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In this study, an effort was made to compare the impact of diverse organic fuels on structural and magnetic properties of the pure rubidium ferrites. A novel solution‐based combustion method was proposed that offered simplicity, cost effectiveness, and scalability. Pure rubidium ferrite (RbFeO2) was prepared by using diverse organic fuels such as urea, ethylene glycol (EG), and oxalyl dihydrazide (ODH) to facilitate exothermic reaction for homogeneous product. It was then characterized by different physico‐chemical techniques like X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM), Mössbauer spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Findings revealed that the choice of fuel significantly influenced the particle size and magnetic properties of the product. X‐ray diffraction patterns showed the formation of homogeneous nano‐powder confirmed by TEM analysis. TEM image analysis revealed that the average particle size of the final product obtained was 18 nm for EG, 80 nm for urea, and 40 nm for ODH, respectively. Saturation magnetization values were comparable to lithium ferrites reported in the literature. Mössbauer studies indicated that sample prepared by using EG has better magnetic properties for the application as soft magnetic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an emended Harris hawk optimizer (EHHO) to solve the mixed energy generation scheduling problem with available resources from hydrothermal, pumped storage hydro, solar, and wind units while minimizing the operating cost, utilizing the available water, and satisfying the other operational constraints. Direct heuristics are applied to solve the constraints imposed on the generation scheduling problem. An optimistic binary optimizer is utilized to commit solar and wind units so that solar and wind units share a certain percentage of power demand to meet the uncertainty of renewable power. The hunting behavior of the hawks for the desired prey inspires the Harris hawk optimizer (HHO) because of its flexibility, sturdiness, and scalability features. Despite HHO giving premature convergence as it tends to trap into the local optima while solving complex non-linear optimization problems. Hence, the local search technique (LST) is employed with the HHO to overcome it. LST also empowers the exploitation phase of HHO. Two practical electric power test systems are successfully solved using the proposed EHHO. On implementing the proposed EHHO, with the penetration of pumped storage hydro units, savings in the cost of thermal units range from 3.90 to 11.44%. Further, with the penetration of wind and solar power, the savings in operating costs of thermal units have increased from 12.15 to 20.19%. The main idea and contribution of the proposed work is the thermal fuel cost reduction using renewable energy sources by utilizing EHHO. The convergence curves and whisker box plots demonstrate the EHHO's robustness while solving the electric power test systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, red fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) have shown great potential in diverse applications. It is found that red fluorescence properties are maintained in the liquid state, while in solidification, their fluorescence decreases or vanishes, either through the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect or the surface modification phenomenon. As a result, CDs have been extremely limited for solid-state phosphor applications such as fabricating white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs). However, developing CDs with immense fluorescence intensity and stability in both solid and liquid states remains a significant challenge. The present work describes a one-step thermal carbonization process for the generation of CDs with red emission. Interestingly, the synthesized carbon dots are red fluorescent in the solid state and retain their fluorescence in the liquid state. Here, it is demonstrated that bright red fluorescence emission is triggered by n–π* transitions generated by C＝N/C＝O/C＝S groups, and red-shifted emission is caused by greater amounts of nitrogen and sulfur introduced/co-doping, particularly the graphitic N of carbon dots. The red-emissive CDs were implemented in developing fluorescent polymeric films, which were then used for WLED devices. Their correlated color temperature (CCT) was 4033 K, and their color-rendering index (CRI) was 96. Surprisingly, the as-synthesized CDs exhibited room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP), encouraging us to utilize the CDs for anticounterfeiting. Furthermore, we demonstrated the practical suitability of the synthesized CDs in bioimaging and fluorescent ink due to their excellent water solubility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In developing nations such as India, a disparity exists between the available resources for stroke rehabilitation and the substantial burden of stroke cases. Consequently, the provision of cost-effective and multidisciplinary post-stroke rehabilitation care to stroke survivors becomes of paramount importance. The utilization of mobile applications (apps) for stroke care has been on the rise, offering a personalized and pragmatic solution with the potential for wider reach in settings constrained by limited resources. To address the unmet needs in the prevention and management of post-stroke complications, we conceptualized a strategy known as a mobile application-based post-stroke care strategy for both survivors and their caregivers. Materials and Methods: The scope of the app's focus was determined based on the incidence of post-stroke complications within a prospective cohort of stroke patients, in conjunction with existing literature. An initial "web-based mobile app" prototype was crafted to align with the identified focus area. Before the development of the final app version, a feasibility study was conducted involving 30 participant dyads (comprising a patient and a caregiver). Content validity was evaluated by a panel of 20 stroke experts encompassing neurologists, nurses, physiotherapists, and psychologists. Results: The "Stroke Home Care" (SHC) mobile app was conceived as a web-based educational tool aimed at preventing and managing post-stroke complications. It seeks to train caregivers of immobile stroke patients in the administration of preventive and therapeutic care procedures, thereby potentially enhancing survivors' quality of life and alleviating caregivers' burden. The feasibility and validity studies indicated "high satisfaction" levels among most caregivers and experts (>75%), with the remainder expressing "satisfaction" and no "dissatisfaction" regarding app utilities. Stroke experts unanimously deemed the app "appropriate", with consensus on contents, video quality, video length, and voice clarity. Caregivers reported "satisfactory" user experiences, encountering no issues during app installation or operation. Suggestions from both caregivers and experts were integrated into the final app version. Conclusion: The "SHC" app represents a feasible and well-received innovation tailored for the use by caregivers of stroke survivors. Consequently, the initial feasibility of the developed app serves as a precursor to a randomized controlled clinical trial aimed at substantiating its effectiveness within the post-stroke survivor and caregiver population. Notably, within resource-constrained contexts, this app has the potential to be a pivotal tool for post-stroke care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the detailed study of the temperature dependent dielectric properties, impedance spectroscopy and electrical conductivity of LaV 1 − x Nb x O 4 (x = 0 –1) samples prepared by the solid-state reaction method. The dielectric constant (ϵ r ′) increases (decreases) with increase in the temperature (frequency); while, the magnitude of ϵ r ′ remains almost invariant (order of 10 4 at 100 Hz and 600 °C) with x. The single phase x = 0 (monoclinic-monazite, P 2 1 / n) and x = 1 (monoclinic fergusonite, I 2 / a) samples show the lower values of loss factor [tan δ = (4–8)] as compared to the x = 0 –0.8 samples [tan δ = (12–18)] having mixed tetragonal and monoclinic phases, which indicates the strong correlation between the crystal structure and the dielectric properties. The real part of impedance (Z ′) decreases with both temperature and frequency, and the observed weak relaxation remains almost unaltered with x. The imaginary part of impedance (Z ′ ′) shows strong relaxation peaks shifting towards higher temperatures with frequency, which is attributed to the effect of grains, grain boundaries, and electrodes in the samples. The activation energy of the relaxation process is estimated to be 0.8–1.0 eV for the x = 0 –0.6 samples, and ≈ 1.4 eV for the x = 0. 8 ; whereas the x = 1 sample shows two values (≈ 0.5 eV and ≈ 1.0 eV) in the higher and lower temperature range, respectively. Further, the change in total conductivity with the angular frequency, which found to be in the range of 10−3 to 10−5 S/m, is fitted using the Jonsher power law. The analysis suggests the overlapping large polaron tunneling (OLPT) model for all the samples, whereas the x = 1 sample exhibit a transition near 480 °C and at higher temperatures it shows non-overlapping small polaron tunneling (NSPT) and quantum mechanical tunneling (QMT). This transition is corroborated by the tangent loss curves and may be associated with the change in structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue is the most important arthropod borne viral disease of community health significance which is regarded as most prevalent mosquito born disease. Development of resistance against commonly used insecticides against vectors has posed a serious challenge in vector control programmes in many countries including India. Till date, many strategies have been used in vector control. Entomo-pathogens (Bacterial, Viral, Fungal and many Nematodes) have become classical biological agents for many vector control programmes. But lack of proper field trial generally causes a major setback in commercialization of many effective easily available products. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the potentiality of a newly discovered bacterial isolate, S. indiaensis (strain LMG19961) against a deadly vector of dengue i.e., Ae. aegypti (L.) larvae in semi-field as well as in laboratory conditions. In the laboratory, larvicidal activity of the S. indiaensis (strain LMG 19961) was evaluated as per the method recommended by World Health Organization (2005). The semi-field bioassay was carried out to assess the efficacy of S. indiaensis (strain LMG 19961) in the semi-field environment to control dengue vector Ae. aegypti (L.) according to protocol of Bukhari et al. (2011). S. indiaensis (strain LMG19961) has been proved highly effective against dengue mosquitoes in the laboratory bioassay with LC50 and LC90 values of 1.979 & 3.561 cfu/ml respectively and 94.44 percent mortality at 3.5 × 14x106 cfu/ml concentration after maximum treatment time of 48 h. Further larvicidal activity of S. indiaensis (strain LMG19961) was performed in semi-field conditions. In the semi-field, pupal emergence at 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 × 2.7 × 103 cfu/gm was 5.33, 2.67, and 1.33 as compared to control group of 49.67 percent. Similarly adult emergence was also observed, the adult emergence at 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 × 2.7 × 103 cfu/gm were 2.33, 1.67, 0.67 respectively and in control adult emergence was 49.67 percent. The present study confirmed that S. indiaensis (strain LMG19961) has potential for control of larval population in the field as well as in laboratory. Semi-field evaluation of this newly isolated bacterial strain opens a new era in bio-control of Aedes mosquitoes for dengue control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doxorubicin (Dox), a widely used treatment for cancer, can result in chemotherapy‐induced cognitive impairments (chemobrain). Chemobrain is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress similar to aging. As such, Dox treatment has also been used as a model of aging. However, it is unclear if Dox induces brain changes similar to that observed during aging since Dox does not readily enter the brain. Rather, the mechanism for chemobrain likely involves the induction of peripheral cellular senescence and the release of senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors and these SASP factors can enter the brain to disrupt cognition. We examined the effect of Dox on peripheral and brain markers of aging and cognition. In addition, we employed the senolytic, ABT‐263, which also has limited access to the brain. The results indicate that plasma SASP factors enter the brain, activating microglia, increasing oxidative stress, and altering gene transcription. In turn, the synaptic function required for memory was reduced in response to altered redox signaling. ABT‐263 prevented or limited most of the Dox‐induced effects. The results emphasize a link between cognitive decline and the release of SASP factors from peripheral senescent cells and indicate some differences as well as similarities between advanced age and Dox treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of knowledge and comprehension surrounding puberty and menstruation. It can substantially impact women's overall health. This cross-sectional study is conducted to get insights about menstrual knowledge, attitudes and taboos among college and university female students in Haryana. A survey was conducted to investigate the experiences of menstruation among female students from government universities and colleges. Respondents were categorized on the basis of age, education qualification, and background setting. Random sampling was used to ensure participation from six administrative zones. The chi-square test was used to determine statistical significance, and the analysis was built around the p-value. The data reveals that there is no significant association between the age of the participants and their awareness of menstruation, scientific knowledge related to menstruation, or their personal relationships with mother, father, or family members. Similarly, there is no significant association between the participants' scientific knowledge and their level of education. However, there is a significant association between participants' personal relationships and level of education (p =.025). Additionally, a significant association was observed between taboos and level of education (p =.025). Age, residential area, and educational levels do not seem to significantly impact participants' awareness and knowledge. This study highlights the influence of personal equations and education on attitudes and beliefs surrounding menstruation. The significant association between personal relationships and education underscores the importance of a supportive family. The persistence of menstrual taboos among undergraduates suggests that there is still a need for comprehensive and inclusive menstrual health education. This study also addressed the sustainable developmental goals for good health and well-being. Future studies should focus on exploring cultural factors such as religious beliefs and cultural norms in more detail to develop interventions that may help improve menstrual health outcomes among college and university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non- Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) is one of the evolving and potential multiple access schemes in wireless networks to improve connection, spectrum efficiency, cell-edge throughput, and user fairness. As Spectral Efficiency (SE) is an important factor in data transmission to the user, in this paper the Least Sub-carrier Sum-Gain-based User Assignment Algorithm (LSSGUA) and Inter- and Intra-level Power Allocation (PA) algorithms for the Multi-Carrier (MC) Down-Link (DL)-NOMA are proposed to enhance the SE and allocate power to each sub-carrier/user. In LSSGUA, the channel gain of each sub-carrier/sub-channel is added and the sub-carrier with the least channel gain is given priority. In the case of the inter-level PA algorithm, the gain of the assigned users of each sub-carrier is added and the power allocated to each sub-carrier is in an ascending manner so that the sub-carrier with the worst channel gain of the assigned users is allocated with the highest power using Worst Sub-carrier First Algorithm (WSFA). In the intra-level PA algorithm, the iterative algorithm Bisection Method (BM) allocates power to each user. Simulation results show that the suggested algorithms improved the sum rate, SE, fairness performance, and outage probabilities when compared to the existing NOMA Resource Allocation (RA) scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the world's population growing, it is vital that food crops and medicinal plants are required to be developed in large quantity. A model that can help us understand the process more comprehensively will be explored. Based on a thorough understanding, we are exploring a model that will enable us to extract the precise information and in-depth knowledge we require. There are many plants that contract lethal diseases every year, including food plants. This reduces their output rates. We must employ automated methods to locate the issue inside the facility if we do not want manufacturing prices to rise. The detection of plant diseases can be automated through robotics and image processing. As a result of recent technological advancements, we now have the ability to simplify our artwork. A deep learning and image processing approach can increase the efficiency of detection processes. A great deal of progress has been made in diagnosing plant diseases. An artificial intelligence model was trained to assist in diagnosing flora disorders. Based on the photo information (leaf), the model can be controlled. Identifying the problem and discovering the condition in this study, we propose the use of computer vision technology combined with fuzzy logic to detect and grade leaf diseases. GLCM is performed to extract texture features, and fuzzy logic is applied to grade the disease. K-means clustering is applied for determining defected areas; GLCM is used to determine defected areas; and fuzzy logic is used for diagnosing diseases. About 70% of classifications are accurate according to the model. By using Speed Up Robust Features (SURF), DENSE, and Bag of Visual Words (BOVW) in addition to the global features, the accuracy of the system can be enhanced. A treatment program will help people better understand the illness if one is offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ménière's disease, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), and acute peripheral vestibulopathy (vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis) are the three most prevalent causes of vertigo. The study was done to assess the comparative effect on the recovery of a series of 28 patients suffering from vertigo, by performing epley's maneuver in comparison with medical management only without maneuver. Material & Methods: A study was conducted on series of 31 patients who were admitted under physician in medicine department of a private medical facility at Noida, Uttar Pradesh, suffering from vertigo. Study period was extended from July 2022 to March 2023. Out of these 31 patients 03 were drop outs of study and among rest 28 patients 13 patients were treated conservatively with only medical therapy and other 15 patients received treatment along with epley's maneuver. Results were compared using average length of stay (ALOS) in the hospital and its financial implications. Results: In study it was observed that all patients of vertigo admitted in medicine department should get an ENT reference done as in patients treated with epley's manoeuvre as compared to conservative management unnecessary higher and prolonged use of medication can be avoided to reduce financial burden to patients as well as average length of stay (ALOS) can be shortened. Conclusion: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo [BPPV] being a common cause of vertigo, this manoeuvre should be first line of treatment in all such patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was carried out to explore the attitude and perception of observers involved in monitoring of doffing through Real Time Remote Audio-Visual aided (RT-RAVA), the first well-sophisticated surveillance system. A 21-item online-survey proforma was used to collect the data amongst 150 nursing personnel. 3/4th of the participants strongly agreed that they helped in reducing the doffing errors through RT-RAVA doffing. 97.3% perceived that the system is highly effective in reducing the infection during doffing. There was significant correlation between attitude and perception of the observers. The system was perceived as highly effective and was recommended for doffing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Micronutrients significantly impact agricultural production and are necessary for human health. Therefore, a systematic programme on identification of sources with high concentration of iron and zinc is important for overcoming the problem of micronutrient malnutrition. Therefore, present study was undertaken with the objectives (1) to find out iron and zinc concentrations and (2) to identify stable urdbean genotypes. This will be further helpful to set desirable level of iron and zinc concentrations in the upcoming urdbean varieties. Methods: The present study was conducted to evaluate 30 urdbean genotypes for variability studies of iron, zinc and protein content. The experiment was laid out in the randomized complete block design and replicated thrice at the experimental farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur, Punjab (India) during spring 2019 and 2020. Result: Analysis of variance showed that effect due to genotypes was significant for iron, zinc and protein content as well Iron and Zinc content ranged from (28.75 ppm to 90.75 ppm) and (44.75 ppm to 60.0 ppm) respectively, while protein content ranged from (18.7 to 25.13%). The genotype PDU1 and OBG35 possessed high level of all three nutrients viz., Fe, Zn and protein. Fe content showed significant positive correlation with Zn content suggesting that both the nutrient can be improved simultaneously. Micronutrient dense genotypes identified can be used as donar to develop nutrient enriched varieties either through conventional breeding or by using biotechnological tool like marker assisted selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three dipyrromethane–diphosphine ligands containing phenyl (L1H2), ethyl (L2H2) and cyclohexyl (L3H2) groups at their meso positions and their nickel complexes were synthesized and structurally characterized. Treatment of Ph2C(C4H3N)2-1,9-(CH2PPh2)2 (L1H2) with [NiCl2(DME)] gave complex [NiCl2(κ2-P,P-L1H2)] 2a. Conversely, the analogous reactions of L2H2 and L3H2 with [NiCl2(DME)] showed a mixture of products containing both a pyrrolide nitrogen coordinated complex of type [Ni(κ4-P,N,N,P-L)] 3 without an exogenous base and a chelated complex of type 2a. In addition, all three ligands react with [NiCl2(DME)] in the presence of a strong base to give a complex of type 3. Furthermore, a novel binuclear Ni(0) complex bearing L1H2 was characterized by X-ray crystallography. Both complexes 2a and 3 (0.5 mol% of loading) catalyze the transfer hydrogenation of a series of aromatic and aliphatic ketones (20 substrates) to their corresponding secondary alcohols using iPrOH as a hydrogen source in the presence of KOH at 100 °C in 6 h. The kinetic trace of the catalytic reaction shows that the meso-phenyl substituted diphosphine coordinated nickel complexes perform better than the other two ligand coordinated nickel complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this Part 1, Material Conditions, I look at the changing material conditions of capital in the most labour-intensive manufacturing sectors in world production. I argue that these changes are leading to a waning in monopsony power. The paper introduces a universal logic that governs competition and reshapes the chain around the question of monopsony in the global supply chain. Put simply, deregulation produces high degrees of monopsony power, increasing the value share for the lead firm. This intensifies competition, exerts downward pressure, and winnows the number of suppliers able to compete. The result is a supplier consolidation. Consolidation increases the surviving suppliers' share of value, which expands access to finance, facilitates self-investment, and raises entry barriers. In Part 2, Subjective Agency, I look at how this leads to the emergence of market spatial inflexibility, which has given labour new openings by increasingly their disruptive power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a new scheme of a few MeV range uni-directional neutral particle generation via charge exchange mechanism (Rajeev et al. in Nat Phys 9:185, 2013) of energetic ions driven by intense laser. A two-dimensional stack of gold nanorods, embedded inside a hydrocarbon foil (CH), are ionized by the action of pulse of intensities more than 10 16 Wcm - 2 . The pre-pulse is diverted toward a gaseous/clustered environment and excites atoms/clusters to Rydberg states, while the main part of the pulse exerts a transverse ponderomotive force on electrons causing its immediate expulsion. Under Coulomb explosion, carbon ions and protons exit quickly, while the gold ions remain practically immobile due to inertia. The potential structure created by the positively charged nano-rod assembly has complete transverse confinement and axial acceleration. Carbon ions and protons are axially accelerated and undergo collision with Rydberg state atoms/cluster causing charge exchange. This scheme addresses the issues of complete transverse confinement, directionality, and in-situ charge exchange environment. Typical 40 femtosecond pulses with normalized amplitude ( a 0 = 1 - 2 ) can generate energetic neutrals of ∼ 0.5 - 5 MeV range. In the present scheme, one also gets the flexibility of using the changed nanorod geometry or alignment or using external magnetic field to control the beam direction prior to charge exchange stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the search for environmentally acceptable alternative fuels for diesel engines, biodiesel is a tempting option. Still, the long-term repercussions are excessive noise and vibration, as well as irregular and unpredictable combustion, which leads to knocking. In this study, an attempt was made to study the vibrational behavior of diesel engines fuelled with neat diesel and jatropha biodiesel blends (BJ0, BJ10, BJ20, BJ30, and BJ40) and lubrication oil degradation at different operating time periods (40, 60, 80 and 100 h). Vibration analysis is done through the measurement of horizontal and vertical frequencies and physical characteristics of lubrication are done through the determination of viscosity and density. Observation shows that there is a definite relationship between the degradation of oil and the vibration signatures of the engine. It is observed that BJ20 is the best-suited fuel for optimized performance. The highest frequency of vibration is reported in the frequency range of 1039–1041 Hz. The present study provides the guidelines for condition monitoring of bio fuelled engines for proper maintenance and scheduling change of oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicago sativa is the "Father of all herbs" or "King of Herbs," and Panax ginseng is the "'Man root" or "Herb for all healings." Individually, both have copious numbers of phytochemicals and nutrients like flavonoids, saponins, ginsenosides, vitamins, minerals, protein, and so on, and this has already been proven by many scientific studies. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of the potential health benefits of M. sativa and P. ginseng as herbs for complete wellness. The review also compares the nutritional profiles of these two herbs and discusses the potential synergistic effects of combining them with some existing scientific evidence. The review highlights the need for further research to validate the efficacy of these herbs as a magical combination for complete wellness and recommends precautions for potential side effects and dosage considerations. Several studies suggest that individually, each herb has various similar clinical significances, like immunomodulating properties, anti-inflammatory properties, antioxidant properties, improved cognitive function, and so on. But in combination, they may show synergistic effects like improved energy and endurance, immune boosters, and cognitive functions. After studying various articles, it is fair to say that both herbs may be considered complete health tonics for complete wellness. Due to limitations and gaps in the current scientific literature, the findings of this review may contribute to further clinical trials and validation of these herbs for improved wellness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess various epidemiological factors and various clinical presentations of traumatic chest injuries in a tertiary care centre. Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Surgery, Nehru Hospital, BRD Medical College, over a period of 12 months. All patients admitted with traumatic chest injury were included. 70 patients were included in the study. Results: Majority of the patients were males (81.4%), while 18.6% were females. Road traffic accident was reported among 70% of the patients, followed by fall from height (17.1%) and the assault (12.9%). Chest pain was the most common presenting complaint reported by 94.3% of the patients, while dyspnoea was reported by 48.6%. Among them 42.9% reported chest pain and dyspnoea. In inspection, abrasion was present in 41.4%, followed by contusion (7.1%) and flail segment (2.8%). In palpation, tenderness was present in 40%. On percussion, resonant note was observed in majority of the patients (61.4%), followed by dull note on the right side (11.5%) and left side (8.5%). 9.9% had hyper-resonant note. On auscultation, majority had equal air entry B/L (58.5%). 15.7% each showed decreased air entry in left and right side. 10% showed bilateral decrease in the air entry. HRCT was done among 21.4% of the patients. After tube thoracotomy majority were found to have hemothorax (65.5%), while 41.3% had pneumothorax. Among them, 17.2% had both hemothorax and pneumothorax. Among the patients, majority had conservative management (68.6%) while 31.4% had operative management. The mortality rate was 5.7%, while 87.1% were discharged and 7.1% were referred on the patient request. Conclusion: Overall, a male pre-ponderance was found in the patients with trauma related thoracic injuries. Road traffic accident was the most common mode of injury. Chest pain was the most common clinical feature and hemothorax was the most common operative findings. Mortality rate among the patients in the present setting was 5.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of study was to recognize the common modes, identify the incidence and epidemiology and to assess short term outcome of various treatment modalities of blunt trauma abdomen in a tertiary care centre in Eastern UP. Material & Methods: A "Prospective observational study of blunt trauma abdomen in a Tertiary Care Centre" which was conducted in the Department of General Surgery of BRD Medical College Gorakhpur. The study included all patients who were admitted and operated, during period of 1 year. 80 patients were included in the study. Results: Blunt abdominal trauma was more common in 21-30 years of age and 82% belonged to 11-50 years of age thus affecting the working population. There was a male preponderance with 85% cases being men and a male: female ratio of 5:1. Road traffic accidents were the commonest cause of blunt abdominal trauma accounting for 65%. Pain was the commonest symptom present in 96% cases and tenderness with guarding was the commonest sign present in 98% cases. On inspection 47.5% has abrasion on abdomen due to impact of blunt force. 32.5 % also had contusion along with abrasion due to greater impact on abdomen. 57 % had guarding and 32% had tenderness. On percussion 46.2 % had normal tympanic note and were managed conservatively. 53.8% had dull note either because of hemorrhage or contamination after perforation. On auscultation bowel sound was absent in 52.5% of patients mainly because of ileus due to impact of trauma, or hemoperitoneum. Conclusion: With proper history, thorough clinical examination and use of common radiological investigations, diagnosis of intra-abdominal visceral injuries in patients of Blunt Abdominal Trauma could be made with significant accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH) is defined as the partial or complete loss of thyroid gland function present at birth. During the first 2-3 years of life, thyroid hormone plays a crucial role in brain development. If a baby is born with a deficiency of thyroid hormone (CH) and is not diagnosed and treated appropriately, it can lead to intellectual disability and growth retardation in the affected child. Aim: To screen newborns for CH using Dried Blood Spot (DBS) sampling. Additionally, the study aimed to compare mean TSH values between two comparison groups based on gender, birth weight, gestational age, and type of delivery. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India, from November 2021 to October 2022. A total of 250 live-birth newborns delivered either by Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery (SVD) or Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS) were included in the study after obtaining written informed consent from their parents. Blood samples were obtained on DBS cards through heel prick in all newborns. TSH levels were assessed using a neonatal TSH sandwich ELISA kit. The cut-off value of TSH to label as screen positive was set at >20 mIU/L. A two-tailed Independent t-test was performed to compare mean TSH values between the two comparison groups based on gender, birth weight, gestational age, and type of delivery. Results: Out of the 250 babies, 137 (54.8%) were male and 113 (45.2%) were female. The gestational age ranged from a minimum of 29 weeks to a maximum of 41 weeks in both male and female babies. TSH levels in male babies ranged from 0.16 mIU/L to 10.27 mIU/L, with a mean value of 3.98±2.16 mIU/L. TSH levels were below 20 mIU/L in all 250 newborns, indicating negative screening results for CH in all the neonates. Conclusion: The results concluded that the serum levels of TSH obtained through heel prick were not statistically significant in both term and preterm newborns, as well as in Normal Birth Weight (NBW) and Low Birth Weight (LBW) newborns. Furthermore, there was no significant difference based on the type of delivery (SVD/LSCS) or the gender of the newborn (male or female). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this research was to determine the incidence of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in COVID-19-affected patients Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at Ziauddin Hospital Clifton Campus from June to December 2020. Adult patients with AKI or acute-on-chronic kidney disease (ACKD) were included in a retrospective study. Patients infected with SARS-CoV2 and renal involvement were directed towards the ICU/Nephrology departments which have the expertise to perform laboratory analysis, radiography and institution of treatment. Supplemental oxygen use was documented. The research also assessed information about therapy (antivirals, immunomodulators, RRT) and results (renal function recovery or death). Results: After excluding patients with obstructive AKI, a total of 180 (mean age 50.1 years) of 104 males and 76 females were included in the research. 120 patients were found to have prerenal, and 60 had intrinsic AKI with significant differences between mild, moderate, and severe cases (p=0.004). Acute kidney injury (AKI) survivors had a complete recovery rate of 70%, a partial recovery rate of 22%, and a hemodialysis dependency rate of 8%. Conclusion: Patients with severe COVID-19 infection often develop more severe AKI, and those in the severe or critical stages often exhibit proteinuria and dipstick hematuria. Long-term follow-up for COVID-19 patients should be done to evaluate its influence on renal outcome, and larger samples are required to elucidate the association between COVID-19 and renal damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various treatment modalities are available for treatment of ocular tumors, which include chemotherapy, laser, and radiotherapy (external beam radiation therapy or brachytherapy). Brachytherapy using plaque applicator is preferred over external beam radiation therapy when the tumor is well localized, as this therapy delivers radiation dose to the tumor with lower doses to normal tissues in the vicinity. However, plaque therapy is expensive and beyond the reach of many poor patients in India. The Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) recently introduced an indigenous Ruthenium-106 plaque to make brachytherapy treatment available and affordable to all needy patients in India. In the present case series, we report our experience using the indigenous Ru-106 plaque for the treatment of a spectrum of ocular tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To evaluate the role of first trimester uterine artery doppler combined with mean arterial pressure in prediction of pre-eclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth retardation. Material and Methods: This study was conducted in the department of Radiodiagnosis, JGMM Medical College/Suchirayu Hospital, Hubli, among 100 pregnant women at 11-14 weeks of gestation age to assess U.A, P.I and M.A.P using U.A.D and then the same was applied to standard software of risk assessment certified by F.M.F, U.K. Results: In our study, incidence of PE and IUGR was 19% and 8% respectively. FMF was not able to diagnose PE in 3 subjects while it analysed wrongly in 6 subjects. FMF was not able to diagnose IUGR in 1 subject while it analysed wrongly in 3 subjects. Accuracy of FMF software in detecting PE and IUGR was 83.10% and 85.97% respectively. Conclusion: The F.M.F software was able to identify a significant proportion of patients who developed preterm P.E using a combination of maternal history, M.A.P and U.A.D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To evaluate the role of non-enhanced computed tomography (NECT) brain in diagnosis of acute cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). Methods: This cross sectional study was done in the Department of Radiodiagnosis among 32 patients referred to Radiology Department with symptoms & signs of acute cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (ACVST). The attenuation values of different dural venous sinuses & major cerebral veins/ large cortical veins were recorded in the proforma. The sensitivity, specificity & accuracy of using attenuation value of 70 HU as predicted in previous article was calculated. Also the cut off attenuation value suggestive of thrombosis was calculated retrospectively in our study keeping sensitivity, specificity and accuracy to the maximum. Results: The majority of subjects are of 21-30 years age group (31.25%) and maximum were males(62.5%). 10(31.2%) subjects reported positive MR venography findings. Analysis of ROC curve of HU shows a zone under the curve of 0.966 with cut-off of 70 as well, sensitivity of 96%, specificity of 91% and accuracy of 98% was reported. And with cut-off of 68 as well, sensitivity of 92%, specificity of 84% and accuracy of 93% was reported. Conclusion: In case of acute neurologic symptoms, NECT is the most commonly requested modality. Plain CT is definite for the analysis of acute CVST in an acute context, however, the density of venous sinuses decreases as the age of the clot increases. According to our findings, the cut-off value for CVST diagnosis should be 70 HU (sensitivity 96 percent, specificity 91 percent), with no need for additional confirmatory procedures like as venography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a prevalent cardiovascular complication of limb vascular insufficiency, causing ischemic injury, mitochondrial metabolic damage and functional impairment in the skeletal muscle, and ultimately leading to immobility and mortality. While potential therapies have been mostly focussed on revascularization, none of the currently available pharmacological treatments are fully effective in PAD, often leading to amputations, particularly in chronic metabolic diseases. One major limitation of focussed angiogenesis and revascularization as a therapeutic strategy is a limited effect on metabolic restoration and muscle regeneration in the affected limb. Therefore, additional preclinical investigations are needed to discover novel treatment options for PAD preferably targeting multiple aspects of muscle recovery. In this review, we propose nuclear receptors expressed in the skeletal muscle as potential candidates for ischemic muscle repair in PAD. We review classic steroid and orphan receptors that have been reported to be involved in the regulation of paracrine muscle angiogenesis, oxidative metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle regeneration, and discuss how these receptors could be critical for recovery from ischemic muscle damage. Furthermore, we identify existing gaps in our understanding of nuclear receptor signalling in the skeletal muscle and propose future areas of research that could be instrumental in exploring nuclear receptors as therapeutic candidates for treating PAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motivation of this work is to identify structural, optical, magnetic properties of ZnFe2O4/CeO2 nanocomposites and their potential use in removal of water-polluting dye. The cost-effective hydrothermal technique was used to synthesize ZnFe2O4/CeO2 nanocomposites of different weight ratio (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4). XRD pattern of synthesized samples show two different phases corresponding to ZnFe2O4 and CeO2, respectively. FTIR spectra enlightened Zn–O, Fe–O, and O–Ce–O bonds in synthesized nanocomposites. Further UV–Vis spectroscopy demonstrated that band gap varies from 2.17 to 3.12 eV. This change may be attributed to creation of new sub-band gap energy levels upon addition of wide band gap semiconductor (CeO2). Magnetic investigations showed that pure ZnFe2O4 has greater magnetic character than other synthesized materials, with a maximum magnetization of 1.42 emu/g. HRTEM analysis showed spherical morphology of synthesized samples. In comparison to single metal oxides (ZnFe2O4 and CeO2), maximum photodegradation efficiency of ZnFe2O4/CeO2 (1:4) nanocomposites for Rose Bengal dye was observed to be 95% in 75 min. Furthermore, photocatalytic activity remains unchanged after four runs for this photocatalyst, allowing the reusability of catalysts. In nanocomposites, Ce4+/Ce3+ redox couple and heterojunction interfaces have encouraged electron transport and photo-excited electron–hole recombination which ultimately affects photodegradation efficiency of nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red-color emitting carbon dots (CDs) are of tremendous interest in the field of materials discipline owing to their promising applications in the domains of forensic applications, lighting, fingerprinting, imaging, sensing, etc. However, the unavailability of mass production of red-emitting CDs restricts their potential uses. As a result, we used a solid-state approach for producing red-color emitting CDs. The benefits of synthesized CDs include large-scale manufacturing, red-color fluorescence in the aggregated state, and afterglow emission. Surprisingly, the developed CDs showed phosphorescence without aggregating any matrix. The fluorescence and phosphorescence emissions were observed at 574 and 585 nm, respectively. The presence of graphitic-N is responsible for red-color emission; simultaneously, it seems that nitrogen helps in extending the sp2-conjugation. Mutually, the C＝N bond and strong π–π interactions in the aggregated form are responsible for stabilizing the excited triplet state. The carbon dot powder displayed unchanging phosphorescence with a lifespan of 43.71 ms. Further, the produced CDs have been used in anticounterfeiting, latent fingerprint detection, and in solid-state lighting. It is worth noticing that synthesized carbon dots detect even the third level of fingerprint patterning. In lighting, the obtained CIE coordinate is (0.40, 0.37) with a CRI of 98. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of 2-(4-(1-isonicotinoyl-5-aryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenoxy)-N-arylacetamides has been synthesized in appreciable yields. The quantitative determination and redox behavior of the synthesized compounds were estimated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Further, it was observed that nanocomposites have come to be the superior modifying materials for electrochemical sensing. Herein, a highly sophisticated and sensitive zinc oxide (ZnO)-multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composite film modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) (ZnO-MWCNTs/GCE) was fabricated for its use as the working electrode. Prior to the fabrication, the synthesized ZnO material was characterized by SEM to confirm the successful synthesis. After the fabrication of the ZnO-MWCNTs/GCE sensor, it together with its corresponding forms i.e., ZnO/GCE and MWCNTs/GCE including bare GCE was characterized by voltammetry. The increase in effective surface area of modified GCE from that of unembellished GCE of 0.0314 cm2 up to 0.081 cm2 resulted in better electrocatalytic activity in terms of responses of the compounds under investigation. The composite film modified GCE resulted in an excellent sensor for the reported compounds in terms of low potential detection, a low detection limit, fast and clear response. Moreover, the effect of pH, varying scan rates, solvents, electrolytes, concentration, and substituents (in terms of the Hammett equation) have also been analyzed on the CV responses of the modified GCE. The best results were obtained for a pH value corresponding to 5.83 with TEAP as the surfactant at the scan rate of 0.1 V/s. The incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles with multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) greatly increases the voltammetric peak current and electrochemical reactivity of the compounds. The electrochemical sensor shows sensitivity par excellence and exhibits a wide detection range varying from 1.0 × 10–4 to 3.0 × 10–4 M. Moreover, the detection limit is 1.25 × 10−6 M with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.994. The studies delineated the diffusion-controlled and irreversible behavior of electrocatalytic reaction for all the compounds under investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic structure tuning of an electrocatalyst is an effective strategy for improving the efficiency of water electrolysis process and multi metallic electrocatalysts provide for better opportunity for tuning the electronic structure compared to monometallic electrocatalyst. Medium entropy alloys (MEAs) are multicomponent alloys and can be potentially used for electrocatalysis to produce hydrogen as it can be amenable to easy electronic structure tuning. Herein we report, the synthesis of MEA NiMnFeCr and demonstration of its utility in being a good platform for the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction. X ray diffraction (XRD) was used to study the phase constituents of the MEAs. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to study the phase transformation temperature of the as-milled MEA powder while optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) allowed investigation of the microstructure of the synthesized alloy. Electrocatalytic properties were studied by an electrochemical workstation which incorporated linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electronic structure of the as-sintered MEA was studied using ultraviolet photon spectroscopy (UPS). The experimental results showed that the MEA synthesized by sintering at 1200 °C and holding for 1 h (referred to as T1) exhibited an overpotential of 300 mV under 100 cycles of CV activation. The measured overpotential was lower than the state-of-the-art, expensive electrocatalysts such as Iridium oxide and Ruthenium oxide. This superior electrocatalytic activity could be attributed to the presence of porosity and in situ formed M n 3 O 4 oxide layers during cyclic voltammetry (CV) activation. Furthermore, the multi metallic nature of MEA was more amenable to better tuning of the electronic structure in the MEA by lowering the work function thereby improving the catalytic activity. • NiMnFeCr medium entropy alloy was synthesized through powder metallurgy route. • The alloy possessed a major FCC phase and a negligible amount of BCC phase. • The alloy after 100 cycles of activation resulted in the formation of M n 3 O 4 oxides. • Oxides, work function and porosity all contributed for enhanced catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Cognitive radio network is an emerging solution to deal with spectrum scarcity and to utilize the radio spectrum in opportunistic and efficient manner. Secure data transmission is one of the important issues in these kind of networks. This work studies the secrecy outage performance of a multiple‐input multiple‐output underlay cognitive wiretap radio network system over Rayleigh fading channel with delayed channel state information. This work considers that the secondary transmitter is equipped with multiple antennas and confidential information is transmitted from to multiantenna receiver in the presence of multiantenna eavesdropper. Further, the transmit antenna selection scheme is considered at secondary transmitter to reduce the complexity of antenna selection and to make it more practicable. To improve the quality of signal, this work considers maximal ratio combining (MRC) at secondary receiver, while selection combining and MRC techniques are utilized at the eavesdropper. The closed form expression for exact, asymptotic, and intercept secrecy outage probability has been derived, and the simulation is done for the validation of analytical results. The derived results reveal deterioration of channel secrecy performance with outdated channel state information, and the eavesdropper with outdated channel state information has also an adverse effect. Moreover, the diversity order that can be achieved in underlay cognitive radio network with outdated channel state information is unity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM The study is to determine whether Carotid Endarterectomy reduces the risk of Stroke among patients with a recent adverse Cerebrovascular event in Ipsilateral Carotid Artery Stenosis. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of all carotid endarterectomy performed for symptomatic carotid stenosis and patient who had admitted with recent cerebrovascular event from January 2021 to January 2022. Follow up data was collected until December 2022 from a prospectively maintained database RESULTS Totally 40 patients were included in this study & between 55to 80 years of which 30 (75%) were male and 10 (25%) were female. Medical management group included 20 patients and surgical management group included 20 patients. Incidence of Recurrent stroke 17.5% (7/40). Incidence of Recurrent stroke in CEA with Best medical therapy was 5% (1/20) and the 30 day mortality rate was 1/20 (5%). Incidence of Recurrent stroke in Best medical therapy alone was 30% (6/20) and the 30 day mortality rate was 3/5 (15%). No of patients needed to undergo with endarterectomy for prevent the cerebrovascular event were 4 at the end of 1 year. At the 1 year follow up, there was significant reduction in ipsilateral stroke reduction ( 5% vs 30%) in patients who underwent CEA. CONCLUSION This study emphasis, still Carotid endarterectomy is highly beneficial to patients with recent symptomatic, significant ipsilateral high grade stenosis > 60% of the the internal and common carotid artery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer is most common female cancer in the world and it is also the principle cause of death from cancer among women globally. Women living with and beyond breast cancer have special needs that have to be considered by society and health care system. Due to emergence of physical, psychological and social effects after diagnosis, the quality of life (QOL) of women is highly affected, which leads to change in attitude and expectations towards life. The majority of clinical studies on breast cancer focuses on treatment and survival. However, with a greater life expectancy promoted by advances in therapeutics and early diagnosis, interest has shifted to the assessment of quality of life (QOL). The purpose of this study is to understand, evaluate and assessment of quality of life in female breast cancer survivors and factors that could influence quality of life and the main life areas where the women are more affected when they receive their diagnosis. Method: A total of 100 patients with breast cancer were studied in department of surgery at Guru Nanak Dev Hospital Amritsar Punjab after applying exclusion and inclusion criteria and after proper consent. The survey in this study contained a total of 26 questions from WHOQOL-BREF which provides a fast profile of 4 areas (domains). Result: The results of the study show that there was a significant variability of general QOL, physical domain, psychosocial domain, social domain, and environmental domain in relation to age group, marital status, employment, education of the patient, education of the head of the family, occupation of the head of the family, socio-economic status Conclusion: The outcomes in this study shows that sociodemographic variables are highly influenced by psychological domain and least with the environmental and social domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper proposes an emended Harris hawk optimizer (EHHO) to solve the mixed energy generation scheduling problem with available resources from hydrothermal, pumped storage hydro, solar, and wind units while minimizing the operating cost, utilizing the available water, and satisfying the other operational constraints. Direct heuristics are applied to solve the constraints imposed on the generation scheduling problem. An optimistic binary optimizer is utilized to commit solar and wind units so that solar and wind units share a certain percentage of power demand to meet the uncertainty of renewable power. The hunting behavior of the hawks for the desired prey inspires the Harris hawk optimizer (HHO) because of its flexibility, sturdiness, and scalability features. Despite HHO giving premature convergence as it tends to trap into the local optima while solving complex non-linear optimization problems. Hence, the local search technique (LST) is employed with the HHO to overcome it. LST also empowers the exploitation phase of HHO. Two practical electric power test systems are successfully solved using the proposed EHHO. On implementing the proposed EHHO, with the penetration of pumped storage hydro units, savings in the cost of thermal units range from 3.90 to 11.44%. Further, with the penetration of wind and solar power, the savings in operating costs of thermal units have increased from 12.15 to 20.19%. The main idea and contribution of the proposed work is the thermal fuel cost reduction using renewable energy sources by utilizing EHHO. The convergence curves and whisker box plots demonstrate the EHHO’s robustness while solving the electric power test systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Most patients are quickly transferred to the hospitals by ambulances worldwide. Hence, it is imperative that ambulance should be well equipped with all emergency equipment and well-trained staff to provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or basic life support (BLS) to victim in pre-hospital environment, if required. Purpose: To assess knowledge regarding CPR of ambulance staff, equipped status of ambulances, and their utilization during CPR or first aid. Methods: Total 400 ambulance staff were purposively recruited after obtaining informed written consent. They were interviewed as per validated interview schedule regarding CPR knowledge and utilization of equipment during CPR or first aid. Using an observation checklist for assessment of available equipment for CPR and first aid in the ambulance was checked. Results: Mean age of participants was 35.57 ± 7.63 years. All were males. Among them 63.75% were posted in private ambulance, and 73.50% ambulances had solo staff. Most (98.25%) ambulances were equipped with oxygen cylinder and only 3.5% had portable ventilator. Majority (75%) lacked the essential equipment as per AHA/national guidelines. Mean knowledge score of participants was 2.85 ± 4.10 and 62.25% and they had poor knowledge regarding CPR and only 12.25% had good/very good knowledge. Conclusion: There is a lack of knowledge regarding CPR among ambulance staff and there is lack of equipped status of ambulances. They were not fully aware regarding the use of equipment, which were available in the ambulance in emergency. So, there is a need to train them about CPR as well utilization of ambulance equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Tooth reimplantation should be attempted in every possible case with thorough disinfection and impervious obturation. Integration of progressive innovations with recommended protocols can enhance complication free survival in intense situations. The present case describes the unique successful outcome of a tooth reimplanted after the delay of 30 hours. A 21‐year old male patient presented with an avulsed #21 after a fall due to electric shock. It was reimplanted according IADT guidelines with the addition of specific irrigation sequence proposed for regenerative endodontic procedures during the endodontic treatment. The final obturation was accomplished by combination of Biodentine and BioRCS root‐canal sealer. Subluxated #11 developed symptoms at 6 months and was further managed using recommended endodontic procedure. Both teeth had complication free survival during 5 year follow‐up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Application of topical anesthetic agent prior to injection is the most commonly used method to control initial needle penetration pain of local anesthetic injection. Ice and vibration stimulus application are other nonpharmacologic methods used to reduce painful sensations of injection. The present study aims to verify and compare topical anesthetic, ice pretreatment, and electric toothbrush as a vibratory device, to reduce the pain of local anesthetic injections. The study was conducted on children aged 5–12 years, requiring extraction of a maxillary primary tooth. A randomized control trial design was used wherein each child was randomly assigned by permuted block randomization design method to receive either lignocaine 5% as topical anesthetic or ice pretreatment or motorized toothbrush as a vibratory device during local anesthetic injections. Sound, eye, and motor (SEM) scale was used for objective evaluation of pain during injection, and Faces Pain Scale (FPS) was used for subjective evaluation. For statistical analysis, nonparametric test — Kruskal Wallis/ANOVA test for three groups and between two groups Mann–Whitney U-test, was used to compare SEM and FPS values. Level of significance chosen was p < 0.05. Results: SEM (palatal) and FPS (palatal) scores were slightly higher in topical anesthetic group as compared to ice pretreatment or vibration group, but the differences were not statistically significant. There were no statistically significant differences among SEM (buccal) and FPS (buccal) scores in all the three groups. Conclusions: Ice cooling and electric toothbrush-induced vibration were as effective as topical anesthetic for reduction in pain due to injection. Trial registration: The CTRI number of the trial is CTRI/2021/03/032046. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt stress is a significant complication persisting in the soils of agricultural fields which contributing major stress factor for the inefficient growth and development of plants leading to declined productivity and soil degradation worldwide. Therefore, it would be beneficial to develop salinity stress tolerant plant species and to grasp the mechanism of stress tolerance that simulates the assembly of bioactive diffusion compatible matter that are of good significance to salt stress conditions. The plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) will be the reliable agents to control and manage the salinity stress in plants under direct and indirect mechanisms. Application of salinity tolerant PGPR inoculates could be a promising tool to combat salinity in agricultural fields, thereby increasing worldwide food production. The useful effects of PGPR involve boosting key physiological processes as well as water and nutrient uptake, photosynthesis and source sink relationships that promote growth and development. This article explores the mechanisms of PGPRs tolerant to salt stress in different plants and the genes responsible for the process. Considering all of the available existing mechanisms, genes of different microbes and plants which facilitate the resistance to plants for salt stress can be studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious global health issue, and it is greatly influenced by the gut flora. The rationalization of antimicrobial doses in clinical studies is crucial for preventing AMR. This review analyzes how rationalization tactics affect AMR and gut microbiota in clinical studies. Studies that provided data on the use of antibiotics, AMR, or gastrointestinal microbiota were taken into account for the current review. The AMR rate was found to be low when healthy gut flora was maintained using various antibiotic rationalization techniques, such as limited use of antibiotics or targeted treatments. However, the effectiveness of these strategies differed based on the particular intervention, the research population, and the length of the course of therapy. The rationalization of antibiotic prescriptions in clinical research is one potential method for reducing the prevalence of AMR by maintaining the gut flora. Rationalization techniques may help lower AMR rates and foster the development of good intestinal flora. This review describes various antibiotic rationalization techniques and the importance of maintaining healthy microbial flora to minimize AMR-associated health issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of capitalism's relationship to issues of race, racism and processes of racialisation has become increasingly prominent in contemporary debates. This special issue of Historical Materialism on 'Race and Capital' seeks to intervene in these debates. In this Introduction, we situate the special issue within this wider political, historical and theoretical context. We begin by reconstructing some of the key tensions and fault lines within contemporary discussions of race and racism, particularly in relation to the Marxist tradition. Against those who claim a primarily oppositional relationship between the Marxist tradition and anti-racist thinking, we chart a historical account of key moments in which Marxist movements and thinkers have attempted to articulate distinctively historical-materialist accounts of race and racism. We then situate the key themes of the special issue – and the various articles that compose the issue – against this background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the role of the COVID-19 pandemic in the prevalence of nosocomial infections in patients admitted to the Ziauddin University Hospital, Clifton Campus, Karachi. Study Design: Retrospective Cross-sectional study. Setting: Ziauddin University Hospital, Clifton Campus, Karachi. Period: Pre-COVID: Feb 1, 2019 - Jan 31, 2019 Post-COVID: May 1 2020-Apr 30, 2021. Material & Methods: Clinicians retrospectively reviewed all Infectious Disease Department medical records for a list of all patients who developed a NI after 48 hours of admission to the hospital. The diagnosis of NI had been formulated by clinicians on the basis of clinical, radiological and microbiological findings. Results: We found an increase in certain types of NIs, and stability in the infection rate for many other organisms, which may be due to improved infection control practices during COVID. This information will lead to a better understanding of infection control practices in the future, and will better guide clinical decision making. Conclusion: The strict and proper implementation of infection control protocols during the COVID-19 outbreak has reduced the rate of NIs. It has been evident that NIs can be minimized by creating a positive attitude, improving awareness and staff hygiene practices and behaviours, and the provision of facilities to comply with the of infection control protocols' standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal of considerable toxicity with destructive impacts on plants, microbes and environments. Its toxicity is due to mishandling and manual hazards in plants and is primarily observed within the soil to cause decline of plants and microbial activity inside the rhizosphere. Cadmium accumulation in crops and the probability of Cd entering the food chain are grave for public health in the worldwide. Cadmium toxicity leads to depletion in seed germination, initial seedling growth, plant biomass, chlorosis, necrosis, hindrance of photosynthetic machinery and other physiological and biological activities in plants. Cadmium triggers the reactive oxygen species (ROS) that influences gene mutation and DNA damage that affects the cell cycle and cell division. Cd toxicity altered the levels of phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, glycine betaine, proline and organic acids in crops. Under stress conditions, the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have various properties such as enzymatic activities, plant growth hormones production, phosphate solubilization, siderophores production and chelating agents that help the plants tolerate against Cd stress and also increase phenolic compound levels and osmolytes. Hence, this review highlights the crucial role of cadmium tolerant PGPR for crop production, declining metal phytoavailability and enhancing morphological and physiological boundaries of plants under stress conditions. It could be an environment friendly and cost effective technology under sustainable crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine similar and differential effects of two senolytic treatments, ABT‐263 and dasatinib + quercetin (D + Q), in preserving cognition, markers of peripheral senescence, and markers of brain aging thought to underlie cognitive decline. Male F344 rats were treated from 12 to 18 months of age with D + Q, ABT‐263, or vehicle, and were compared to young (6 months). Both senolytic treatments rescued memory, preserved the blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity, and prevented the age‐related decline in hippocampal N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function associated with impaired cognition. Senolytic treatments decreased senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in the plasma (IL‐1β, IP‐10, and RANTES), with some markers more responsive to D + Q (TNFα) or ABT‐263 (IFNγ, leptin, EGF). ABT‐263 was more effective in decreasing senescence genes in the spleen. Both senolytic treatments decreased the expression of immune response and oxidative stress genes and increased the expression of synaptic genes in the dentate gyrus (DG). However, D + Q influenced twice as many genes as ABT‐263. Relative to D + Q, the ABT‐263 group exhibited increased expression of DG genes linked to cell death and negative regulation of apoptosis and microglial cell activation. Furthermore, D + Q was more effective at decreasing morphological markers of microglial activation. The results indicate that preserved cognition was associated with the removal of peripheral senescent cells, decreasing systemic inflammation that normally drives neuroinflammation, BBB breakdown, and impaired synaptic function. Dissimilarities associated with brain transcription indicate divergence in central mechanisms, possibly due to differential access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]