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Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram‐negative anaerobic bacterium recognized for its pivotal role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. This review covers an overview of the virulence factors and lifecycle stages of P. gingivalis, with a specific focus on attachment and colonization, biofilm formation, growth and multiplication, dormancy survival and dissemination. Additionally, we explore the significance of inter‐bacterial cross‐feeding within biofilms. Furthermore, we discuss potential phytochemical‐based strategies to target P. gingivalis, including the use of curcumin, apigenin, quercetin and resveratrol. Understanding the virulence factors and lifecycle stages of P. gingivalis, along with the promising phytochemical‐based interventions, holds promise for advancing strategies in periodontal disease management and oral health promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A proficient copper(I) catalyzed three-component synthetic protocol has been established for the synthesis of medicinally essential substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines by means of C–H bond amination followed by acetylene incorporation under microwave irradiation. The biological results and computational analysis suggested that the compounds had a greater affinity for the COX-2 enzyme than for the COX-1 enzyme. The investigation of docked (PDB ID: 5IKR ; A-chain) postures of the compounds exemplified that they embrace similar configurations to the exceedingly selective COX-2 inhibitor. The compounds 8e, 8h, 8l, 8n, 8p, 8r, 8t, 8v and 8x originated as the most efficient and selective COX-2 inhibitors with IC50 values of 18.94, 0.02, 3.28, 0.067, 0.05, 19.42, 3.66, 0.19 and 24.59 μg mL−1 respectively in contrast to mefenamic acid (25.74 μg mL−1). The selectivity index was obtained for all the significantly active molecules. Excitingly, the molecules that were effective as COX-2 inhibitors were active as antioxidant agents as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Neutrophils, the most abundant white blood cells are known to play a major role in the fundamental physiological response to tackle with microbial infections via different mechanisms. A series of assays have been developed that mimic neutrophil functions both in vivo and in vitro to look at specific deficiencies of neutrophil function. There is need to develop method to have defined normal range for these tests to differentiate between health and disease. We aim to define normal range for panel of screening assays in healthy adult Indian participants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 30 male and 30 female adult healthy participants. A volume of 10 ml of blood was collected from each participant. Four different assays that included chemotaxis, phagocytosis, intracellular killing (candidacidal assay), and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test were performed. For defined range was established for all the assays. Simultaneously controls were set up for all the tests. RESULTS: For NBT assay, the mean values for control and test were 13.58 and 58.90 respectively. The mean values for the control and test for phagocytosis assay were 1.77 and 4.49. Similarly, the values for candidacidal assay were 11.67% and 34.98. Finally, the values for chemotaxis test were 2.13 cm for Formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine, 0.54 cm for participant's serum and 0.48 cm for the medium. CONCLUSION: Based on the data generated, the values produced in the present investigation should be considered as normal range for adult population between the age group of 25-50 years for the protocols followed in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontal disease is an oral inflammatory disease that destroys the tooth supporting periodontal tissues resulting in tooth loss. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen that plays a significant role in periodontitis. In previous studies, resveratrol has shown significant results by targeting inflammatory and adhesive markers. Virulence factors of P. gingivalis play an important role in the bacterial adhesion and colonization. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the anti‐biofilm and anti‐bacterial activity of resveratrol and also study the effect of resveratrol on the expression of virulence factor genes of P. gingivalis using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The anti‐microbial and anti‐biofilm activity of resveratrol on P. gingivalis was carried out by broth microdilution assay and biofilm adhesion reduction–crystal violet assay, respectively. We carried out the gene expression analysis by RT‐PCR with the P. gingivalis treated compound to analyze the change in the expression of virulence factors: fimbriae and gingipain. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of resveratrol against P. gingivalis and other clinical strains are in the range of 78.12–156.25 μg/mL. Resveratrol dose‐dependently prevented the biofilm formation and also attenuated the virulence of P. gingivalis by reducing the expression of virulence factor genes such as fimbriae (type II and IV) and proteinases (kgp and rgpA). Resveratrol demonstrated superior anti‐bacterial and anti‐biofilm activity against P. gingivalis. There was significant reduction in the expression of fimbriae and gingipain with the resveratrol‐treated compound. The results suggest that resveratrol, due to its multiple actions, may become a simple and inexpensive therapeutic strategy for treating periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent investigations have shown the possible involvement of bacteria other than mutans group and Lactobacilli in the etiology of caries. Molecular methods have been used to study the microbial diversity in caries-active (CA) and caries-free (CF) children. Among them, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) is more popular and has been used in the present study.Aims: The aim of the present study was to investigate the difference in bacterial diversity in saliva and plaque samples from CF and CA children using DGGE.Materials and Methods: The study involved saliva and plaque samples from 56 children of which 28 were CF, 20 with CA, and 8 with white spot lesions (WSP). DNA was extracted and subjected to polymerase chain reaction amplification with universal primers. It was then run in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with gradients of urea and formamide and stained with SYBR green. Multiple bands were produced in each sample lane and each band represents one organism.Statistical Analysis: A dendrogram was generated using Phoretix software and similarity index was calculated using a specific formula.Results: Samples in each group formed several clusters indicating a specific pattern of the bacterial profile. Similarity coefficient was calculated based on the number of bands, intensity, and location. The diversity was less in the saliva and plaque samples of CA group as compared to those of CF and WSP groups.Conclusions: DGGE can be used to study distinctive bacterial profiles in healthy and caries-affected sites. DGGE can be further developed as a pattern recognition tool with which to identify specific groups of bacteria. Saliva may be used to study bacterial diversity in dental caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Acitretin (ACT) is a second-generation systemic retinoid used to treat severe psoriasis. However, its poor aqueous solubility and systemic adverse effects make it impractical for oral administration. The primary objective of this research is to prepare, optimize, and evaluate a nanogel consisting of acitretin-loaded ethosomes (ACT-ETH) for its anti-psoriatic potential. A 32 full factorial design was employed for optimization. Thin-film hydration was adopted to prepare ACT-ETH, and then their physicochemical characteristics were tested. The optimized ACT-ETH was converted into a carbopol gel and then evaluated for cytotoxicity, skin irritation, and anti-psoriatic properties. The vesicle size, zeta potential (ZP), and percent entrapment efficiency (% EE) of the optimal ACT-ETH are 147 ± 2.15 nm, −11.5 ± 0.25 mV, and 90.70 ± 0.89%, respectively. The fluorescence microscopy study has shown that ethosomes may go deeper into the skin layers. Compared to plain gel, ACT-ETH gel greatly increased skin permeability and deposition in the ex-vivo skin permeation and deposition tests. The in vitro cytotoxicity investigation revealed that the cytotoxicity of ACT against normal cells (L-929) was significantly reduced by ACT-ETH gel compared to plain ACT gel. The skin irritation study proved that ACT-ETH gel was well tolerated and safe for use on the skin. The in vivo anti-psoriatic study showed that using ACT-ETH gel to treat psoriasis on the skin led to a significant improvement in the therapeutic response. Based on these results, ACT-ETH gel has the potential to increase the topical anti-psoriatic action of ACT by mitigating its known drawbacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]