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18. Childbearing Across Immigrants and Their Descendants in Sweden : The Role of Generation and Gender

Author

Hohn, Andreas, Kulu, Hill, Andersson, Gunnar, Campbell, Brad, Hohn, Andreas, Kulu, Hill, Andersson, Gunnar, and Campbell, Brad

Abstract

Immigrants and their descendants increasingly shape fertility patterns in European societies. While childbearing among immigrants is well explored, less is known with respect to their descendants. Using Swedish register data, we studied differences in fertility outcomes between first- and second-generation individuals in Sweden and compared with the native Swedish population. We studied men and women separately, distinguished between high- and low-fertility backgrounds, and differentiated whether the descendants of immigrants were offspring from endogamous or exogamous relationships. For most migrants who arrived in Sweden as adults, we found elevated first birth rates shortly after arrival. First birth rates among the second generation were generally close to but lower than the rates observed among native Swedes. Male offspring from exogamous unions with a Swedish-born mother tended to have less depressed rates of first birth than other second-generation individuals. Second birth rates were very similar across population subgroups but generally lower among immigrants and their descendants compared to native Swedes. Third birth rates were often polarized into high- and low-fertility backgrounds, when compared to native Swedes. While fertility patterns among the second generation appeared to drift away from patterns of the first generation, the second generation remained a heterogeneous population subgroup. Nevertheless, and as childbearing patterns of the descendants with one immigrant parent increasingly resembled patterns of native Swedes, exogamous partnerships can likely be considered an important factor behind this gradual family-demographic assimilation process.

Published
2024
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21. Family trajectories among immigrants and their descendants in three European countries: A multistate approach in comparative research.

Author

Kulu, Hill, Mikolai, Julia, Delaporte, Isaure, Liu, Chia, and Andersson, Gunnar

Subjects
*MARRIAGE, *COMPARATIVE method, *IMMIGRANTS, *FERTILITY, *DATA analysis, *UNMARRIED couples
Abstract

This study investigates partnership changes and childbearing among immigrants and their descendants in the UK, France, and Germany. Our analysis of longitudinal data shows, first, significant diversity in family trajectories among immigrants and their descendants in Europe. Immigrants from other European countries and their descendants tend to cohabit prior to marriage, and their fertility in unions is often similar to that of the native population. In contrast, South Asians and Turkish populations exhibit marriage-centred family behaviour with elevated third-birth rates. Individuals of sub-Saharan African or Caribbean origin display higher rates of non-marital family transitions. Second, we observe some changes in partnership and childbearing patterns across migrant generations; these are stronger for fertility than for partnership patterns. Third, migration background is particularly associated with partnership patterns, whereas the destination country context influences childbearing patterns. We expect some patterns to persist across future migrant generations (e.g. preference for marriage vs cohabitation), whereas others are likely to vanish (e.g. large families). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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29. Cognitive impairment and partnership status in the United States, 1998–2016, by sex, race/ethnicity, and education.

Author

Sharma, Shubhankar, Hale, Jo Mhairi, Myrskylä, Mikko, and Kulu, Hill

Subjects
RACE, COGNITION disorders, WHITE women, SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors, HEALTH expectancy, CAREGIVERS
Abstract

Cognitively impaired adults without a partner are highly disadvantaged, as partners constitute an important source of caregiving and emotional support. With the application of innovative multistate models to the Health and Retirement Study, this paper is the first to estimate joint expectancies of cognitive and partnership status at age 50 by sex, race/ethnicity, and education in the United States. We find that women live a decade longer unpartnered than men. Women are also disadvantaged as they experience three more years as both cognitively impaired and unpartnered than men. Black women live over twice as long as cognitively impaired and unpartnered compared with White women. Lower-educated men and women live around three and five years longer, respectively, as cognitively impaired and unpartnered than more highly educated men and women. This study addresses a novel facet of partnership and cognitive status dynamics and examines their variations by key socio-demographic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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44. Partnership and fertility trajectories of immigrants and descendants in the United Kingdom: A multilevel multistate event history approach

Author

Mikolai, Júlia, Kulu, Hill, European Research Council, University of St Andrews. School of Geography & Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews. Population and Health Research, University of St Andrews. Geographies of Sustainability, Society, Inequalities and Possibilities, and University of St Andrews. Sir James Mackenzie Institute for Early Diagnosis

Subjects
Partnerships, History, Fertility, Multistate event history analysis, Immigrants, MCP, Descendants, GF Human ecology. Anthropogeography, 3rd-DAS, GF, United Kingdom, Demography
Abstract

This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 834103). We study the interrelationships between partnership and fertility trajectories of immigrant women and female descendants of immigrants using the UK Household Longitudinal Study. We propose a novel multistate event history approach to analyse the outcomes of unpartnered, cohabiting, and married women. We find that the partnership and fertility behaviours of immigrants and descendants from European and Western countries are similar to those of native women: many cohabit first and then have children and/or marry. Those from countries with conservative family behaviours (e.g. South Asian countries) marry first and then have children. Women from the Caribbean show the weakest link between partnership changes and fertility: some have births outside unions; some form a union and have children thereafter. Family patterns have remained relatively stable across migrant generations and birth cohorts, although marriage is being postponed in all groups. Our findings on immigrants support the socialization hypothesis, whereas those on descendants are in line with the minority subculture hypothesis. Publisher PDF

Published
2022

46. Competing family pathways for immigrants and their descendants in Germany

Author

Liu, Chia, Kulu, Hill, European Research Council, University of St Andrews. Population and Health Research, University of St Andrews. School of Geography & Sustainable Development, and University of St Andrews. Sir James Mackenzie Institute for Early Diagnosis

Subjects
DD Germany, MCP, Family, Cohabitation, DAS, GF Human ecology. Anthropogeography, DD, GF, Immigrant
Abstract

Funding: H2020 European Research Council (MigrantLife, 834103). Immigrants bring contemporary demographic changes to the destination country through their contributions to diversity, and future population. In this study, we examine the partnership and fertility trajectories for individuals with Turkish, Russian, Kazak, Polish, and Southern European backgrounds born between 1970 and 1999. We adopt a life course perspective using event history techniques on retrospective partnership and birth histories of the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) Survey. By treating first entrance into cohabitation, marriage, and parenthood as competing events, we illuminate not only the differences in family ideologies between natives and immigrants but also highlight the heterogeneity among immigrant origin groups and generations in family formation pathways. Convergence with natives occurs at different paces for immigrant groups. Controlling cohort effects and socioeconomic conditions, individuals with Turkish background stand out with an earlier and higher level of entrance into marriage and parenthood, with only modest changes across birth cohorts and migrant generations. The risk of nonmarital or pre-marital childbearing is lower for non-European immigrants than for German natives. Marriage remains an important institution to individuals of some immigrant backgrounds, despite global trends in the rise of cohabitation and nonmarital childbearing in recent years. This work serves to highlight the diversification of family types in a leading migration country. Publisher PDF

Published
2023

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