spaces is increased, we get an unuseless construction complexes because, we don't have enough warm days. Conclusion: The analyzes were performed only for the exterior wall construction complexes. In the same way, we can analyze other segments of the building envelope. When we are planning a new CC, we must check the construction complexes performance in different external and internal conditions and optimize CC to operate in the most unfavorable conditions.

V zadnjem času se čedalje več pozornosti posveča trajnostni gradnji oz. trajnostnemu razvoju, saj se kot družba začenjamo zavedati posledic, ki jih prinašata uporaba gradbenih materialov ter njihov vpliv na naše zdravje. Razlog za povečano pozornost in zanimanje za trajnostni razvoj je dejstvo, da so stavbe povezane s štiridesetimi odstotki rabe končne energije, vsaj 36 odstotki izpustov CO2 in ne nazadnje tudi precejšnjo količino odpadkov (40 %), ki nastanejo med gradnjo in uporabo. Ena izmed metod za oceno okoljskega vpliva proizvodov je ocena življenjskega cikla (LCA), s katero je mogoče kvantitativno ovrednotiti, kakšne obremenitve na okolje povzročajo proizvodi in sistemi v vseh fazah njihove življenjske dobe. V magistrski nalogi je predstavljena analiza okoljskih vplivov gradbenih proizvodov, uporabljenih v konstrukcijskih sklopih, ki sestavljajo posamezne različice enodružinske hiše. Pri tem so bile uporabljene okoljske deklaracije proizvodov EPD, s katerimi so preko rezultatov metodologije LCA podane informacije o vplivu gradbenih proizvodov na okolje. Pri okoljskem vrednotenju rezultatov je bila upoštevana zgolj faza A1–A3 (»od zibelke do vrat«), ki obsega le del življenjskega cikla, preden je proizvod dostavljen uporabniku, torej od pridobivanja surovin in proizvodnje do mesta za odpremo iz tovarne. V magistrski nalogi smo najprej analizirali in primerjali okoljske vplive posameznih gradbenih materialov, ki sestavljajo konstrukcijske sklope obravnavanih različic objekta. Nato smo obravnavali objekt kot celoto, kjer smo za predvidene konstrukcijske zasnove objekta ovrednotili posamezne kazalnike vplivov na okolje. Na koncu pa smo uporabili poenostavljeno točkovanje za ovrednotenje skupnega (celostnega) okoljskega vpliva, pri katerem smo upoštevali okoljske vplive pri vseh sedmih kategorijah in posamezne različice objekta razvrstili glede na njihov okoljski vpliv. Ugotovili smo, da endoskeletne različice ne izkazujejo v vseh primerih manjši okoljski vpliv kot eksoskeletne konstrukcijske zasnove. Izkazalo se je tudi, da lesene zasnove objektov izkazujejo najmanjši vpliv na okolje. Materiali, uporabljeni za nosilno konstrukcijo (izvzeti je treba opeko, beton in porobeton) in toplotno izolacijo, imajo prevladujoč vpliv na okolje. Na podlagi rezultatov smo ugotovili, da na končne rezultate vplivata zasnova konstrukcije (masivna ali okvirna) in kombinacija uporabljenih materialov. Lately, increasing attention is being placed on sustainable construction or sustainable development, because we as a society are beginning to be aware of the consequences of the use of building materials and their impact on our health. The reason behind this greater focus on and interest in sustainable development is the fact that buildings are responsible for 40% of final energy consumption, for at least 36% of CO2 emissions, and, last but not least, for a substantial amount of waste (40%) generated during construction and use. One method of assessing the environmental impact of products is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which enables a quantitative assessment of the burden on the environment caused by products and systems in all stages of their service life. The master's thesis presents an analysis of the environmental impacts of building products used in constructional assemblies that make up individual versions of a single-family house. The analysis was conducted using the Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs), which provide information on the impact of building products on the environment by referring to the results of the LCA methodology. The environmental impact was assessed by considering the A1–A3 (“cradle-to-gate”) life cycle stages, which covers only a part of the life cycle before the product is delivered to the user, i.e. from the raw material extraction and manufacture to the factory gate. The master's thesis begins by analysing and comparing the environmental impact of individual building materials which make up the constructional assemblies of the discussed versions of the building. It continues by analysing the building as a whole and assessing individual environmental impact indicators for the planned structural designs. In the end, it uses a simplified scoring system to assess the total (comprehensive) environmental impact, taking into account the environmental impacts in all seven categories. This total (comprehensive) environmental impact of all seven categories was then assessed in a simplified way, and individual versions of the building were classified according to their environmental impact. It has been established that the filigree structure versions don't always show a lower environmental impact than the solid structure designs. As it turns out, wooden buildings have the lowest environmental impact. The materials used for the load-bearing structure (not including brick, concrete and aerated concrete) and for the thermal insulation have a dominant impact on the environment. Based on the results, it has been established that the end results are influenced by the structural design (massive or framed) and by the combination of the materials used.

Diplomsko delo obravnava pregled ter analizo 178 stavb, za katere je bila izdana računska energetska izkaznica v letih 2014 in 2015 izvajalca energetskih izkaznic s številko licence izdelovalca energetskih izkaznic 009. Podatki obsegajo računske energetske izkaznice, med katerimi je bila večina (159) izdelanih za stanovanjske in manjši delež (19) za nestanovanjske stavbe. Analiza obsega primerjavo računskih energetskih izkaznic glede na tri ključne dejavnike energijske učinkovitosti stavb: starost, namembnost in energijski razred. Poleg analize naštetih parametrov, se izdela tudi primerjavo med prenovljenimi ter neprenovljenimi stavbami. Kot je bilo pričakovati, imajo novejše in starejše prenovljene stavbe iz leta v leto boljše energijske razrede, kar je posledica neprestanega zaostrovanja zahtev po učinkoviti rabi energije za ogrevanje stavb v Sloveniji. The work deals with an overview and energy performance analysis of 178 buildings (energy performance certificate), which were issued in the years 2014 and 2015 from the contractor of energy performance certificates (license number holder) 009. Data covers calculated energy performance certificates in which there are mostly residential (159) and a few non-residential (19). In the analysis the majority of comparison is carried out between three major factors for energy performance of buildings - namely age, purpose and energy performance class of the buildings. Alongside that comparison, there is a further comparison between renovated and unrenovated buildings. As it was expected, newer buildings and older renovated buildings have better energy performance classes from year to year. This is because the legislation in the field of effective energy use in buildings in Slovenia gets stricter and stricter.

V magistrskem delu obravnavamo celostno energijsko sanacijo stavbe Srednje šole Veno Pilon Ajdovščina. Obstoječa stavba ni energetsko učinkovita, zato ob upoštevanju načel stavbarstva načrtujemo celostno sanacijo, s katero zagotovimo ustrezno toplotno izolacijo, hidroizolacijo in zvočno izolacijo stavbe ter preverimo osvetljenost izbranih prostorov z dnevno svetlobo. Najprej smo objekt temeljito pregledali in ocenili obstoječe stanje samega objekta, kot tudi stanje vgrajenih elementov in materialov. Potem smo preverili njihovo ustreznost glede na trenutno veljavno zakonodajo in identificirali kritične elemente, ki so potrebni sanacije. Podatke o geometriji in materialih v stavbi smo pridobili iz dokumentacije projekta za pridobitev gradbenega dovoljenja, dodatnih načrtov in na podlagi pregleda objekta, za analizo posameznih elementov pa smo uporabili programa KI Energija 2014 in Hrup'13. Izvedli smo analizo akustike notranjega okolja dveh prostorov s programom ARTIE. V nadaljevanju smo izvedli analizo klimatskih danosti lokacije, naredili smo parametrično analizo toplotne prehodnosti toplotnega ovoja in nato zasnovali zaščitne konstrukcije ter konstrukcijske sklope, ki sedaj izpolnjujejo vse zahteve. Pri zasnovi transparentnih površin na strehi smo s programom Velux Daylight Visualizer analizirali vpliv teh površin na osvetljenost izbranih prostorov z dnevno svetlobo. V zadnjem delu smo izvedli še analizo gradbene fizike načrtovanega stanja v programu KI Energija 2014 in preverili kazalce energetske učinkovitosti stavbe. Na koncu smo rezultate komentirali in predlagali dodatne ukrepe, ki bi energetsko učinkovitost stavbe še izboljšali. The subject of this master thesis is a holistic energy rehabilitation of the building of the Veno Pilon Ajdovščina Secondary School. In accordance with the key principles of building, our renovation plan proposes a sufficient thermal and sound insulation, waterproofing of the building and daylight illumination inspection of some of the chosen areas. The first step was a thorough examination of the building and the evaluation of the current state of the building and its inbuilt elements and materials. Furthermore, we checked their relevance according to the current legislation and identified the critical elements that had to be rehabilitated or upgraded. The KI Energija 2014 and the Hrup'13 programs were used for the analysis of the individual elements. An analysis of the reverberation time of indoor environment was calculated for two spaces with the ARTIE software. Afterward, we analysed the climate conditions of the location and also performed a parametric study of the heat transfer coefficient of the building envelope. Appropriate structural assemblies that now meet the requirements were designed as well. Designing the transparent surfaces of the roof, we used the Velux Daylight Visualizer software to analyse the effect these surfaces have on the internal illumination of the selected spaces. Lastly, we performed an analysis of the energy efficiency and the energy consumption with the use of the KI Energija 2014 software. At the end, we presented the results, commented on them and added some additional propositions to further improve the energy efficiency of the building.

V današnjem svetu se vse bolj zavedamo antropogenih vplivov na okolje (npr. problema podnebnih sprememb), posledično postaja okoljska sprejemljivost proizvodov vedno bolj pomembna. Razvile so se različne metodologije za oceno okoljskih vplivov proizvodov, ena izmed najbolj uporabljenih pa je metodologija ocene življenjskega cikla (LCA). Z LCA spremljamo proizvod skozi njegov življenjski cikel in tako dobimo podatke o njegovem okoljskem vplivu. V nalogi se ukvarjamo z analizo okoljskih vplivov gradbenih proizvodov, uporabljenih v konstrukcijskih sklopih ravnih in poševnih streh. Pri tem smo uporabili okoljske deklaracije proizvodov ali dokumente EPD. V EPD-jih preko rezultatov metodologije LCA podajamo pregledne in primerljive informacije o vplivu gradbenih proizvodov na okolje. Konstrukcijske sklope smo analizirali za fazo življenjskega cikla »od zibelke do vrat«. Analiza je bila razdeljena na tri dele. V prvem delu smo obravnavali posamezne proizvode konstrukcijskega sklopa in jih primerjali v sedmih okoljskih kategorijah (GWP, ODP, POCP, AP, EP, ADPE in ADPF), z drugo analizo smo celotne sestave primerjali med seboj prav tako v vseh sedmih kategorijah in pri tretji analizi smo na poenostavljen način razvrstili obravnavane sklope glede na njihov okoljski vpliv in tako dobili najmanj obremenjujoč konstrukcijski sestav. Ugotovili smo, da materiali za nosilno konstrukcijo in toplotno izolacijo prevladujoče prispevajo k skupnemu okoljskemu vplivu streh, vendar tudi drugi materiali (npr. opečna kritina, parna ovira itd.) pomembno prispevajo k okoljskemu vplivu v določenih kategorijah. Endoskeletni sistemi nosilne konstrukcije so izkazali manjši okoljski vpliv v večini kategorij, kar nakazuje na to, da lahko že z izbiro sistema nosilne konstrukcije pomembno zmanjšamo okoljski vpliv. In today's World, we are becoming increasingly aware of the anthropogenic impacts on the environment (eg. The problem of climate change), and consequently the environmental acceptability of products becomes more and more important. Various methodologies have been developed to assess the environmental impacts of products, and one of the most widely used is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. With the LCA method we monitor the product through its life cycle and thus obtain data on its environmental impact. The thesis deals with the analysis of the environmental impacts of construction products used in construction sets of flat and sloping roofs. In doing so, we used environmental product declarations or Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) documents. Through the results of the LCA , the EPD provide transparent and comparable information on the impact of construction products on the environment. Construction assemblies were analyzed for the "cradle to the gate" phase of the life cycle. We did three analyzes. In the first, we compared the individual products of the construction set in seven environmental categories (GWP, ODP, POCP, AP, EP, ADPE and ADPF). In the second, the overall composition was compared to each other in all seven categories, and in the third, we simplified the sets according to their environmental impact in a simplified way, and thus obtained the least burdensome construction structure. We found that the materials for supporting structure and thermal insulation contribute predominantly to the overall environmental impact of roofs, but other materials (eg brick roof, steam barrier, etc.) make an important contribution to the environmental impact in certain categories. Endoscope support systems have proven to have less environmental impact in most categories, which suggests that by selecting a supporting structure, the environmental impact can be significantly reduced.

V diplomski nalogi obravnavamo obnašanje vakuumsko izolacijskih panelov (VIP) glede na njihove lastnosti in možnost uporabe v različnih konstrukcijskih sklopih. Njihove lastnosti smo preverili s pomočjo 2D analize toplotnega toka v programu Therm v7.6. V prvem delu obravnavamo predvsem splošne lastnosti VIP. Ugotovili smo, da je efektivna toplotna prevodnost v veliki meri odvisna od velikosti in oblike VIP, uporabljene folije ter materiala v jedru. Pozornost je potrebno posvetiti tudi življenjski dobi. Časovno na staranje in posledično na lastnosti vpliva predvsem sprememba notranjega tlaka ter navlaževanje jedra. Za namen gradbeništva so uporabni predvsem VIP z jedrom iz SiO2, ki imajo daljšo življenjsko dobo, so odpornejši na navlaževanje, sprememba notranjega tlaka pa nanje vpliva veliko manj kot pri uporabi jeder iz steklene volne. Za zagotavljanje trajnosti je potrebno uporabiti kvalitetne ovojne folije. S folijami, ki omogočajo doseganje daljše življenjske dobe običajno povzročamo večji toplotni most na robu VIP in posledično povzročimo povečanje efektivne toplotne prevodnosti, zato moramo biti pri izbiri folije pazljivi. S simulacijo različnih konstrukcijskih sklopov smo ugotovili, da lahko s pomočjo VIP izdelujemo relativno tanke izolacijske sloje, ki imajo boljše lastnosti v primerjavi s tradicionalno toplotno izolacijo. Ugotovili smo tudi, da tudi pri manjših dimenzijah VIP njihova uporaba ni nemogoča, se pa efektivna toplotna prevodnost zaradi toplotnega mostu nekoliko poslabša. In this thesis we are dealing with the behavior of vacuum insulation panels (VIP) in terms of their properties and the possibility of their use in different construction assemblies. Their properties were analyzed using 2D thermal analysis in Therm. The first part deals with the general properties of the VIP. We have found out that effective thermal conductivity depends to a large extent on the size and shape of the VIP, the foil used, and the core material. Attention should also be paid to the lifespan. Time characteristics are influenced primarily by the change in internal pressure and the moistening of the core. VIP with SiO2 core are better suited for buildings, because of a longer life spain. They are more resistant to moistening, while the change in internal pressure affects them much less than when using glass cores. To ensure durability, it is necessary to use quality wrap foil. With foils that make it possible to achieve better durability, we usually cause a larger thermal bridge on the edge of the VIP and consequently cause an increase in effective thermal conductivity, so we have to be careful when choosing the foil. With simulating different construction sets, we found out that with the help of VIP we can produce relatively thin insulation layers that have better properties compared to traditional thermal insulation. We also concluded that their use is not impossible even in smaller dimensions, but the effective thermal conductivity due to the thermal bridge is somewhat reduced.

V sklopu diplomske naloge bom na podlagi Pravilnika o učinkoviti rabi energije in akcijskega načrta za načrtovanje skoraj nič-energijske hiše podal ukrepe za večstanovanjsko stavbo v Ljubljani, ki je bila zgrajena okoli leta 1920. Zaradi starosti je stavba potrebna renovacije osnovnih konstrukcijskih sklopov, hkrati pa je potrebna še nadgradnja stavbe s toplotno izolacijo, saj je v obstoječem stanju energetsko neučinkovita. Točnih podatkov o vmesnih prenovah ni, vendar sklepam, da v zadnjih petdesetih letih na stavbi ni bilo gradbenih posegov, razen v notranjih prostorih. Problematika je predvsem visok strošek za ogrevanje in v splošnem strošek za porabo primarne energije. Naloge sem se lotil z računalniškimi programi TOST, TEDI in U-Wert, s katerimi sem izvedel analizo obstoječega stanja in po pričakovanjih dobil izjemno neugodne rezultate. V nalogi sem predlagal ukrepe, kot so zamenjava oken, inštalacija ustrezne toplotne izolacije na zunanjih stenah, stropovih, notranjih stenah, terenskih tleh in strehi, ter inštalacija hidroizolacije, kjer je potrebna oziroma kjer je še ni. Za vsakega izmed ukrepov sem izvedel analizo porabe energije za ogrevanje, ter ukrepe med seboj primerjal. Rezultati so pokazali, da bi bilo potrebno izvesti vse ukrepe, le da zadostimo kriterijem, ki jih določa PURES. Te analize sem opravil z ogrevanjem tople vode na plin, ki distribuira toploto po radiatorjih. Dodatno sem opravil še analize za dva najbolj smiselna ukrepa, s katerima bi zadostil predlogom, ki jih zahteva akcijski načrt. To sta inštalacija toplotne črpalke in implementacija mehanskega načina prezračevanja. As part of the thesis and in accord with the Rules on efficient use of energy and the action plan for the design of a nearly self-sufficient house I will introduce measures regarding a multi-apartment building in Ljubljana, which was built around the year 1920. Due to the age of the building, a basic reconstruction of it is needed, as well as an upgrade to the thermal insulation of the building, since the current state of it is inefficient. There is no accurate data on renovations so far, but I assume that in the last fifty years there were none, apart from inner renovations. The problems at hand are especially high heating costs and in general the cost of primary energy consumption. I have handled the task with the computer programs TOST, TEDI and U-Wert, with which I have conducted an analysis of the existing situation and got extremely unfavorable results, as has been expected. During the task, I have proposed measures such as window replacement, installation of adequate thermal insulation on the external walls, ceilings, internal walls, floor and the roof as well as installing waterproofing in areas where needed or not protected by it yet. For each of the measures I have carried out an analysis of energy consumption for heating and compared them to each other. The results showed that it was necessary to take all measures merely to satisfy the criteria laid down by PURES. I have conducted these analyses by gas-heating water which distributes heat to the radiators. Furthermore, I have performed more analyses for the two most meaningful measures with which to meet the proposals requested in the action plan. These are the installation of a thermal pump and the implementation of a mechanical ventilation mode.

V diplomski nalogi bomo obravnavali objekt, ki se nahaja v Republiki Sloveniji, natančneje v naselju Preddvor. Objekt je grajen v treh različnih obdobji. Posledica tega je različnost konstrukcijskih sklopov in izvedb ali pomanjkljivosti zaščitnih konstrukcij. Za stavbo bomo opravili analizo stanja. Analiza bo obsegala obstoječe stanje konstrukcijskih sklopov, analizo zaščite stavbe proti vodi in vlagi, analizo zvočne zaščite proti zunanjem hrupu in analizo energetske bilance vezano na obstoječe in stanje po predvideni prenovi. Pridobljeni podatki nam bodo služili pri sanaciji obstoječega stanja. Celovita prenova objekta bo vezana na veljavno zakonodajo. Preverjali bomo ustreznost prenove glede energetske učinkovitosti in toplotne prehodnosti konstrukcijskih sklopov v skladu s pravilnikom PURES 2010. Uporabljena bosta tudi Pravilnik o zaščiti stavb pred vlago in Pravilnik o zaščiti pred hrupom v stavbah. Vsi predlagani ukrepi bodo usmerjeni v preprečitev dosedanjih težav na objektu in omogočanje visoke kvalitete bivanja po prenovi objekta. Predstavljeni bodo tudi rešitve obstoječih težav z različnimi materiali. Celovita prenova bo usmerjena v zagotavljanje ugodne notranje klime za bivanje in zagotavljanju energetske učinkovitosti objekta. In this diploma thesis we will examine a building that is located in the RS, more precisely in the settlement of Preddvor. The building was built in three different periods. The consequence is the diversity of structural assemblies, construction methods used and defects inside protective construction layers. Analysis of current building state will be performed. The analysis will cover the existing state of the structural assemblies, analysis of the protective layers of the building against water and moisture, an analysis of soundproofing against external noise and an analysis of the energy efficiency before and after proposed renovation. The acquired data will serve as input for reconstruction of the existing situation. The complete renovation of the building will take into consideration the currently applicable legislation. Examined will be relevance of the proposed renovation in terms of energy efficiency and heat transfer characteristics of construction details according to the PURES 2010 rule. We consider also at two more rules, Rules on the protection of buildings against moisture and Rules on protection against noise in buildings. All proposed measures will be aimed at preventing the existing problems and enabling high quality of living after renovation of the building. Solutions to existing deficiencies using various materials will also be presented. Proposed comprehensive renovation will focus on providing a comfortable interior climate for living and ensuring the energy efficiency of the building.

V diplomski nalogi je predstavljena preverba obstoječe energetske izkaznice, izdelane s strani izdelovalca izkaznic, za večstanovanjsko stavbo v Medvodah, zgrajeno leta 2011, vključno s predlogi ukrepov, ki bi zagotovili, da bi stavba zadoščala trenutnim zahtevam po učinkoviti rabi energije. Na začetku diplomske naloge je opisana veljavna zakonodaja na področju energetske izkaznice, sledi pa predstavitev obravnavane stavbe. Na podlagi izračunov je v programu KI Energija 2014 izdelana računska energetska izkaznica po veljavni zakonodaji in metodologiji dela. S pomočjo primerjave z izdelano energetsko izkaznico na podlagi izračunov je preverjena pravilnost izračunov obstoječe energetske izkaznice, izdelane s strani izdelovalca. Pri tem so prikazane napake v izračunih obstoječe energetske izkaznice in vzroki, zaradi katerih je prišlo do nepravilnih izračunov. Na koncu so predstavljeni predlagani ukrepi za izboljšanje energetske učinkovitosti stavbe, tako da bi stavba izpolnjevala vse zahteve za energetsko učinkovito stavbo po Pravilniku o učinkoviti rabi energije v stavbah (2010). The graduation thesis presents the verification of the existing energy performance certificate, made by the manufacturer of energy performance certificates, for a dwelling residential building in Medvode, built in 2011, with suggestions for improvement, which would ensure compliance of the building with the existing requirements for efficient use of energy. The beginning of the thesis describes the valid legislation in the field of the energy performance certificate, which is followed by a presentation of the discussed building. Based on calculations, the software KI Energija is used to make a calculated energy performance certificate according to the valid legislation and the work methodology. Through a comparison with the manufactured energy performance certificate based on calculation, the correctness of the calculations of the existing energy performance certificate, made by the manufacturer, is verified. Presented are all the errors in the calculations of the existing energy performance certificate and causes, which have led to incorrect calculations. At the end it presents the suggested measures for the improvement of the building’s energy efficiency in order for the building to meet all the requirements for an energy efficient building according to the Rules on efficient use of energy in buildings with a technical guideline (2010).

V diplomski nalogi obravnavam rezultate energetskih izkaznic pred in po prenovi eno in večstanovanjskih stavb na podlagi dveh izbranih analiz. Pri prvi analizi proučujem vpliv spremembe debeline toplotne izolacije (oziroma njeno dodajanje v primerih, kjer manjka), pri drugi pa vpliv spremembe orientacije stavbe na letno potrebno toploto za ogrevanje stavbe QNH. Pri prvi analizi predpostavljam stanje pri katerem dodajam toplotno izolacijo (maksimalno do debeline 20 cm) le na zunanje stene stavbnega ovoja napram zunanjosti. Na podlagi rezultatov spremembe letne potrebne toplote za ogrevanje stavbe QNH se izkaže, da pri naših primerih izvedeni konstrukcijski ukrepi v povprečju trikrat bolj vplivajo na rezultate pri enostanovanjskih stavbah kot pri stanovanjih v večstanovanjskih stavbah. Prihranki pri stroških ogrevanja so pri naših primerih tako pri enostanovanjskih stavbah v povprečju celo petkrat večji. V sklopu druge analize spreminjam orientacijo stavb za 90°, 180° in 270° glede na obstoječe stanje ter ugotavljam na podlagi sprememb vrednosti QNH ali je stavba najbolj optimalno orientirana ali ne. Izkaže se, da kljub poznavanju vplivov dobitkov sončnega obsevanja, večina obravnavanih stavb še vedno ni najbolj optimalno orientirana. Prihranki pri stroških ogrevanja so pri naših primerih zaradi sprememb orientacije stavb oziroma stavbnih enot v povprečju dvakrat večji pri stanovanjih v večstanovanjskih stavbah kot pri enostanovanjskih stavbah. The thesis presents the results of energy performance certificates before and after the renovation of one- and multi-dwelling residential buildings, based on two selected analyses. The first analysis examines the impact of insulation thickness changes (or its addition where missing), while the second analysis is focused on the impact of building orientation changes on the annual heat consumption necessary for heating the building QNH. The first analysis assumes a state, where TI of maximum thickness of 20 cm is added only to the exterior walls of building envelope relative to the outside. Based on the results of the change of the annual heat consumption required for heating the building QNH, it is shown that the implemented structural measures in the present case have three times greater impact on the results of one-dwelling residential buildings than on the results of multi-dwelling residential buildings. On average, savings on heating costs are in the present case five times greater in one-dwelling residential buildings. In the second analysis, the buildings’ orientation is being changed by 90°, 180° and 270° in relation to the existing situation. Based on the changes of the QNH value, it is concluded whether the building is optimally oriented or not. It is shown that most of the buildings are still not optimally oriented, despite knowledge of the effects of solar radiation gain. On average, savings on heating costs in the present case related to the changes in building orientation are twice as great in multi-dwelling residential buildings than in one-dwelling residential buildings.

Cilj diplomskega dela je bilo ugotoviti stanje energetske učinkovitosti stavbe in podati določene ukrepe, ki bi le-te izboljšali na primeru izbrane kulturno spomeniško zaščitene enodružinske kmečke hiše na Spodnjem Brniku. Najprej sem na terenskem delu evidentiral in pregledal obstoječa stanja konstrukcijskih sklopov ter posameznih delov, ki sem jih potreboval za nadaljnje analiziranje. V spletnem programu sem preveril obstoječe in predlagane konstrukcijske sklope, ki so vplivali na kasnejše izračunane rezultate energetske bilance. Podal sem dva predloga energetske obnove z namenom, da bi preveril ekonomičnost določenih posegov. The main goal of my thesis was to determine the condition of the energy efficiency of the building and to put in place certain measures that would improve them on the case of a selected cultural monumentally protected single-family farm house in Spodnji Brnik. At the begining I recorded and examined the existing state of the structural components and the individual parts for further analysis. In the online program, I checked the existing and proposed constructional elements with which I influenced the later calculated energy balance results. I predicted two proposals for energy renewal in order to check the economy of certain interventions.

V diplomski nalogi je teoretično izvedena energetska sanacija večstanovanjske stavbe v Ljubljani. Stavba je bila zgrajena leta 1963 in po stavbnem ovoju ni dodatno nameščene toplotne izolacije. Ker se je investitor odločil za prenovo fasade, se je pojavilo vprašanje, če je namestitev toplotne izolacije po objektu potrebna oziroma sploh smiselna, čeprav je v skladu z veljavno zakonodajo ob obnovi stavbe nujna. V diplomski nalogi je na podlagi pravilnika o učinkoviti rabi energije v stavbah in obravnavi treh vrst toplotne sanacije ter njihovih variacij v programu KI Energija 2014 dokazana nujnost namestitve toplotne izolacije in ekonomska upravičenost posameznega posega. Na podlagi izračuna neto sedanje vrednosti pa je določena povračilna doba investicije. Izvedene so simulacijske analize za primere namestitve 50 % in tudi 100 % povečane debeline toplotne izolacije glede na minimalne zahteve po veljavnih predpisih in posledični vpliv na ekonomsko upravičenost. The aim of this thesis is theoretical energy renovation of residential building in Ljubljana. The building was built in 1963 without additionally installed thermal insulation on buildings thermal envelope. Since the investor decided to renovate the buildings envelope, the question arised, if the installation of thermal insulation is required, or even sensible, eventhough it is, based on current legislation. The thesis is based on the regulation on energy efficiency in buildings and consideration of the three types of thermal renovation and their variations in the program KI Energija 2014. It proves the necessity of the installation of thermal insulation and the viability of individual prejudice. The payback period of the investment is based and determined on calculation of the net present value. Simulation analyses are made for three thicknesses of thermal insulation – determined by current regulations and its 50 % and 100 % increased thickness.

Cilj diplomske naloge je izdelava zasnove sanacije kulturnega doma na Veliki Loki. Na podlagi pridobljenih podatkov o objektu, raziskavi obstoječe konstrukcije ter z upoštevanjem trenutno veljavnih pravilnikov in smernic, je predlagana najboljša rešitev za sanacijo, ki bi preprečila dosedanje težave na objektu in omogočila koristno souporabo objekta stanovalcev ter aktivnega kulturnega društva v kraju. V diplomski nalogi so glede na veljavne pravilnike ter smernice, ki veljajo v RS, načrtovani energetska sanacija objekta, sanacija vlage ter zaščita pred zvokom. Pri energetski sanaciji so izračunane toplotne prevodnosti obstoječih konstrukcijskih sklopov ter primerjane s predvidenimi saniranimi konstrukcijskimi sklopi. V primeru sanacije pred zvokom v zraku je, glede na bližino železniške proge, predvidena potrebna zvočna izolacija fasadnega pasu. V nalogi so opisani tudi osnovni materiali, ki so namenjeni za posamezno vrsto sanacije objekta. The objective of the tesis is making-out of conception of renovation of House of culture Velika Loka. Based on obtained data of the building, research of existing structure in accordance with currently applicable Rules and Guidance the best possible solution for renovation was found with goal to prevent its existing problems and providing beneficial sharing of residents of the building as much as activities of Cultural Association of Velika Loka. In this thesis, regarding Rules and Guidance of Republic of Slovenia, energy-saving renovation, moisture renovation and protection from sound of the building were planned. Regarding energy-saving renovation thermal conductivity of existing constructional complexes was calculated and the result was compared to foreseen renovated constructional complexes. Regarding protection against sound there was sound insulation cladding belt planned, because of near reailway track. Thesis also includes base material destined for respecticve type of renovation.

Pri nalogi je predstavljeno trenutno stanje stavbnega ovoja obravnavanega objekta. Obravnavani objekt je dvostanovanjska hiša, v kateri stanujem od rojstva. Nahaja se v Ljubljani, natančneje v Zgornjem Kašlju. Pri energetskih lastnostih posameznih konstrukcijskih sklopih, sem toplotno prehodnost določil s pomočjo spletnega programskega orodja U-wert, izračun energetske bilance objekta pa sem izdelal s pomočjo programa TOST. Rezultati, ki sem jih dobil pred sanacijo so pokazali, da trenutni stavbni ovoj ne ustreza zahtevam, ki so predpisane z veljavnimi zakonodajami. Po pridobljenih rezultatih je opisan predlog energetske sanacije objekta. Nato je ponovno izdelana energetska bilanca objekta po sanaciji. V nalogi so predstavljeni vplivi tipičnih toplotnih mostov, ki se pojavljajo pri objektu pred in po sanaciji. Pridobljeni rezultati so pokazali, da je razlika transmisijskih izgub med poenostavljenim in dejanskim upoštevanje toplotnih mostov pred sanacijo večja kot pri rezultatih po sanaciji. Razlog za to je, da smo imeli pred energetsko sanacijo več toplotnih mostov. Z energetsko sanacijo smo vpliv nekaj toplotnih mostov omejili oziroma smo jih odstranili. The thesis describes the current status of the building envelope, of the building which is Duplex where I live since birth. It is located in Ljubljana, more precisely in Zgornem Kašlju. In energy performance of individual structural sections, thermal transmittance was determined by using the online software tool U-Wert. The energy balance of the object was created with the help of the program TOST. The results that I have received before renovation have shown that the current building envelope does not meet the requirements prescribed by applicable laws. After results is describeb the proposed renovation of the building. Then there are presents new results after renovation. The thesis presents the effects of typical thermal bridges which occur at the facility before and after renovation. The results obtained showed that the differential transmission loss between simplified and the actual consideration of thermal bridges before renovation higher than the results after the renovation. The reason for this is that we had before the energy renovation more thermal bridges. With energy renovation the influence of some thermal bridges was limited or have been removed.

V diplomskem delu je bila izračunana energetska bilanca večstanovanjske stavbe s petimi ločenimi stanovanjskimi enotami v Velenju. Računska energetska bilanca je bila narejena za stanje pred obnovo toplotnega ovoja stavbe, za dejansko stanje po izvedeni obnovi toplotnega ovoja stavbe ter za dva primera možnih dodatnih izboljšav trenutnega stanja. Toplotni ovoj stavbe se je v realnosti obnovil le deloma in sicer na delu, ki meji na štiri od petih posameznih enot. Za vse računske primere je bila izračunana potrebna toplota za ogrevanje. Ti rezultati so bili primerjani s podatki o merjeni dejanski porabi toplote za ogrevanje, ki so bili pridobljeni za obdobje treh let pred in leto dni po obnovi toplotnega ovoja stavbe. Izračun potrebne toplote za ogrevanje je bil narejen v skladu z metodologijo, ki jo narekuje zakonodaja na področju energetske učinkovitosti stavb. V diplomskem delu je bil zato predstavljen Pravilnik o učinkoviti rabi energije v stavbah (PURES 2010). Primerjava dejanskih in računskih porab toplote za ogrevanje je pokazala manjša odstopanja, do česar je najverjetneje prišlo zaradi nenatančnih vhodnih podatkov kot so prezračevanje, toplotna prehodnost oken in vrat, prehod celotnega sončnega sevanja skozi okna, notranji dobitki in ostali podatki, ki smo jih vnesli na podlagi inženirske ocene, saj točnih podatkov ni bilo na razpolago. Kljub vsemu so bili končni rezultati primerljivi, z odstopanjem največ 22%. In this thesis, the energy balance of residential building with five individual units in Velenje, was calculated. The energy balance was calculated for the situation before the renovation of building's heat envelope, for the actual situation after the completion of the reconstruction of bulding's heat envelope and for the two examples of possible additional improvements of the current situation. In reality, the building's heat envelope was only partly renovated, covering the four of the five individual units. For all numerical examples, the heat required for heating was calculated. These results were compared with data on actual consumption of heat, which has been obtained for a period of three years before and one year after the renovation of building's envelope. Calculation of the necessary heat for heating was made in accordance with the methodology dictated by legal rules in the field of energy efficiency in buildings. Policy on efficient use of energy in buldings (PURES 2010) was therefore presented in the thesis. Comparison of actual and calculated heat consumption has shown minor variations which are most likely due to imprecise inputs such as ventilation, thermal transmittance of windows and doors, passage of the solar radiation through windows, internal gains and other data entered, which was based on engineering estimates, because the exact values were not available. Nevertheless, the final results were comparable.

V nalogi proučujem energetsko sanacijo toplotno neizolirane stavbe Hartnerjeva vila, na Grajski ulici 2 v Murski Soboti. S terenskim delom prikažem trenutni status objekta, njegovo geometrijo in ohranjenost. V energetsko sanacijo spomeniško zaščitenega objekta zajamem toplotno izolacijo zunanjega ovoja stavbe, zamenjavo zunanjega stavbnega pohištva z izboljšanimi transparentnimi elementi, spremenjen način prezračevanja in povečanje učinkovitosti sistemov. Najprej izvedem izračun toplotnih karakteristik posameznega konstrukcijskega sklopa z računalniškim programom TEDI, nato še študijo osončenosti objekta. V skladu s Pravilnikom o učinkoviti rabi energije v stavbah PURES 2010, opravim računske postopke za toplotno bilanco stavb na 9 načinov z računalniškim orodjem TOST. Toplotnih mostov sprva ne upoštevam, zatem jih računam na poenostavljen način in na koncu še po standardu SIST EN ISO 14683. Rezultate primerjam med seboj in analiziram energetsko bilanco stavbe. Študija je pokazala, da so na obstoječi zgradbi toplotne izgube prevelike. Izmed vseh primerov sem v zadnjem uspel znižati letno porabo energije za ogrevanje za 3,5-krat. Zaradi toplotnih mostov se je poraba energije povečala za največ 28 %. Najmanjši vpliv toplotnih mostov izkazuje izhodiščno stanje z upoštevanjem toplotnih mostov po poenostavljenem postopku. In my thesis, I study energetic restoration of a thermally uninsulated building Hartnerjeva vila on Grajska street 2 in Murska Sobota. Through fieldwork, I capture the current status of the object, its geometry and how it is preserved. In the energetic restoration of this historically protected building, I include thermal insulation of the outer layer of the building, replacement of doors and windows with transparent elements, improvement of ventilation as well as an increase of the efficiency of its systems. Firstly, I calculate thermal characteristics of each construction compound with the computer program TEDI. Secondly, I study the sun exposure of the building. In accordance with the regulations (Pravilnik o učinkoviti rabi energije v stavbah PURES 2010), I make calculations for the thermal balance of buildings in 9 different ways with the computer program TOST. At first, I do not consider thermal bridges subsequently, I calculate them in a simplified manner and lastly, using the SIST EN ISO 14683 standard. I compare the results and analyze the energetic balance of the building. The study has shown that the heat loss in the existing building is too high. From all of my cases, my last one managed to reduce the yearly energy consumption for heating by three and a half times. Because of thermal bridges the energy consumption increased, but not more than 28 %. The minimum effect of thermal bridges is shown by the starting status using the simplified manner of consideration of thermal bridges.

Vsak objekt s časom postane neprimeren za uporabo oziroma potrebuje prenovo in s tem poseganje v sestavo ključnih konstrukcijskih sklopov. V diplomski nalogi smo podali predlog za preureditev toplotno neizoliranega ovoja gospodarskega objekta (v našem primeru 120 let starega kozolca), ki ne služi več svojemu namenu v objekt za potrebe bivanja. Ker smo želeli v čim večji meri ohraniti zunanji izgled, smo morali ovoj objekta toplotno izolirati na notranji strani. Pri tem smo upoštevali pravilnik o učinkoviti rabi energije (PURES 2010) [1]. Najprej smo določili sestavo konstrukcijskih sklopov in s pomočjo programa TEDI izračunali toplotne prehodnosti za posamezen konstrukcijski sklop. Dobljene vrednosti smo primerjali z največjimi dovoljenimi, ki jih določa Tehnična smernica za graditev TSG-4 [3]. Zaradi omejitve s prostorom smo se odločili za uporabo vakuumsko izolacijskih panelov. S tem ukrepom smo pridobili na uporabni višini mansarde in posledično na uporabni površini bivalne enote, kar bistveno vpliva na njeno uporabnost, funkcionalnost in ekonomičnost. Prav tako smo podali ekonomsko upravičenost uporabe VIP panelov, saj so paneli nov in sorazmerno drag izolacijski material, ki v gradbeništvu ni v vsakodnevni uporabi. Pri obnovi objekta smo morali poskrbeti, da ovoj zadostuje dovoljenim vrednostim potrebne energije za ogrevanje. Vrednosti smo izračunali s pomočjo programa TOST. With time every building becomes unsuitable for use and therefore needs to be renovated. In this thesis, we presented the best possible renovation plan, using a thermal insulation envelope for installation on the present building, which is a hayrack. We wanted to redesign it into a tourist accommodation facility. Because we wanted to retain the outside appearance of the building, we moved the thermal insulation envelope to the inside of the hayrack. In our work we followed the minimum requirements defined in the Regulation and Efficient Use of Energy in Buildings - PURES 2010 [1]. First, we determined the composition of individual construction units and then calculated the thermal conduction values using the TEDI program. These values were later compared to those determined in the Technical guidelines for building construction TSG-4 [3]. Because of space restrictions, vacuum insulation panels were used for thermal insulation. With this measure we were able to gain useful height for the mansard and, consequently, a larger surface for use in the living areas, thus improving the buildings useability, functionality and economy. We have also proven the economic viability of VIP panels, since this kind of thermal insulation is new and not in everyday use in construction and thus expensive. Using the TOST program, we also had to make sure that the envelope satisfied the buildings heating energy consumption requierments.

V diplomski nalogi so opisane spremembe zakonodaje o varčevanju s energijo v stavbah na našem področju od 1875 do 2010. Opisane so zahteve za povečanje energetske učinkovitosti objekta za posamezen zakonik. Prikazani so zahtevani ukrepi in njihovo zaostrovanje skozi čas. Z grafikoni je prikazano zniževanje največje dovoljene toplotne prehodnosti za: • zunanjo steno, • streho, • medetažno stropno konstrukcijo proti neogrevanem podstrešju, • steno pod terenom, • tla nad terenom, oz. tla nad hladnim prehodom in • tla na terenu. Podani so primeri konstrukcijskih sklopov za zunanjo steno, medetažno stropno konstrukcijo proti neogrevanem podstrešju in streho. Konstrukcijski sklopi so sestavljeni iz slojev zgrajenih s karakterističnimi materiali za posamezno obdobje. In graduation thesis I described the legislation about energy efficiency in buildings in our area from 1875 to 2010. I showed the changes in legislation through time in order to provide energy efficiency. Lowering thermal transmittance through time is shown by graphs: • outer wall • roof • ceiling between floors (unheated attic) • underground wall • floor above ground • floor on the ground. I wrote construction examples for outer wall, ceiling between floors and roof. Construction examples are made of building materials typical for each period.

V diplomski nalogi se bomo poglobili v analizo toplotne prehodnosti in difuzije vodne pare dela stavbnega ovoja, in sicer preučili bomo različne dejavnike glede na lastnosti zunanje stene. Zahteve glede toplotne zaščite stavb se z zakonodajo vedno bolj zaostrujejo, saj ta neposredno vpliva na porabo energije za ogrevanje in hlajenje. Človeštvo se namreč vedno bolj zaveda pomena izkoriščanja energije in negativnih posledic na okolje, ki ga želi prepustiti naslednjim rodovom čimbolj ohranjeno. Poleg tega sta tako toplotna zaščita kot tudi pojav kondenza zaradi difuzije vodne pare ključna dejavnika za zagotavljanje bivalnega ugodja uporabnikov, ki je z vsakim dnem bolj cenjeno in pogostokrat tudi izrecno zahtevano s strani investitorjev. Analizirali bomo najbolj pogosto uporabljene konstrukcijske sklope zunanjih sten eksoskeletne gradnje v praksi in skušali zadostiti zahtevam zakonodaje. Te bomo poskusili tudi sami zaostriti. Obravnavali bomo tankoslojno kontaktno-izolacijsko fasado in prezračevano fasado. Zanimal nas bo vpliv položaja toplotne izolacije na zunanji in notranji strani zunanje stene. Spreminjali bomo vhodne podatke in analizirali njihov vpliv. V analizah bomo spreminjali računsko temperaturo, notranjo relativno vlažnost prostora in prosti pretok zraka po notranji površini sten. In this thesis, we will analyse heat transfer and diffusion of water vapor as a part of the building's envelope, and examine various influences based on the outer wall's properties. The legislation continues to increase demands for thermal insulation of buildings, as this has a direct impact on energy consumption for heating and cooling. Humanity is becoming increasingly aware of the importance of energy utilization and its negative effects on the environment, which they want to leave as well preserved as possible for future generations. In addition, both thermal protection and the occurrence of condensation due to vapor diffusion, are the key factors to ensure the user's comfort of living, which is getting more and more appreciated as well as often explicitly required by investors. Furthermore, we will examine the most commonly used structural assemblies of the outer walls of mechanical exoskeleton works in practice and try to satisfy the requirements of the legislation, whih we will also try to strengthen. We will discuss the thin contact-insulating facade and the ventilated one. We are interested in the influence of the thermal insulation on both the outside and the inside of the outer walls. We will modify input data and analyze their impact. The analysis will adjust calculation temperature, indoor relative humidity of the room and the free flow of air on the inner surface of the wall.