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Mobile language learning (MLL) is an emerging field of research, and many MLL applications have been developed over the years. In this paper, a systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted to establish a body of knowledge on the development of MLL applications. The SLR analyzed forty seven papers from seven different digital libraries reporting on the development of MLL applications. The objective was to consolidate information on; (i) requirements elicitation, (ii) design and implementation, and (iii) evaluation processes. The results highlighted literature reviews and interviews as the main source for gathering requirements, while app development technologies, speech technology, and gamification technology are widely used in the design and implementation process. Usability testing is the most commonly used evaluation method. Finally, future work is recommended to scientifically strengthen the field.

Introduction: Spinal tuberculosis (TB) is a serious form of extrapulmonary TB which if left untreated can be fatal due to vertebral body collapse causing cord compression, neurological deficit, and visceral complications. It is mainly treated by antitubercular therapy and bracing. If required, debridement and fixation is also done. With the advent of magnetic resonance imaging and other diagnostics, spinal TB can be detected early. With early diagnosis, we want to assess the outcome of conservative management of spinal TB in the population of Bihar. Materials and Methods: After ethical clearance, a prospective study on 60 patients with spinal TB was conducted. The diagnosis was based on clinical signs and symptoms, serological tests, radiological tests, and histological confirmation. Antitubercular therapy was started and regular assessment was done clinically, serologically, and radiologically. Based on all three parameters, the therapy was stopped once the patient had healed TB. Results: Twenty-eight patients out of 60 had a neurological deficit, and after treatment, 20 patients completely recovered. Kyphosis was seen in 5 patients at presentation and 13 patients after completion of therapy. Two patients developed scoliosis after therapy completion. None had a neurological deficit. Conclusions: Spinal TB can be effectively treated by anti-TB therapy which helps in disease extirpation and neurological improvement but does not prevent the development of spinal deformity.

Context-aware mobile learning applications provide learning materials to suit the needs of individual learners. Despite several applications developed, there is a lack of architectural support for developing these applications. This has resulted in a number of challenges; lack of standardization, poor quality of developed applications, and reliability. Motivated by this shortcoming, a reference architecture was designed using requirements gathered from twenty-four context-aware mobile learning applications. The reference architecture provides architectural support for context capturing and processing. Evaluation of the reference architecture was conducted, and the results indicate that it solves the motivated problem and also consolidates necessary requirements.

Higher education institutes are continuously exploiting technology to improve the delivery of courses. This paper reviews the use of mobile learning applications in higher education institutes to; i) identify publication trends, ii) types of mobile learning applications used, and iii) categorize the research papers published. The applied method is the Systematic Mapping Study. A Systematic mapping study was conducted using 103 papers retrieved from six different databases. The findings of this mapping study showed an increased research interest in the field and a variety of mobile learning applications used (learning management, vodcast and podcast, game-based learning, collaborative learning, and language learning applications). The published studies are mainly solution-oriented that focus on the use of mobile learning applications. The results were helpful to position future research activities.

Introduction: Bone and joint infections are very common in eastern India. Due to the lack of authentic data on the type of bacteriology in our region, this study was planned. Materials and Methods: After ethical clearance, retrospective data of 2 years from 2019 to 2021 were collected. Out of 115 patients, 77 patients were included in the study whereas 38 were excluded due to nonbacterial infections and incomplete data. Results: The average age of patients was 21.14 years. Pediatric patients were 58.66%. The common clinical condition was chronic osteomyelitis, followed by septic arthritis. The most common bone affected was femur, followed by tibia. The most common organism noted was methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus (CNSA). Gram-negative infections were also noted. Conclusions: Eastern India has a high incidence of bone and joint infection. MRSA followed by CNSA is the most common isolate affecting large bones such as femur and tibia.

Context Aware Mobile Learning (CAML) provides a learning experience tailored to educational needs and the particular circumstance of the learner. CAML has become an active area of research. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of research conducted on CAML through counting and classifying contributions. The applied method is a systematic mapping study using eight major publication databases. Initially, 115 studies were retrieved after assessing against the selection criteria 90 studies were selected. The results provide useful insight into the current state of research, the geographical distribution of papers, venues of publication, and types of studies published. The results were useful to position future research activities.

Mobile learning applications are being developed to support the teaching and learning process. The lack of an accepted methodology for developing these applications motivated the establishment of a design science research process for developing mobile learning applications. Design science methodology from the information systems domain was inherited and modified by consolidating common practices found in the development of mobile learning applications. The proposed methodology consolidates a set of logically related processes to support the development of mobile learning applications with ease and ensure quality results. Expert review of the proposed methodology was conducted, and the results indicate it can positively contribute to the development of mobile learning applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research analyses the influence of corrugation pitch on channel frictional factor (CFF), channel pressure drops, and total pressure drop in a single pass chevron plate heat exchanger, across Reynolds numbers ranging from 2004 to 5421. Single corrugated chevrons with a chevron angle of 60° are utilized. Corrugation pitch significantly influences fluid flow distribution in the channels, consequently affecting flow maldistribution, and pressure drop in PHEs. Additionally, the enhancement in CFF for decreasing the aspect ratio at the same flow rate is examined. The study reveals a decrease in channel pressure drops in the range of 79.79% to 82.25%, when increasing the corrugation pitch from 12 mm to 30 mm and decreasing the aspect ratio from 56.4 to 31.33. The current analytical results have been confirmed by comparing them with the experimental findings reported in previous studies. Although higher pressure drops can enhance heat transfer by increasing turbulence and improving flow distribution, however they demand more energy for pumping, that can ultimately impact overall system's efficiency. Hence, finding an optimal balance is crucial for achieving efficient heat exchanger operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heuristic evaluation is a fast and cheap method that can be used to identify usability flaws in mobile learning applications. In this paper, we proposed a framework for heuristic evaluation of mobile learning applications to ensure that best practices are followed, hence saving time and effort in conducting a heuristic evaluation. Ten case studies on heuristic evaluation of mobile learning applications were selected, and an analysis was conducted to identify the best practices that were later incorporated into a framework. The framework was utilized to conduct heuristic evaluation to show the feasibility of our approach. The results indicate that it provides clear guidance, and it's fast and easy to conduct heuristic evaluation.

Context Aware Mobile Learning Applications (CAMLA) are an emerging field of research, they provide educational resources tailored to educational needs and particular circumstances of the learner. Despite the increase in the number of applications being developed, there is a lack of study that provides comprehensive knowledge on the development of CAMLA. Motivated by this shortcoming, Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted to establish a body of knowledge that describes the key components of CAMLA that includes; context information extraction and representation, context adaptation and different types of applications developed. SLR was conducted on 24 papers retrieved from seven databases. The results identified different types of context amongst which learner, location and time are the most widely used in the development of CAMLA. The context data is collected using virtual and physical sensors and mostly represented as relational or ontology data. CAMLA provides different types of adaptation where adaptation to learning resource and location are very common. The results are useful to position future research activities to scientifically strengthen this field.

Mobile learning application developers have to overcome inherent limitations imposed by mobile devices in order to produce usable applications. There are usability guidelines available to assist in the design process but with technological improvements, these guidelines should be updated and extended. In this research, we proposed an updated usability guideline to assist in the design process of mobile learning applications. A systematic analysis of seventeen usability studies on mobile learning application was conducted, listed usability problems were extracted and analyzed to formulate new usability guidelines and subsequently the guidelines were updated. The validation results indicate that the updated guideline helps to achieve a higher level of usability as compared to previous guidelines.

Heuristic evaluation is a fast and easy way to detect usability problems. Nielsen (1994) proposed ten heuristics that are being widely used to conduct heuristic evaluation. Utilizing these heuristics for mobile learning applications is not very effective because they are generic and were not developed taking mobile devices into consideration. In this research new heuristics were developed to extend Nielsen (1994) heuristics to support heuristic evaluation of mobile learning applications. Sixteen usability studies on mobile learning applications were retrieved from the literature, the listed usability problems were analyzed and three new heuristics were developed. The validation results indicate that using newly developed heuristics allow evaluators to detect more usability problems while evaluating mobile learning applications.

Mobile learning adoption is an active area of research. This paper aims to contribute to better understanding of mobile learning adoption by providing a body of knowledge to aid researchers working in this field. The applied method is systematic review of commonly used databases based on the guidelines proposed by Kitchenham ("Keele, UK, Keele University, 33"(2004), 1-26, 2004). In total 39 publications were retrieved out of which 27 were relevant to our research questions. The results highlighted publication trend, adoption models used and a set of factors that influence mobile learning adoption. Based on the findings recommendations were derived for further research in this field.

In order to assist in delivering of courses in distance mode at Fiji National University a mobile learning app was designed and evaluated. The main objective of this app was to provide learning support to learners who are studying in distance mode. The app was designed for android based smart phones and usability study was conducted to evaluate the app. The evaluation was conducted using twenty students who examined the system for ease of use, usefulness and user satisfaction. The results highlighted minor usability problems hence recommendations were derived to improve the app.

Usability guideline is a well-established topic of study, with numerous guidelines developed over the years. There is a lack of study that provides a comprehensive overview of the development of usability guidelines. Motivated by this shortcoming, a systematic review was conducted to establish a body of knowledge on the development of usability guidelines to assist researchers working in the field. The systematic review was conducted by analyzing forty-three (43) research papers selected from seven (7) digital libraries and assessed to identify; the current state of research, specific domains, data collection techniques, development methods, and validation techniques. The results showed an increasing research trend in the development of usability guidelines. The development of usability guidelines was undertaken in many different domains, where the medical domain recorded the highest number of activities. Literature survey is the dominant data collection technique for developing usability guidelines, while usability evaluation is the most common technique for validating newly developed guidelines. The findings concluded that there is a lack of standardization for developing, implementing, and evaluating usability guidelines. Future work can be carried out to establish a methodology for developing and implementing usability guidelines. Moreover, a tool can also be built using machine learning to develop usability guidelines automatically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]