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To evaluate efficacy and tolerability of telmisartan, an angiotensim II receptor blocker, in reducing microalbuminuria in adult Indian hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a prospective, open-label, non-comparative, assessor-blind, multicentric, pilot study was conducted in 60 eligible hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria after obtaining their informed consent. The study was approved by the respective institutional review boards. Each patient received telmisartan 40 mg initially once daily for first 4 weeks which was titrated upwards to 80 mg once daily for the next 8 weeks. Blood pressure was assessed at the end of every 2 weeks and urinary albumin excretion and creatinine clearance were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks of therapy. Safety outcome measures included monitoring of physical examination, laboratory parameters and monitoring treatment-emergent adverse events. Fifty-five patients completed the study while 5 cases were lost to follow-up. The mean age of the patients was 48.27 years. Of the total patients 63.6% were males and 46.4% were females. At baseline the mean urinary albumin excretion rate was 131.81 +/- 38.82 mg/minute. A statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduction (32.96%) in urinary albumin excretion rate occurred after 12 weeks of therapy (118.36 +/- 37.22). The mean pre-study systolic blood pressure was 165.05 +/- 15.24 mmHg which was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced to 123.72 +/- 5.88 mmHg at the end of 12 weeks. At baseline the mean diastolic blood pressure was 103.55 +/- 9.84 mmHg which was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced to 84.71 +/- 8.54 mmHg. The JNC-VII goal of blood pressure below 130/80 was achieved in 34 (61.8%)of the 55 patients at the end of 12 weeks. Both fasting and postprandial blood sugar levels were well-controlled at the end of the study. Telmisartan was well tolerated with only 9.09% of the patients reported mild and transient adverse events like fatigue, dizziness, nausea and diarrhoea. No abnormalities were detected in the laboratory parameters. The results of this pilot study indicate that telmisartan is effective, safe and well tolerated while reducing microalbuminuria in adult Indian hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Various bacterial and fungal infections associated with non-healing ulcers in cases of leprosy have been reported (G Ebenzer et al, 2000, Rama Ramani et al, 1990). There are no reports of mycetoma associated with leprosy patients in the literature. We report here a case of actinomycotic mycetoma due to Nocardia brasiliensis associated with the non-healing plantar ulcer of a leprosy patient.

Histomorphology of liver is studied in six species of teleost viz., Heteropneustes fossilis, Clarias batrachus, Puntius ticto, Danio malabaricus, Nandus nandus, Chana punctatus. The liver is a bilobed structure usually reddish brown in colour. There are accessory liver lobes in H. fossolis and C. batrachus. The histological examination shows compact mass of oval or polygonel hepatocytes, blood sinusoids and reticuloendothelial cells. In addition several patches of pigmented hepatocytes are also noticed. After partial hepatectomy the changes in liver structure are shrunken nature of hepatocytes, enlarged blood vessels and accumulation of lymphocytes near the cut portion. After biliary obstruction with the help of ligation of bile duct hepatocytes become turgid in appearance within seven days. There is fibrosis of blood vessels as well as bile spaces. The turgidity of hepatocytes increases fifteen days after the ligation so much so that some of them show necrotic appearance. There are numerous bile thrombi noticed after biliary obstruction.