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As trophic organisms, nematodes play an essential role in the soil environment: they mineralize nutrients into plant-available forms, are a food source for other soil organisms, and feed on pathogenic organisms and plant pests, therefore regulating populations of soil microorganisms. The plant-parasitic nematodes are important pests of crops. Nanoparticles (NP) are increasingly used in agriculture and other production sectors. They are present in the soil, not necessarily in trace amounts, and can affect various soil organisms, including nematodes. In this article, the effects of silver (Ag), gold (Au), and platinum (Pt) nanoparticles on the mortality and reproduction activity of selected nematode species from two trophic groups: entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema feltiae) and plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) (Xiphinema diversicaudatum, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Heterodera schachtii) were studied under laboratory conditions. All nanoparticles decreased the nematode population to an extent depending on the nematode species, nanoparticle type, and exposure time. AgNP had the greatest nematicidal effect, except for AuNP, which reduced the population of H. schachtii the most. The greatest sensitivity to AgNP was observed in X. diversicaudatum (100% mortality), D. dipsaci (90% mortality), and 37 to 13% mortality in other species. Effect of AuNP and PtNP on entomopathogenic nematodes was comparable to the control, not treated with nanoparticles. AuNP and PtNP similarly influenced nematode mortality. However, the effect of nanoparticles on new generations of entomopathogenic nematodes developing in host larvae Galleria mellonella was inconclusive. All nanoparticles decreased the number of larvae of S. feltiae and increased the number of H. bacteriophora migrating outside the cadavers compared to the control.

Riboflavin is built on an isoalloxazin ring, which contains three sixcarbon rings: benzoic, pyrazine and pyrimidine. Riboflavin is synthesized by some bacteria, but among humans and animals, the only source of flavin coenzymes (FAD, FMN) is exogenous riboflavin. Riboflavin transport in enterocytes takes place via three translocators encoded by the SLC52 gene. Deficiency of dietary riboflavin has wide ranging implications for the efficacy of other vitamins, the mechanism of cellular respiration, lactic acid metabolism, hemoglobin, nucleotides and amino acid synthesis. In studies it was found that, pharmacologic daily doses (100 mg) have the potential to react with light, which can have adverse cellular effects. Extrene caution should be exercised when using riboflavin as phototherapy in premature newborns. At the cellular level, riboflavin deficiency leads to increased oxidative stress and causes disorders in the glutathione recycling process. Risk factors for developing riboflavin deficinecy include pregnancy, malnutrition (including anorexia and other eating disorders, vegitarianism, veganism and alcoholism. Furthermore, elderly people and atheletes are also at risk of developing this deficiency. Widespread use of riboflavin in medicine, cancer therapy, treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, corneal ectasia and viral infections has resulted in the recent increased interest in this flavina.

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of jasmonic acid added to culture medium on the growth of plants and antioxidant properties of dry plant material, as well as on the antimicrobial properties of essential oils produced by the narrow-leaved lavender. For plant propagation, MS media supplemented with JA at concentrations of 0.2-1.5 mg dm−3 were used. The use of the lower JA concentrations did not influenced the growth parameters measured, whereas at the higher concentrations (1 and 1.5 mg dm−3) JA caused growth inhibition and a decrease in plant weight. With increasing JA concentration, the number of secretory trichomes decreased. Addition of 0.5 mg dm−3 JA caused an increase in secretory trichome diameter on both the adaxial and abaxial surface of leaves (83.3 and 73.2 μm, respectively). The antioxidant activity of the lavender plants propagated on media with the addition of JA (regardless of the concentration used) was higher than that of the control plants. The plants from JA-supplemented media were used to isolate essential oils, the antimicrobial activity of which was tested using the disc diffusion method at the concentrations of 10 and 50%. All the oils tested exhibited activity towards Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans. The essential oils isolated from the plants propagated on the medium with 1 mg dm−3 JA were characterized by the highest antimicrobial activity against the majority of the tested microorganisms.

In the study, micropropagation of three varieties of Lavandula angustifolia was developed, and the appearance of trichomes, antioxidant activity of extracts and antimicrobial activity of essential oils isolated from plants growing in field conditions and in vitro cultures were compared. The study evaluated the number of shoots, and the height and weight of the plants grown on media with additions of BAP, KIN and 2iP. The greatest height was attained by the lavenders growing on MS medium with the addition of 1 mg dm-3 2iP - ‘Ellagance Purple’. The greatest number of shoots was developed by the ‘Ellagance Purple’ and ‘Munstead’ plants growing on the medium with 2 mg dm-3 BAP. The highest weight was attained by the plants growing on the medium with the highest concentration of BAP - 3 and 5 mg dm-3. Moreover, the present study determined the influence of media with the addition of different concentrations of IBA and media with a variable mineral composition (½, ¼, and complete composition of MS medium) and with the addition of IBA or NAA for rooting. The majority of the media used had a positive influence on the development of the root system. The longest root system was observed in ‘Ellagance Purple’ growing on the medium composed of ¼ MS with 0.2 mg dm-3 NAA. All the examined oils exhibited activity towards S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and C. albicans. The majority of the essential oils isolated from the plants propagated in vitro exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity than the field-grown plants. The plants propagated under in vitro conditions demonstrated considerably higher antioxidant activity as compared with the field-grown plants, which was determined using the DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assay.

The aim of this study was to develop methods for the in vitro propagation of Zantedeschia rehmannii. Zantedeschia rehmannii tuber fragments (1 cm2) containing eyes were soaked for 30 s in a solution containing 100 mg dm−3 L-ascorbic acid (AA) before transfer to culture vessels containing an MS medium supplemented with BAP (0 to 3 mg dm−3). Cultures were maintained in darkness. Soaking explants in an L-ascorbic acid solution improved the establishment of explants. Culture initiation should be conducted on media supplemented with 3 mg dm−3 BAP. On a multiplication stage, adventitious shoots were placed on MS media supplemented with cytokinin: BAP (0.5 to 5 mg dm−3), KIN (0.5 to 5 mg dm−3), TDZ (0.1 to 1 mg dm−3) and 2iP (2.5 to 15 mg dm−3) or BAP (0.5 to 7.5 mg dm−3) with IAA (0.5 to 2 mg dm−3). The highest coefficient of multiplication for Zantedeschia was obtained on the medium with the addition of 2.5 mg dm−3 BAP, which positively affected the shoot length (3.41 cm) and the number of adventitious shoots (4.13). Rooting took place on media supplemented with IBA, IAA and NAA at a concentration of 0.1 to 2 mg dm−3. The most numerous and the longest roots were found in plants placed on a medium with the addition of 0.1 mg dm−3 IBA.

The aim of this study was an attempt to determine the influence of PGRs - auxins, cytokinins and gibberellic acid - on the flowering and morphogenesis of ‘Flash Red’ Petunia × atkinsiana D. Don in vitro. The best results at the propagation stage were obtained on an MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg dm-3 GA3. The petunia plants propagated under these conditions developed high main shoots and a large number of leaves and adventitious shoots. The plants with the best-developed root system were regenerated on an MS medium supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0 mg dm-3 IAA. Flowering initiation should be performed using an MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg dm-3 KIN.

A micropropagation protocol for growing Clematis 'Warszawska Nike' was developed. The MS medium supplemented with 1 mg∙dm−3 BAP showed good results in the case of microshoot initiation (80%). The addition of BAP to the medium at higher concentrations resulted in the formation of a large amount of callus tissue at the base of the explant. Of the explants growing on the medium with the lowest cytokinin concentration, 8% flowered. Very quickly, after just 14 days, the explants began to die: some of the leaves that developed in in vitro cultures began to turn yellow and wither. The propagation of shoots was performed in two steps. In the first step, cytokinin BAP and Kin in various concentrations (0.5–2 mg∙dm−3) were added to the MS medium. In the second step, MS medium with the combinations of BAP (0.5 and 1 mg∙dm−3) with IAA or GA3 (1 and 2 mg∙dm−3) was used. The MS medium with 0.5 mg∙dm−3 BAP and 2 mg∙dm−3 GA3 was the best medium for the multiplication stage of clematis. Plants growing on this medium had the largest number of leaves, shoots, and internodes, and were also heavier compared to plants propagated on other media. The proliferated clematis explants were rooted on MS medium with the addition of IAA or IBA in different concentrations (0.5 to 4 mg∙dm−3). Of the concentrations tested, 0.5 mg∙dm−3 IAA was the most effective one for in vitro root induction. The highest percentage of acclimatized plants (75%) was observed when the shoots were rooted on MS medium with 0.5 mg∙dm−3 IAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis Agricultura Alimentaria Piscaria et Zootechnica is the property of West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis Agricultura Alimentaria Piscaria et Zootechnica is the property of West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis Agricultura Alimentaria Piscaria et Zootechnica is the property of West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis Agricultura Alimentaria Piscaria et Zootechnica is the property of West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Folia Horticulturae is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of conducted studies was to determine genetic and morphological variability of selected Davidia involucrata specimens from Western Pomerania and Berlin using ISSR-PCR technique. The studies were carried out on the Davidia involucrata var. vilmoriniana growing in Germany in the Botanical Garden in Berlin-Dahlem and in Poland, in Pomerania: in the Dendrological Garden in Przelewice, Glinna and Central Cemetary in Szczecin. ISSR technique made it possible to determine genetic variability of the examined specimens. This was done by means of 6 out of 30 ISSR primers used in the experiment. Six primers (802, 807, 810, 819, 839, 840) generated in PCR reactions 64 amplicons, of which: 11 were monomorphic, 31 - polymorphic and 12 - genotype-specific. On average 1 primer generated 10 amplicons which ranged from 2550 to 270 bp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calycanthus fertilis Walt. is a shrub belonging to the family Calycanthaceae, has great potential as ornamental. In the literature there are no reports on method propagation of this shrub in in vitro cultures. Therefore, the aim of this study was a development of the method micropropagation of Calycanthus fertilis Walter. Shoot explants of the size 1 cm, with an apex or node with lateral meristems were placed on the media with mineral composition according to MS and WPM supplemented with BAP (from 0.5 to 2.0 mg·dm-3) and TDZ (from 0.1 to 0.5 mg·dm-3). BAP turned out to significantly increase initiation frequency whereas TDZ inhibited the formation of adventitious shoots and caused explant death. The highest percentage of initiated explants were found in shoot fragments placed on WPM medium supplemented with 1.0 mg·dm-3 BAP. Primary explants which initiated growth were transferredon the proliferation media containing WPM macro- and microelement, with the addition of different cytokinin: BAP (from 0.5 to 2.5 mg·dm-3), KIN (1.0 to 5.0 mg·dm-3) or TDZ (from 0.1 to 0.5 mg·dm-3). Calycanthus multiplication in vitro should be conducted on WPM media with 1.0 mg·dm-3 BAP. Proliferated shoots were placed on the WPM rooting medium supplemented with auxins: IBA, IAA or NAA at the concentration from 0.1 to 2.0 mg·dm-3. Maximum rooting was obtained on WPM medium supplemented with 0.5 mg·dm-3 IBA. To sum up, it should be stated that an efficient method of micropropagation of Calycanthus fertilis Walt. has been developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observations of Japanese pagoda trees indicate that they undergo a full cycle of vegetative and generative development without self-renovation. The aim of this study was to obtain a successive media protocol propagation of Japanese pagoda tree by in vitro cultures. The effects of growth regulators were studied with reference to primary regeneration, shoot multiplication and rooting. As explants source were used the part of shoot of 90-year-old tree. Explants were placed on MS (Murashige and Skoog 1962) basal medium with the addition of 6-benzylaminopurine - BAP (1.0-2.0 mg·dm-3), thidiazuron - TDZ (0.1-0.3 mg·dm-3) and indole-3-acetic acid - IAA (0.5-1.0 mg·dm-3). BAP was the growth regulator which significantly increased shoot regeneration on initial explants. TDZ in turn, inhibited the formation of adventitious shoots and caused the explants which had been placed on the medium to die. The multiplication of the Japanese pagoda tree by in vitro cultures should be conducted on MS media with the addition of 0.5 mg·dm-3 BAP, and they should be rooted on media with the addition of 0.3 mg·dm-3 indole-3-butyric acid - IBA. It seems, that devising an efficient method of Japanese pagoda tree micropropagation is realistic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catharanthus roseus (periwinkle) is a medicinal plant commonly known for its wide biological activity. In many countries different parts of this plant are used for the treatment of diabetes, hypertension and for menstrual regulation. Due to the ability of production of alkaloids, which can be applied in cancer therapy, is still extensively investigated. Two, the most valuable alkaloids (vincristine and vinblastine) are present in C. roseus in very low concentrations. Micropropagation is promising technique used to enhance the level of important secondary metabolites. The main objective of present study was alkaloids extraction from plants cultivated conventionally and derived from in vitro cultures. In this order the aerial parts of periwinkle were extracted with 96% ethanol at room temperature (method I) and heated with 96% ethanol at 55 °C for 90 minutes (method II). The obtained mixtures of different indole alkaloids were analyzed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Analysis revealed the presence of 15 alkaloids, among which vindoline, vindorosine, isovindolinine and ajmalicine were the most abundant. The obtained results indicated that the propagation method had a significant effect on the percentage content of alkaloids in C. roseus herb. Plants derived from in vitro cultures were richer in vindorosine and vindoline, while conventionally cultivated - in tetrahydroalstonine and ajmalicine. Moreover, in case of isovindolinine, vindolinine and ajmalicine, extraction at 55 °C was more effective, while for pericyclivine - maceration at room temperature. Interestingly, the pericyclivine was not detected in the mixture of alkaloids obtained from periwinkle herb by the extraction at 55 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]