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The fast adoption of digital technology in the Indian educational system has resulted in a paradigm change in recent years. This research paper aims to study the changing landscape of digital education systems in India and its impact on the education industry. The paper draws on an extensive literature review and associated data analysis to provide insight into the key drivers and challenges of this paradigm shift. The paper also delves into the challenges and limitations of the digital education system in India, including issues related to accessibility, affordability, quality, and equity. It addresses the digital divide, socioeconomic disparities, and unequal distribution of digital infrastructure that hinder the widespread deployment of digital education systems in the country. Furthermore, the research paper explores the potential benefits of digital education systems in India, such as increased access to quality education, personalized learning experiences, and improved outcomes. better learning outcomes. It also discusses emerging trends in digital education, including the use of artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and gamification, which are changing the way education is delivered and consumed in India. In summary, this research paper presents a comprehensive overview of the paradigm shift of digital education systems in the Indian education sector. It highlights the dynamics, challenges, benefits, and trends associated with the adoption of digital technologies in education. The findings of this study contribute to the existing database on digital education and provide valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and stakeholders to shape the future of education in India.

To assess vaccination among healthcare workers, 14837 healthcare workers across 20 different hospitals were prospectively surveyed. The overall uptake of the vaccine was 13335(90%). Infection rate in vaccinated HCW was 710(6.04%) and was significantly lower than unvaccinated HCW 148(9.9%), p

The SRAM cells are used in many applications where power consumption will be the main constraint. The Conventional 6T SRAM cell has reduced stability and more power consumption when technology is scaled resulting in supply voltage scaling, so other alternative SRAM cells from 7T to 12T have been proposed which can address these problems. Here a low power 7T SRAM cell is suggested which has low power consumption and condensed leakage currents and power dissipation. The projected design has a leakage power of 5.31nW and leakage current of 7.58nA which is 84.9% less than the 7T SRAM cell without using the proposed leakage reduction technique and it is 22.4% better than 6T SRAM and 22.1% better than 8T SRAM cell when both use the same leakage reduction technique. The cell area of the 7T SRAM cell is 1.25µM2, 6T SRAM is 1.079µM2 and that of 8T SRAM is 1.28µM2all the results are simulated in cadence virtuoso using 18nm technology.

The numbers of elderly people are rising in countries like India and China. Most of the elderly uses a walking stick for their commuting. Also blind peoples need a walking aid for their day to day life. This work mainly focuses on the design and development of a proactive walking aid for the blind and the elderly peoples. The stick is designed mainly using a ultrasonic sensors which is fit along with the existing hardware. This work analyses various difficulties that a person with disabilities faced in their life. So this work caters or handles most of the aspect an elderly or blind is needed using Internet of Things (IoT). Apart from the ultrasonic sensors it employs a buzzer that beeps when a person or object is approaching in front of the stick. Whenever a person with the stick get hit or stuck somewhere for a predefined time, then an alert along with the GPS coordinates sent to the emergency contact. Most of the literature supports a stick with reactive in nature, this work supports a proactive approach as it predicts the object at a distance rather than after it touches the stick. This system also employs machine learning algorithms to predict the nature of the person using the stick. Our results have shown that the stick can be the only aid that either an elderly or blind people can use.

From hairbrushes to scales, all devices have sensors embedded in them to collect and communicate data. Smart Healthcare is proving to be an exciting and dynamic area with lots of room for new innovations and the increasing consumer demand for proactive health monitoring devices. Having India poised to spend a lot on healthcare, recent innovations using IoT devices and big data analytics can propel the healthcare industry into the future. Smart healthcare providers are leveraging cloud computing with fog computing to optimize their healthcare services. These smart healthcare applications depend mainly on the raw sensor data collected, aggregated, and analyzed by the smart sensors. Smart sensors these days generate myriad amount of data like text, image, audio, and video that require real-time or batch processing. Aggregating these diverse data from various types of resources remains a dispute till date. To resolve this issue, we have proposed a softwarized infrastructure that integrates cloud computing and fog computing, message brokers, and Tor for supple, safe, viable, and a concealed IoT exploitation for smart healthcare applications and services. Our proposed platform employs machine-to-machine (M2M) messaging, data fusion and decision fusion, and uses rule-based beacons for seamless data management. Our proposed flexBeacon system provides an IoT infrastructure that is nimble, secure, flexible, private, and reasonable. We have also proposed an M2M transceiver and microcontroller for flawless data incorporation of smart healthcare applications and services. Based on the IoT devices’ technical capabilities and resource availability, some systems are capable of making use of homomorphic encryption and zero knowledge proofs. The proposed flexBeacon platform offers seamless management and data aggregation without loss of accuracy. The cost of implementing a softwarized IoT for smart healthcare is also greatly reduced.

[EN] A crucial conduct norm for a sensor network is to avoid network failures and packet drop. One of the other essential requirements is to effectively manage the energy levels of the nodes according to the states of the operation required for an application. This paper focuses to propose an energy management model with the aim of allowing energy optimization of Radio Frequency(RF)-enabled Sensor Networks (RSN) during the process of Energy Harvesting (EH) and Energy Transfer (ET) through controlled optimization. Primarily, energy harvesting of sensor networks through RF signals is focussed in this research to address the drawback of frequent replacement of batteries, persistent recharge request, dead state of nodes and periodical eradication of batteries. Secondly, this paper focuses on mathematical modelling of the RF sensor nodes within the proposed Energy Harvesting RSN (EHRSN) and Energy Transfer RSN (ETRSN) framework of Energy Management RSN model (EMRSN) where the nodes are characterized as Semi Markov Decision Process (SMDP) and optimal policies are computed for numerically evaluating and analysing the issue of higher energy consumption. The most optimal state transitions are computed and mathematically formulated based upon stochastic dynamic programming to carry out the numerical analysis. It has been found that through controlled optimization, the sensor networks when energized through RF energy for EH process, the probability of 0.8 or more works best at the lower power level. On the other hand, for ET, the sensors tend to work more when the probability is either 0.8 or more at higher power levels. The results obtained are further employed to program the sensors accordingly in the Internet of Things (IoT) contexts during EH and ET processes to achieve maximum throughput, network lifetime and energy efficiency, The authors would like to thank the University of Malaya Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship scheme for the required support provided to carry out this research. We would also like to extend our thankful regards to the anonymous reviewers for providing constructive suggestions that aided in improvisation of this manuscript.

Lingual mandibular bone defect is an asymptomatic radiolucent lesion of the mandible and usually encountered during routine radiographic examinations. It is essential to diagnose this lesion because of its resemblance with other odontogenic pathologies. A 67-year-old female patient presented with a case of lingual mandibular bone defect which was an incidental finding. Panoramic radiograph and cone-beam computed tomography were used for diagnosing the defect.

Aim: The post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) protocol in needlestick injuries (NSIs) associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) needs to be evaluated in a developing country like India. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of NSI and PEP use for HIV exposure in NSIs among health care providers (HPs) in India.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, institution-based study was conducted among HPs in Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India. Secondary data for 8 years were recorded. The study population included HPs who had NSIs and who reported to the Emergency Department of the hospital. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were used.Results: A total of 949 self-reported cases of NSIs from January 2006 to December 2014 were reported, of which 42.9% were from staff nurses. HPs employed in general/specialty wards (32.5%) had the highest NSI incidence rate. In total, 67.7% of the NSIs were moderately deep, while 22.6% of them were superficial. The commonest device involved was the hypodermic needle (36.7%). Most NSIs occurred during “post-procedure work-up” (64%). Further, 32 HPs had received NSIs from known HIV seropositive patients. Totally, 62.5% of the HPs involved were staff nurses, with a mean age of 26 years. Of the 32 HPs, 28 were given prophylactic triple-drug anti-retroviral treatment. All 28 HPs were followed up for 6 months, and no seropositivity was reported.Conclusion: The present study shows the high prevalence of NSIs among HPs, particularly among staff nurses. HPs have always known to be at risk of contracting acquired infectious diseases. In light of new emerging communicable diseases with new or unknown pathogens as causative agents, the prevention of NSIs among HPs has acquired significant value. Periodic health education campaigns should be promoted, and strict adherence to standard precautionary protocols should be made mandatory to prevent and minimize the incidence of NSIs among HPs. Periodic updates about PEP should also be made to raise awareness among HPs.

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial illness among febrile infants and young children, with a reported prevalence between 4.1% and 7.5%. Most infections remain undiagnosed if tests are not routinely performed to detect them. Methods: The present study was carried out in G Kuppuswamy Naidu Memorial hospital, over a period of one year. Five hundred febrile children between the ages of 3 years to 6 years with fever who attended pediatric outpatient department formed the study group. Detailed history was taken and clinical examination was done in all the cases to find out the cause of fever with special emphasis given to symptoms of UTI. Results: Five hundred febrile children between the ages of 3 years to 6 years with fever who attended pediatric outpatient department formed the study group. Out of 500 children’s, 20 cases were diagnosed to have UTI as judged by the presence of significant bacterial growth in urine culture. There was slight female preponderance in culture positive cases with male to female ratio of 1:1.50. In culture positive cases, 12 (60%) patients had bacteria in their urine where as in culture negative cases only 5 (1.04%) patients had bacteriuria which was statistically significant. However, 8 (40%) cases with UTI would have been missed if only presence of bacteria on microscopy was taken as a method of diagnosis for UTI. In diagnosing UTI, pyuria >10 WBC/HPF was more specific with higher positive predictive value than the conventional >5 WBC/HPF. Bacteriuria occurring along with pyuria had a specificity of 98.3% in predicting infection. The most common organism isolated from patients with UTI was E.coli followed by klebsiella. Conclusions: Urinary tract infection should be considered as a potential cause of fever in children below six years of age. As the febrile children with UTI usually present with nonspecific signs and symptoms, urine culture should be considered as a part of diagnostic evaluation.

Rosai Dorfman disease, a sinus histiocytosis, is rare to find and difficult to diagnose. It may masquerade as commoner diseases including infections and malignancies. Imaging may yield ambiguous results and it is often the histopathology that clinches the diagnosis. Hereby, we report two cases of Rosai Dorfman disease both presented with nasal mass and neck nodes. We present these cases to emphasise the difficulty in clinical diagnosis and to illustrate the pathognomonic pathological findings.

In this paper we experimentally characterize friction in an astronomical telescope and introduce a new model for capturing the observed behavior of friction in both the micro and macro displacement regimes of motion. The model is a modification of the LuGre model and is developed for velocity reversal systems like an astronomical telescope. The proposed model is represented with a pair of masses separated by a linear spring. This model is then employed to synthesize a feedback linearizable controller for the system. The simulation results for the proposed friction model in open loop are presented and validated with the experimental results. The stability aspects of the closed loop system with the modified friction model is then investigated. For estimating the unmeasurable states of the system used in feedback linearization, we discuss the observability of the system with the new model for friction.

Objective.To study the clinical profile and outcome of Asian Indian children with childhood-onset Takayasu arteritis (c-TA).Methods.Records were studied of patients with c-TA onset prior to age 16. Disease Extent Index-Takayasu (DEI.TAK), Indian Takayasu Arteritis Score 2010, and Takayasu Arteritis Damage Score (TADS) were calculated retrospectively from electronic records. Cumulative incidence of sustained remission was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier curve.Results.There were 40 patients with c-TA, with median age of onset of 12.5 years (range 1–16) and median diagnostic delay of 11.3 months (range 1–60). The most common presenting features were hypertension, headache, malaise, and fever. Pulseless disease was observed in 25 cases (62.5%). The majority (n = 28) had active disease with raised inflammatory markers, high baseline median DEI.TAK score of 10 (range 3–24), and high median TADS of 7 (range 1–14). Of the 34 patients followed for 21.5 months (range 3–192), remission was attained in 30. However, cumulative sustained remission was achieved in only 29% of them at 5 years. Median period of sustained remission was 22.5 months (95% CI 17.1–26.8). New areas of vessel involvement were observed in 13 patients (38%). Disease progression was arrested in the majority (n = 22, 66%) through aggressive medical management and endovascular intervention. All 11 patients with an increment in TADS of ≥ 4 during followup had persistently active or relapsing disease. There was a single fatality.Conclusion.Despite aggressive immunosuppression, damage progressed in one-third of patients with c-TA in association with persistent inflammation, warranting surveillance with clinical instruments and followup imaging.

Switching Power Converters convert one form of power to another with high ef-ciency and accurate control.One of the most widely used DC-DC Converter is Buck Converter. Control is invariably required to maintain the output voltage/current in spite of variations in source/load. In order to design the controller and gain insight about the system a dynamic model needs to be developed. Modeling techniques widely used are state space averaging and PWM switch model. In this paper DC transformer modeling technique is used to develop the averaged model of the converter. One of the advantages of this model is that it can be implemented in Spice simulator using basic circuit elements. The same model can be used for time domain as well as frequency domain analysis. Analog type-II compensator is designed to compensate the system. Simulation and experimental results for start-up transient and load transient are shown to validate the model.

The world of internet of things (IoT) and automation has been catching a robust pace to impact wide range of commercial and domestic applications for some time now. The IoT holds ad-hoc or wireless sensor networks (WSNs) at its very primary implementation level, the hardware level. The increasing requirement of these networks demands a renewed and better design of the network that improves the already existing setbacks of WSNs, which is mainly the power consumption and optimization. Routing highly affects the power consumed in the nodes in WSNs, hence having a modified routing algorithm which is specific to the application and meets its needs, particularly it is a good approach instead of having a generalized existent routing approach. Currently, for WSN having adequate number of nodes, routing involves maximum number of nodes and hops so as to reduce power consumption. However, for restricted areas and limited nodes, this scenario concludes with using up more number of nodes simultaneously resulting in reducing several batteries simultaneously. A routing algorithm is proposed in this paper for such applications that have a bounded region with limited resources. The work proposed in this paper is motivated from the routing algorithm positional attribute based next-hop determination approach (PANDA-TP) which proposes the increase in number of hops to reduce the requirement of transmission power. The aim of the proposed work is to compute the distance between the sending and receiving node and to measure the transmission power that would be required for a direct(path with minimum possible hops) and a multi-hop path. If the node is within the thresh-hold distance of the source, the packet is undoubtedly transferred directly; if the node is out of the thresh-hold distance, then the extra distance is calculated. Based on this, the power boosting factor for the source node, and if necessary, then the extra number of nodes that would be required to transmit is determined. An extra decision-making step is added to this approach which makes it convenient to utilize in varied situations. This routing approach suits the current level of robustness that the WSNs demand.

Developing multimodal contrast agents is an upcoming area and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles substituted with various elements like gadolinium, eurobium etc., seems to be a promising contrast agent, especially for multimodal imaging of bone-tissue interface. A bimodal contrast agent using silver (Ag+) and gadolinium (Gd3+) ions co-substituted hydroxyapatite nanoparticles has been developed for X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging. Ag+ and Gd3+ ions were co-substituted into hydroxyapatite at various atomic percentages (Ag:Gd=0.25:0.25, 0.25:0.5, 0.25:0.75) using microwave accelerated wet chemical synthesis. Pure as well as Ag+ and Gd3+ ions substituted hydroxyapatite samples were also synthesized for comparison. All samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy etc., and found to be monophasic, nanocrystalline with the substituted ions. These co-substituted hydroxyapatite samples were then tested in different diagnostic modalities such as X-ray, computed tomography imaging and magnetic resonance imaging. Appreciable variation in contrast was observed with different amount of substitutions. All the Ag+ and Gd3+ ions co-substituted hydroxyapatite nanoparticles showed higher contrast in all imaging modalities compared to those substituted with either Ag+ or Gd3+ ions only. Hydroxyapatite sample co-substituted with 0.25Ag and 0.75Gd at. % substitution showed the best bimodal CT-MRI contrast.

Artificially roughened solar air heaters perform better than the smooth ones under the same operating conditions. However, artificial roughness leads to even more fluid pressure thereby increasing the pumping power. The entropy generation in the duct of solar air heater having 60° inclined discrete rib roughness on one broad wall is studied numerically. The effect of system parameters such as relative roughness height (e/D), relative roughness pitch (P/e) and relative gap position (d/W) have been studied on the heat transfer and entropy generation as well as fluid friction with relative gap width (g/e) 1 and temperature rise parameter (ΔT/I) varied from 0.002 to 0.02. For the range of parameters considers in this study, it is seen that for optimum conditions, the entropy and entropy generation number are minimum with maximum effective efficiency.Key words: Solar air heater, 60° inclined discrete roughness, entropy generation, effective efficiency.

Introduction: Rib fractures are the most common injury sustained following blunt chest trauma, accounting for more than half of thoracic injuries from non-penetrating trauma. Approximately 10% of all patients admitted after blunt chest trauma have one or more rib fractures [1]. In United States they account for 10% of traumatic injuries and 14% of all chest wall injuries. The incidence of flail chest is 10% to 15% of severe chest traumas [ 2]. Material and Methods: In this retrospective study, fatal cases of thoracic trauma autopsied during the period 1st January 2009 to 31st December 2010 were analyzed at the Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya District, Karnataka, India. Results: In the present study, 31.3% of victims belong to the 3 rd decade of life. Women were less involved than men with ratio of 1: 1.5. The mortality rate was 20.18%. The victims in most of the cases sustained non displaced rib fractures followed by displaced fractures. 5 th rib fracture were seen in eight cases followed by 4 th and 6 th ribs fracture were seen in seven cases. The nature of death in most of the cases was accidental. The victims in most of the cases sustained road traffic accidental injuries followed by fall from height. Haemo-thorax was found in 27 cases and pneumo-thorax was seen in 20 cases. Discussion: In the study done by Mehmet [3]. 548 (38.7%) of the cases had rib fractures. There were 331 males and 217 females, with an overall mean age of 43 years (range: 5–78 years), the etiology of the trauma included road traffic accidents in 330 cases, falls in 122, assault in 54, and industrial accidents in 42 cases. Pulmonary complications such as pneumo-thorax (37.2%), hemo-thorax (26.8%), hemo-pneumothorax (15.3%), pulmonary- contusion (17.2%), flail chest (5.8%) and isolated subcutaneous emphysema (2.2%) were noted [ 3]. Conclusions: A rib fracture secondary to blunt thoracic trauma is an important indicator of the severity of the trauma. In the present study we explored the morbidity and mortality rates in patients with rib fractures. Finally, we come to a conclusion that blunt trauma patients sustaining more number of fractured ribs are always associated with higher mortality and morbidity rates owing to greater severity of internal organ injuries.