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Fungi are the second largest group of eukaryotic organisms, estimates ranging from 2.2 to 3.8 million and 120,000 currently accepted species. Unfortunately, identification of Penicilliumspecies is an overwhelming task even for taxonomic experts. In the current study, we isolated identified and morphologically characterized Penicillium rubensstrain NCIM-1397. Molecular characterization of P. rubensby multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, β-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM), NL (D1/D2 region) and LR (large subunit region) gene. Conversely, BenA gene differentiated P. rubensfrom P. chrysogenum. Moreover, Vitek MS, Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF–MS) failed to discriminate to strain level. Metabolic profiling of P. rubensenable to produce roquefortine C, chrysogine, meleagrine, sorbicillin and non-producers for industrially important metabolite, penicillin determined by LC–MS. Even, In addition, even molecular detection of penicillin biosynthetic pathway genes, PcbC, PenDE and Phl were negative by PCR. Nevertheless, P.rubensshowed 90–100% toxicity/pathogenicity on seed germination of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and no further development of coleoptiles, radicle and leaf length observed. Also, it showed non-toxic to animal cell determined on Human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cell line by In-Vitro.

This study describes the abundance of multidrug-resistant Vibriosassociated with marine invertebrate hosts from the Andaman Sea, India. Thirty-eight Vibriostrains were isolated from surface mucus layers of coral Porites, Goniastrea, Pocillopora, Fungia, and eggs of spiny lobster (Panulirus penicillatus). Phenotypically, the majority of strains exhibited growth at a wide range of temperatures, salt tolerance, and diverse nutritional requirements. All the strains had more than 97% 16S rRNA sequence similarity with type species of the genus Vibriowhere Vibrio fortis, and Vibrio alginolyticuswere predominant. Multilocus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) using eight housekeeping genes namely ftsZ, gapA, gyrB, mreB, pyrH, recA, rpoA,and topAdistributed the strains into 6 reported clades i.e., Harveyi, Ponticus, Nereis, Orientalis, Splendidus,and Mediterraneiwhere nearly half of the total strains represented the clade Harveyi, followed by the clade Splendidus.Likewise, the PFGE profile indicated genomic heterogeneity among the strains resulting in their distribution in five major clusters. Resistance to different antimicrobials was tested following the disc diffusion method where all strains were found susceptible to chloramphenicol (30 µg) and resistant to streptomycin (10 µg), vancomycin (30 µg), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (25 µg). Moreover, the resistant phenotype to other antimicrobials confirmed the abundance of multidrug resistance strains in this marine environment.

The kinetics of the electron transfer reaction of NADH with 12-tungstocobaltate(III) has been studied over the range 5.07 ≤ 104 [NADH] ≤ 15.22 mol dm-3, 7.0 ≤ pH ≤ 8.0 and 20 ≤ t ≤ 35 oC in aqueous medium. The electron transfer reaction showed first-order dependence each in [NADH]T and [12-tungstocobaltate(III)]T. The products of the reaction were found to be NAD+ and 12-tungstocobaltate(II). The activation parameters ΔH# (kJ mol-1) and ΔS# (JK-1mol-1) of the electron transfer reactions were found to be 64.4±1.8 and -48.86±6.0. Negative value of ΔS# is an indicative of an ordered transition state for the electron transfer reaction.