Search

Tässä raportissa esitetään keskeiset tulokset Tampereen yliopiston (TAU), VTT:n ja Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulun (TAMK) yhteistyönä toteuttamasta ProCemPlus (Prosumer Centric Energy Communities towards Energy Ecosystem) tutkimusprojektikokonaisuudesta. TAU:n osalta projektin toteutukseen on osallistunut tutkimusryhmiä kolmen eri tiedekunnan neljästä eri yksiköstä; Sähkötekniikasta, Tietotekniikasta, Automaatio- ja konetekniikasta sekä Tuotantotaloudesta. Hankkeen toteutus on edellyttänyt poikkitieteellistä lähestymistapaa, jossa yhdistyy hajautettujen resurssien ja sähköjärjestelmän teknistaloudellinen hallinta, tietotekniikan mahdollistamat uudet toiminnallisuudet, resurssien optimaalinen käyttö eri toimijoiden näkökulmasta sekä uudet liiketoimintamallit ja ekosysteemit. Projektin keskeisenä tavoitteena on ollut tarkastella yksittäisten energiayhteisöjen muotoutumista laajemmiksi liiketoimintalähtöisiksi energiaekosysteemeiksi energiayhteisöjen kehitykseen liittyvien teemojen ja konkreettisten pilottikohteiden kautta, joiden toteutukseen yritykset ovat osallistuvat omilla tuotekehityshankkeillaan ja jotka ovat tarjonneet tutkimusaineistoa julkisen tutkimushankkeen tutkimuskysymyksille. Tutkimusprojekti on muodostunut laajempien tutkimusteemojen ympärille rakentuneista työpaketeista. Tutkimusteemoja ovat olleet: • Asiakas osana energiayhteisöä • Liiketoimintamallit ja regulaatio • Digitalisaatio ja tietotekniset alustat • Energiateknologiat ja –resurssit sekä niiden hallinta

publishedVersion

publishedVersion

The paper summarizes the qualitative analysis of stakeholder interactions and coordination concepts in respect to four major congestion management solutions of distribution system operators. Benefits and drawbacks of congestion management solutions and interactions are analysed from holistic system perspective and concluded to understand the overall state-of-the-art and development needs. The key result of the analysis is that the winning approach for DSO CM includes all four CM solutions, and the next step is to incorporate technical active network management as novel operation tools for congestion management.

Energy systems are in a major process of transition from both technology and business perspective. The amount of distributed generation is increasing, load profiles are changing and new types of controllable and uncontrollable resources are being connected to the system (e.g. storage units, electric vehicles). In general, these resources are called distributed energy resources (DERs). The role of microgrids, energy communities and aggregators (virtual power plants) is being particularly emphasized in the electrical system because they create an opportunity for new kind of flexibility provided by DERs, but also introduce new challenges to energy system management. Business potential of intelligent energy solutions is enormous but there are still major barriers that block most of the novel business opportunities in the present energy system. One of the most significant technical barrier is the lack of widely accepted interoperable information exchange solution (data model and interfaces) that is easily accessible and fulfills business needs by all parties dealing with the energy system.HEILA project aims to define, implement and demonstrate an integrated business platform of DERs for information exchange between energy market participants. The first implementation of such a platform will be realized during the project to integrate smart grid demonstrations in Finland to develop, test, pilot and finally also commercialize new smart energy system functionalities consisting of interactions and impacts of multiple participants. Development of such a system begins as a national smart grid demonstration platform in Finland but will be designed to support Europe wide deployment of the system.

Microgrids are considered as one of the most promising directions for the future of power systems. A major point in the characterization of a Microgrid is its ability to operate isolated from the main grid (islanded mode). However, the management strategy to allow such operation still poses a significant challenge in the implementation of these systems. The focus of this work is the behaviour of the distribution grid of a large-scale residential building during grid-connected and islanded modes, especially in terms of the control strategy to maintain a stable and uninterrupted supply of electricity.We developed aplatform for simulating a DC Microgrid’s (DCMG) long-term operation using a PSCAD model. This model allows for the simulation of a residential DCMG, targeting its energy management to maintain power balance under various conditions, including during islanded operation. This work discusses the control strategy used to maintain the voltage level at the distribution bus within a 5% limit of it’s rated value. For a theoretical building, the model yielded 2 hours of unlimited supply, and extra 4 hours of critical-load only. The results indicates that the proposed control strategy allows for adequate independence and stable operation during loss of grid connection.

Since 2014, the European Union’s strategy is clearly formulated: we need to drive a clean, secure and efficient energy transition to face climate and energy challenges. It is reinforced by the strong commitment of the European Union to the 2015 Paris Agreement. Therefore, in November 2016, the Commission proposed an ambitious “Clean Energy for All Europeans” package. Therein, all relevant meetings, summits and measures started from a simple observation: “It is in everyone’s long-term interest to have a rapid and orderly transition towards a cleaner, more sustainable and less carbon intensive energy future.” However, this apparently simple observation requires us to consider numerous challenges: i) Moving towards a low carbon energy sector; ii) Creating a pan European integrated energy system and iii) Mobilizing public and private sectors by iv) Maintaining and extending Europe’s industrial leadership. The European Commission is working on the long-term vision where all these multidimensional challenges would be addressed by a single coherent plan.This paper describes the Vision 2050, as elaborated by the European Technology and Innovation Platform of Smart Networks for Energy Transition (ETIP SNET), which gathered research and industry experts, European and National public authorities, European associations and other relevant actors from the energy sector to tackle the key aspects of this very complex challenge.

While the number of building integrated renewable generation and battery systems is increasing, still a significant portion of the residential loads are AC. This makes for a hybrid system with both AC and DC components, which requires the installation of interface converters in multiple points of the building’s electricity distribution.The aim of this study is to discuss the implementation of a DC Microgrid in a large-scale residential building, with a specific focus on the distribution topology and placement of the current converters. We offer an overview of different distribution topologies for high-rise buildings and discuss the development of a generic model to allow the simulation of the most effective topology for efficiency and operation. The simulations performed with this model found the best topology for a DC Microgrid to be an Individual Floor Supply with interfaces connected per floor.

In this paper, the control and protection of a residential direct current (DC) microgrid (MG) is studied. Of particular interest is an ungrounded building grid, which is also galvanically connected to the supplying lowvoltage DC (LVDC) grid. The paper introduces a control strategy for the MG and analyses different faults with PSCAD simulations. A possible protection scheme for the grid is proposed.

In its Research and Innovation Roadmap, targeting a 10-year period from 2017 to 2026, the European Technology and Innovation Platform for Smart Networks for the Energy Transition (ETIP SNET) defines long-term priorities for investment in Research and Innovation (R&I) activities within the European energy sector.Priorities are established having in mind the EU energy strategy and the expected future challenges of different stakeholders in the energy value chain. Complementarily, the ETIP SNET prioritizes the R&I activities with an Implementation Plan (IP), based on the R&I Roadmap, for the short-term, in which a 3-year period, from 2017 to 2020, is considered.

Direct current (DC) grids have potential to improve the energy efficiency of residential buildings but general guidelines and established practices are yet missing for the residential DC grid implementations. Thus, this paper studies potential customer grid topologies in lowvoltage DC (LVDC) grid and defines a customer interface for a DC customer. The defined interface together with the grid topologies help in understanding the different aspects of connecting a customer to an LVDC grid, which is the main outcome of the study.

Overview of the ERIGrid validation and testing services during the poster session of the 8th International Conference on Integration of Renewable and Distributed Energy Resources (IRED), Vienna, Austria.

The structure and control methods of existing distribution networks are planned assuming unidirectional power flows. The amount of generation connected to distribution networks is, however, constantly increasing which changes the operational and planning principles of distribution networks radically. Distributed generation (DG) affects power flows and fault currents in the distribution network and its effect on network operation can be positive or negative depending on the size, type, location and time variation of the generator. In weak distribution networks, voltage rise is usually the factor that limits the network’s hosting capacity for DG. At present, voltage rise is usually mitigated either by increasing the conductor size or by connecting the generator to a dedicated feeder. These passive approaches maintain the current network operational principles but can lead to high DG connection costs. The voltage rise can be mitigated also using active voltage control methods that change the operational principles of the network radically but can, in many cases, lead to significantly smaller total costs of the distribution network than the passive approach. The active voltage control methods can utilize active resources such as DG in their control and also the control principles of existing voltage control equipment such as the main transformer tap changer can be altered. Although active voltage control can often decrease the distribution network total costs and its effect on voltage quality can also be positive, the number of real distribution network implementations is still very low and the distribution network operators (DNOs) do not consider active voltage control as a real option in distribution network planning. Some work is, hence, still needed to enable widespread utilization of active voltage control. This thesis aims at overcoming some of the barriers that are, at present, preventing active voltage control from becoming business as usual for the DNOs. In this thesis, active voltage control methods that can be easily implemented to real distribution networks are developed. The developed methods are, at first, tested using time domain simulations. Operation of one coordinated voltage control (CVC) method is tested also using real time simulations and finally a real distribution network demonstration is conducted. The conducted simulations and demonstrations verify that the developed voltage control methods can be implemented relatively easily and that they are able to keep all network voltages between acceptable limits as long as an adequate amount of controllable resources is available. The developed methods control the substation voltage based on voltages in the whole distribution network and also reactive and real powers of distributed energy resources (DERs) are utilized in some of the developed CVC methods. All types of DERs capable of reactive or real power control can be utilized in the control. The distribution network planning tools and procedures used currently are not capable of taking active voltage control into account. DG interconnection planning is based only on two extreme loading conditions (maximum generation/minimum load and minimum generation/maximum load) and network effects and costs of alternative voltage control methods cannot be compared. In this thesis, the distribution network planning procedure is developed to enable comparison of different voltage control strategies. The statistical distribution network planning method is introduced and its usage is demonstrated in example cases. In statistical distribution network planning, load flow is calculated for every hour of the year using statistical-based hourly load and production curves. When the outputs of hourly load flows (e.g. annual losses, transmission charges and curtailed generation) are combined with investment costs the total costs of alternative voltage control strategies can be compared and the most cost-effective approach can be selected. The example calculations show that the most suitable voltage control strategy varies depending on the network and DG characteristics. The studies of this thesis aim at making the introduction of active voltage control as easy as possible to the DNOs. The developed CVC methods are such that they can be implemented as a part of the existing distribution management systems and they can utilize the already existing data transfer infrastructure of SCADA. The developed planning procedure can be implemented as a part of the existing network information systems. Hence, the currently used network planning and operational tools do not need to be replaced but only enhanced.

Tutkimus keskittyy leimatun identiteetin ja toiseuden kokemuksiin. Näitä asioita tarkastellaan mielenterveysongelmien sekä asunnottomuuden ja päihdeongelmien suunnasta. Tutkimuksessa käytetään kahdenlaista aineistoa, jotka kummatkin koostuvat omakohtaisista kertomuksista elämästä ja sen kulusta. Yhden osan aineistosta muodostavat Suomen Mielenterveysseuran Kun siivet kantavat kirjoituskilpailuun vuonna 1996 osallistuneet kirjoitukset. Niissä ihmiset kertovat omakohtaisiin kokemuksiin perustuen mielenterveysongelmista ja psyykkisestä sairastamisesta. Tutkimuksessa on mukana 33 kirjoitusta. Toinen osa tutkimusaineistosta koostuu haastatteluista. Ensisijainen haastatteluaineisto on 14 miehen haastattelut, jotka on tehty asunnottomille ja päihdeongelmaisille miehille suunnatussa asuntolassa. Tutkimuksessa käytetään myös naisten asuntolassa ja kriminaalihuoltotyön parissa tehtyjä haastatteluja. Kaikki käytetyt aineistot ovat syntyneet tilanteissa, joissa ihmiset joutuvat usein vahvojen määrittelyjen kohteiksi. Näille määrittelyille on ominaista, että ne ovat ongelmalähtöisesti tehtyjä. Toisin sanoen tällaisen määrittelyn saaneet ihmiset luokitellaan usein kuuluviksi sellaisiin ihmisryhmiin, joihin liitetään sosiaalisia ongelmia ja ennakkokäsityksiä. Aineistoissa tuli selvästi näkyviin, kuinka merkittävässä määrin ihminen rakentaa käsitystä itsestään suhteessa siihen, millaisia määrityksiä hän ulkoapäin saa tai kokee saavansa. Ulkoapäin annetut määritelmät tuovat tullessaan kokemuksia leimatusta identiteetistä. Auttamistyöhön, ja niin myös sosiaalityöhön, liittyy aina asiakkaiden määrittelyä ja kategorisointia. Erityisen haavoittavaksi luokittelun kohteina olevia ihmisiä ajatellen asian tekee kuitenkin se, että sosiaalityön kontekstissa kategoriat ovat usein negatiivisia. Ihmiset, jotka ovat monin tavoin riippuvaisia ammattilaisten ja asiantuntijoiden avusta, eivät voi ohittaa tai suhtautua välinpitämättömästi siihen, kuinka itseä eri ammattilaiset, asiantuntijat ja instituutiot määrittävät. Koska luokitteluilla on todellisia vaikutuksia ihmisten elämään, on tärkeää, että auttamistyön ammattilaiset ovat tietoisia kategorisoinnista ja tunnistavat sen merkitykset. Käytännön työn kannalta kategorisointiin liittyvä tärkeä kysymys on yhtäältä se, onko sosiaalihuollon asiakas tai psyykkisesti sairas -leimalla ja sen tuomilla ennakkokäsityksillä vaikutusta siihen, kuinka ihmistä kohdellaan eri auttamistyön paikoissa. Toisaalta ammattilaisten on tärkeää miettiä, millaista kuvaa he ovat itse rakentamassa asiakkaistaan määritellessään, luokitellessaan ja puhuessaan heistä. Myös ammattilaiset saattavat osaltaan olla mukana leimatun identiteetin rakentumisessa. On tärkeää, että kategorioihin yleisesti liitettäviä ominaisuuksia ja ehkä vakiintuneitakin ennakkokäsityksiä tunnistetaan ja myös kyseenalaistetaan. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tuoda esille vaikeassa asemassa olevien ihmisten kokemuksia. Apua tarvitsevien ihmisten, toisista ihmisistä ja instituutioista riippuvaisten vakavasti ottaminen, heidän oman asiantuntijuutensa ymmärtäminen ja itsemääräämisoikeuden kunnioittaminen, ovat tärkeitä kaikessa auttamistyössä. Omien kokemusten kuuleminen ja ihmisten ottaminen aidosti mukaan itseä koskevien päätösten tekoon on tärkeää. Ammattilaisten ja asiantuntijoiden tieto on merkittävää, mutta on tärkeää myös muistaa ja pitää huolta siitä, ettei ammattilaisten tieto pääse ylivertaiseen asemaan suhteessa ihmisten omiin kokemuksiin. This study examines the construction of an identity by means of personal narratives. In the study, identity is understood as something changing and constructed in interaction. A particular focus is placed on experiences of stigmatised identity and otherness and the meanings assigned to them. These issues are studied from the perspectives of mental health problems, as well as from those of homelessness and substance abuse problems, so that these phenomena provide an important context for the study. The research data clearly shows that the self-concept constructed by an individual is significantly influenced by the definitions s/he is given or experiences as being given from outside. Social constructionism provides an angle for the study in which reality is examined as being socially constructed. This brings in language as an important object of examination. Meanings which can be found in language are used to guide the analysis. Language provides a tool for studying the narrated experiences, using an understanding approach. In addition, the study has been influenced by narrative study and research connected with categories. Two sets of data are used, both of which consist of personal narratives of life and life course. The first set is formed by texts submitted to the contest Kun siivet kantavat [When Wings Carry], arranged by the Finnish Association for Mental Health in 1996. The writers of these texts describe mental health problems and mental illness on the basis of their personal experiences. The second set of research data consists of interviews. The primary interview data includes interviews with 14 men, conducted in a shelter for homeless and substance-abusing men. Additionally, interviews conducted in a women s shelter and in probation work are used. Although the data sets differ from each other in many respects, they also share certain characteristics. Both sets consist of personal narratives by individuals. Both have been created in situations where people are often subjected to strong definitions. Typically, these definitions are based on problems. In other words, people who receive such definitions are often categorised under groups associated with social problems and preconceptions. This starting point invites the individuals to present a narrative of their own outsiderness, otherness and dissimilarity, and also creates the conditions for such narratives. Because of the differences between the data sets, both sets were analysed separately, and five separate articles were written on them. The writings served as the basis of two articles. The first of them focuses on the use of metaphors as a narrative resource in a situation where the writers describe difficult personal experiences associated with mental health problems and mental illness. The article discusses passages in the narratives which describe the self as standing apart and outside, so that one s possibilities are limited by obstacles created by both the self and the outside world. The second article studies the process of dialogue between medical definitions, diagnoses, and the meanings assigned by people themselves to their mental health problems in the construction of identity. Three articles are based on interviews. In the first of these, identity is studied as constructed within clienthood. The interview narratives were strongly permeated by professional definitions and concepts concerning the clients, i.e., those interviewed for this study. The second article based on interviews focuses on the links between shelter clienthood and inability to function as parent. The shelter residents compare their personal parenting modes with the formula story of good parenthood . The third article based on interviews focuses on the fact that an identity constructed in interaction requires other people as a reflective surface. Distinguishing oneself from others and expressing one s own individuality even among other people defined as belonging to the same group is important, particularly when the group is associated with a strongly negative stigma. In the summarising chapter of the study, identity is analysed by means of the concepts of personal and social identity. When presenting narratives of themselves and their personal lives, individuals construct a personal identity. On the other hand, each of us must mirror our personal identity with the identity offered for us from outside. Thus, our personal identity is intertwined with a social identity that links us with a certain group. External definitions bring in conceptions of stigmatised identity. The stigmas come from outside and are associated with negative social identities and categories. In the study, otherness refers to individual experience of dissimilarity, outsiderness, a limited number of choices and opportunities, and inequality. In this study, otherness is an experiential concept which expresses the narrator s relationship to others, and proceeding from that, to broader communities and society, both of which ultimately consist of others. Categories are involved in experiences of stigmatised identity. Since categorisations have real effects on people s lives, it is important that helping professionals are aware of categorisation and understand its meanings. Social work is always linked with categorisation. However, thinking of the persons categorised, the phenomenon is particularly hurtful because in the social work context, categories are often negative.