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Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) comprising of wheat bran, coconut husk, rice husk, cereals straw, and other hardwood and softwoods is a good source for the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) (prebiotic). XOS produced are nondigestible carbohydrates being stable under stomach pH and digestive enzymes so they can be easily delivered to the intestine in native form, thus stimulating the growth of probiotics. Here we review about the raw material, production, purification, and application of XOS with health benefits. Importance of XOS being valuable food ingredient is increasing as they perform a variety of functions, including reduction in cholesterol levels, gastrointestinal health maintenance, anticancer and antioxidant properties, and modulation of immune system. We also discuss the different characterization methods which are necessary to determine the degree of polymerization (DP) of XOS. Low DP (xylobiose and xylotriose) is usually preferred for the application of XOS in various sectors. This review emphasizes the growing significance of XOS as a prebiotic, serving as nourishment for probiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Proteins and amino acids, as vital biomolecules, are not only part of key metabolic pathways in the body but are also essential for tissue repair, enzyme function, and hormone regulation. They also serve as building blocks for the formation of signaling molecules, such as neurotransmitters and catecholamines. Additionally, amino acids are the primary building components of proteins. Fish serves as a vital source of high-quality animal protein and amino acids, playing a crucial role in supporting human nutrition. Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using fluorescence detector was employed to investigated the amino acid content of eight food fishes from diverse aquatic habitats. Results: The study revealed that the small indigenous fish (SIF) Systomus sarana and the marine fish Sardinella melanura were rich sources of all essential amino acids. Furthermore, estuarine fish like Pisodonophis boro can be recommended for specific amino acids like arginine, histidine, leucine, and valine, while Setipinna phasa is suggested for cysteine. Discussion: These recommendations rely on the possible contribution of these fishes to the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) regarding each nutrient. The insights gained from this study could be utilized as recommendations to meet amino acid requirement using fish as a natural supplement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fast, reliable, low‐cost, and efficient method for the recovery of xylan from agro‐residue materials is needed to improve the use of xylan in industrial processes. Xylan was extracted from two agrowastes (corncobs and wheat bran) using a cost‐effective alkali extraction method. The characteristic band patterns and bending vibrations associated with hemicellulose and beta glycoside linkage could be seen in the corncob‐extracted xylan (CCEx) and wheatbran‐extracted xylan (WBEx). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the extracted xylans consisted of aggregated and nonaggregated particles with irregular morphology and rough surfaces. Particle‐size analysis displayed average sizes of 205.6, 210.8, and 794.2 nm for commercial beechwood xylan (Bx), CCEx, and WBEx, respectively. Alkali extraction was performed with different concentrations of NaOH, from 5% to 20%, with a solid–liquid ratio of 1:20. It was found that 82.90 and 76.77% of xylan were extracted from corncob and wheat bran, respectively, which represents a higher yield obtained in a shorter duration in comparison with studies in the literature. The enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat bran and corncob that used 250 IU/mL of Enterobacter hormaechie KS1 xylanase yielded 334.38 and 162.35 mg/g of xylooligosaccharides. Their properties were studied and were found to be very similar to those of commercial xylan. They could reduce costs if applied in industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This retrospective cohort study aimed to compare the outcomes of graft angiography using these two approaches. Methods: Medical records and angiographic data of adult patients who underwent graft angiography between January 2020 and December 2022 were analyzed. Results: The study included 452 patients in the distal radial access (DRA) group and 960 patients in the femoral access group. Angiographic characteristics showed a higher prevalence of triple vessel disease in the femoral access group (29.8% vs. 20.8%; p = 0.012). The DRA group had a procedural success rate of 93.0%, while the femoral access group had a higher success rate of 95.8%. The odds ratio was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.46–0.94), indicating lower odds of procedural success in the DRA group. Conclusion: Our study suggests that both DRA and femoral access are effective and safe approaches for graft angiography after coronary artery bypass surgery. Plain Language Summary This study compared graft angiography outcomes using wrist (distal radial) and groin (femoral) access in patients after coronary artery bypass surgery. Analyzing data from January 2020 to December 2022, 452 patients used wrist access, and 960 used groin access, with similar age and heart function across groups. Femoral access had more cases of triple vessel disease (29.8% vs. 20.8%) and a higher success rate (95.8% vs. 93.0%), with wrist access showing lower odds of procedural success. Despite this, both methods proved to be effective and safe. Article highlights A total of 452 patients underwent graft angiography via distal radial (wrist) access and 960 via femoral (groin) access. Both groups had similar ages and heart functions. More prevalent in the femoral access group (29.8% vs. 20.8%). Procedural success was higher with femoral access (95.8%) compared with distal radial access (93.0%). Both access methods were found to be effective and safe for postcoronary artery bypass graft angiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amino acids are significant biomolecules that govern the major metabolic processes and act as precursors for macromolecules such as proteins that are crucial to life. Fish is an integral component of human nutrition and a dietary source of high-quality animal proteins and amino acids. In this context, the crude protein and amino acid compositions of food fish from different landing stations of the Ganga river have been determined. The Kjeldahl method was utilized to determine the crude protein content and the amino acids were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); data on 30 food fish were assessed. The study showed that among the fish studied, Eleotris fusca, Macrobrachium malcomsonii, and Mystus cavasius were rich in most of the amino acids important for human nutrition, such as glycine, glutamic acid, cysteine, threonine, phenylalanine, methionine, lysine, leucine, isoleucine, histidine, and valine. Further, it was observed that the daily consumption of these fish (approximately 50 g) can fulfil the daily requirement of these individual amino acids for an adult human with a body weight of 60 kg. Therefore, the amino acid composition analyzed in the present study could be utilized for recommendation by clinicians according to the requirement for specific amino acids, and fish can be prescribed as a natural supplement against the amino acid requirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Often, language bias between communicators can create communication problems. This article discusses a prototype that addresses this issue by enabling users to hear the content of text images. This involves extracting the text from the image and converting it into speech in the user's preferred language. Additionally, the device can be used by people with visual impairments. Overall, this device helps users to listen to the content of images being presented. The suggested system allows the user to take a picture, which is then scanned and analysed by the application to read the English text. The information obtained is then converted into voice, enabling visually impaired individuals to understand the content of the text. The output is delivered in speech format to provide access to information present on the document. To ensure better accuracy and performance, the system uses Natural Language Processing techniques. The system is designed with a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to improve accuracy and ease of use.

The infection caused by Rubella virus is also known by the name of German measles. The number of birth defects might develop in the fetus of a rubella virus infected woman during the early stage of pregnancy. These defects are termed as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).There is also possibility that the infection due to virus can lead to abortions. The study was conducted to find out the cases of CRS among the pregnant women. A combined vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella was licensed for use for the first time in the year 1971 in the United States. The report from the data collected in the various studies have proved the rubella infection to be the cause for about 3-5 percent of all suspected CRS cases in India. A questionnaire was prepared and pregnant women as well as female of child-bearing age were asked about the rubella vaccination. In the research survey, more than 1000 females were involved in different areas and age-groups. It was concluded that very less or negligible data is available related to awareness about the routine immunization among the common people of India. Thus, it is required to conduct more research in this field and make people more and more aware about the harmful effects of not being vaccinated at the proper age. Indians need to collect reliable and accurate data to prioritize and tackle the serious consequences of CRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]