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This study demonstrates the design, synthesis and sensing applications of a simple and efficient chemosensor, 2-(1,3-dioxo-1H-inden-2(3H)-ylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide (R) for quick detection of Hg2+ and F− in aqueous media using a colorimetric test, UV–Vis spectral analysis, and silica gel support. Sensor R showed the typical absorption peak at 305 nm for Hg2+ which is responsible for color change from yellow to colorless, while in the case of F−, R exhibits a major peak at 415 nm and a color change from yellow to red. The limit of detection (LOD) of R for the analysis of Hg2+ was calculated as 1×10−6 M while for F−, it was found to be 3.4×10−7 M. The binding modes of R with Hg2+ and F− have been investigated by the Job’s plot, Benesi–Hildebrand (BH) method, 1H NMR, FTIR and theoretical studies. The sensor R was reversible after treating it with reagents such as EDTA and calcium nitrate solution after contacting with Hg2+ and F−, respectively. The performance of R can be successfully applied for the analysis of F− contents present in toothpastes. A simple and efficient receptor ninhydrin-based Schiff’s base (R) for quick detection of Hg2+ and F− in aqueous medium using colorimetric and UV–Vis spectral analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Carbon dots (CDs), by virtue of their electrical and optical properties, emit intense light and fluorescence. They have attributes like photostability, high quantum yield (QY), high emission, and scalability. In the recent past, theranostic-CDs have been widely used in sensing, imaging, and medication administration. Furthermore, CDs may provide significant promise to detect and ability to cross blood-brain barrier (BBB) along with a drug to treat numerous neurodegenerative disorders (ND), such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and multiple sclerosis., Method: This review aims at exploring the immense utility of CDs in the arena of theranostics. The immense utility of CDs was investigated through a systematic exploration of previously published data in the relevant field. The application of CDs is well extended to treat life-threatening disorders, like diabetes and cancer. In order to keep harmful substances out of the brain, the blood- -brain barrier (BBB) forms a defensive barrier., Results: Water and gases being simple molecules can traverse the BBB without getting filtered out, but several large molecules suffer to reach the site of action owing to their poor solubility. CDs have recently been employed for delivering drugs to the brain and to assess the central nervous system. An in-depth study of relevant literature indicates that CDs are the next-generation carrier with an innate potential to subside the drawbacks of conventional nanoparticles., Conclusion: This review illustrates several biomedical applications of CDs, primarily focusing on neurological illnesses, diabetes, and cancers. It also confers the usefulness of CDs in diagnostic imaging., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

In this work, we developed a fast and straightforward colorimetric and photoluminescent chemosensor probe (P1), featuring bis-thiophene-thiosemicarbazide moieties as its signaling and binding unit. This probe exhibited rapid sensitivity to Hg 2+ and Cu 2+ ions in a semi-aqueous medium, resulting in distinct colorimetric and photoluminescent changes. In the presence of Cu 2+ , P1 displayed an impressive 50-fold increase in photoluminescence (PL) at 450 nm (with excitation at 365 nm). The probe P1 formed a 1:1 complex with Hg 2+ and Cu 2+ ions, featuring association constant values of 4.04 × 10 4 M -1 and 1.25 × 10 3 M -1 , respectively. P1 has demonstrated its efficacy in the analysis of real samples, yielding promising results. Additionally, the probe successfully visualized copper ions on a mouse fibroblast cell line (NIH3T3), highlighting its potential as an intracellular probe for copper ion detection., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The link between Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) dates back to the early 1960s, and ongoing research is exploring this association. PD is linked to dysregulation of dopaminergic pathways, neuroinflammation, decreased PPAR-γ coactivator 1-α, increased phosphoprotein enriched in diabetes, and accelerated α-Syn amyloid fibril production caused by T2DM. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the T2DM-PD association and risk factors for PD in T2DM individuals. The study reviews existing literature using reputable sources like Scopus, ScienceDirect, and PubMed, revealing a significant association between T2DM and worsened PD symptoms. Genetic profiles of T2DM-PD individuals show similarities, and potential risk factors include insulin-resistance and dysbiosis of the gut-brain microbiome. Anti-diabetic drugs exhibit neuroprotective effects in PD, and nanoscale delivery systems like exosomes, micelles, and liposomes show promise in enhancing drug efficacy by crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). Brain targeting for PD uses exosomes, micelles, liposomes, dendrimers, solid lipid nanoparticles, nano-sized polymers, and niosomes to improve medication and gene therapy efficacy. Surface modification of nanocarriers with bioactive compounds (such as angiopep, lactoferrin, and OX26) enhances α-Syn conjugation and BBB permeability. Natural exosomes, though limited, hold potential for investigating DM-PD pathways in clinical research. The study delves into the underlying mechanisms of T2DM and PD and explores current therapeutic approaches in the field of nano-based targeted drug delivery. Emphasis is placed on resolved and ongoing issues in understanding and managing both conditions., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Herein, we have introduced a series of iridium(III)-Cp*-(imidazo[4,5- f ][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)phenol complexes via a convenient synthetic methodology, which act as hypoxia active and glutathione-resistant anticancer metallotherapeutics. The [Ir III (Cp*)(L5)(Cl)](PF 6 ) (IrL5) complex exhibited the best cytoselectivity, GSH resistance and hypoxia effectivity in HeLa and Caco-2 cells among the synthesized complexes. IrL5 also exhibited highly cytotoxic effects on the HCT-116 CSC cell line. This complex was localized in the mitochondria and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction was observed via MMP alteration and ROS generation on colorectal cancer stem cells. Cell cycle analysis also established the potential of this complex in mediating G2/M phase cell cycle arrest.

A newly designed quinoline-benzothiazole probe 2-(( Z )-(( E )-benzo[ d ]thiazol-2(3 H )-ylidenehydrazono)methyl)quinolin-8-ol (L) was synthesized by reacting 8-hydroxyquinoline-2-carbaldehyde with 2-hydrazinobenzothiazole and structurally characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The sensing ability of probe L was studied with various cations using colorimetry, test paper strips, a red-green-blue (RGB) model and UV-visible spectrophotometry in DMSO : H 2 O (3 : 7, v/v). The pale yellow colour of L turns into orange on contact with In 3+ ions, whereas other tested metal ions did not show any change in colour. The probe L exhibits an absorbance band at 360 nm due to ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LLCT); upon interaction with In 3+ ions, it exhibits a band at 445 nm due to ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT). The probe L binds In 3+ in a 2 : 1 ratio with an association constant of 8.1 × 10 5 M -1 and this is established using the Job's and Benesi-Hildebrand (B-H) methods. The probe L can work in the pH range of 4-8 without interfering with other competing ions. It can be used to detect quantities as low as 2.3 ppb and 85 ppb by spectrophotometry and RGB, respectively. The binding mechanism was studied by 1 H NMR titration, ESI mass and FT-IR spectral analysis and well supported by theoretical studies. Overall, probe L demonstrates promising potential for the detection of In 3+ ions in the semi-aqueous phase and this is its first report as a colorimetric chromogenic probe.

Diabetes mellitus is an emerging predator and affecting around 422 million adults worldwide. Higher levels of circulating insulin and increased pressure on the pancreas to produce insulin have been inferred as possible etiology for diabetes leading to a higher risk of pancreatic cancer. Out of several drug targets in hypoglycemic discovery, Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) has been considered an emerging target. It is a protease enzyme which inactivates incretin hormones i.e., Glucagonlike peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulin tropic polypeptide (GIP). Inhibition of DPP-4 results in the longer action of GLP-1 and GIP, therefore, DPP-4 inhibitors play an important role in maintaining glucose homeostasis. In comparison to early oral hypoglycemic, DPP-IV inhibitors are well tolerated and provide a better glycemic control over a longer period. These enzymes are expressed in a dimeric form on the surface of different cells such as prostate, liver and small intestinal epithelium cells. Disruption of the local signaling environment is an emerging factor in cancer development. Till date, not even a single DPP-IV inhibitor as anticancer has been developed. This review focuses on various features of the enzyme and their suitable inhibitors for target disease., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.)

A new ion-selective electrode (ISE) based on dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DC18C6) as a neutral carrier is developed for lanthanum(III) ions. The electrode comprises of dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (6%), PVC (33%), and ortho-nitrophenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE) (61%). The electrode shows a linear dynamic response in the concentration range of 10(-6) to 10(-1)M with a Nernstian slope of 19mV per decade and a detection limit as 5x10(-7)M. It has a response time of <30s and can be used for at least 5 months without any significant divergence in potentials. The selectivity coefficients for mono-, di-, and trivalent cations indicate good selectivity for La(III) ions over a large number of interfering cations. The sensor has been used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titrations of La(III) with EDTA. The membrane is successfully applied in partially non-aqueous medium. It can be used in the pH range 4-9.