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Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) gained tremendous growth and are rapidly becoming popular in various fields of prediction due to their potential abilities, accuracy, and speed. Machine learning algorithms employ historical data to analyze or predict information using patterns or trends. AI and ML were most employed in chromatographic predictions and particularly attractive options for liquid chromatography method development, as they can help achieve desired results faster, more accurately, and more efficiently. This review aims at exploring various AI and ML models employed in the determination of chromatographic characteristics. This review also aims to provide deep insight into reported artificial neural network (ANN) associated techniques which maintained better accuracy and significant possibilities for chromatographic characteristics prediction in liquid chromatography over classical linear models and also emphasizes the integration of a fuzzy system with an ANN, as this integrated study provides more efficient and accurate methods in chromatographic prediction than other linear models. This study also focuses on the retention prediction of a target molecule employing QSRR methodology combined with an ANN, highlighting a more effective technique than the QSRR alone. This approach showed the benefits of combining AI or ML algorithms with the QSRR to obtain more accurate retention predictions, emphasizing the potential of artificial intelligence and machine learning for overcoming adversities in analytical chemistry.

The adoption of this concept has gained higher momentum during and post pandemic as employee wellbeing became the need of the new normal. This complex concept of employee experience and its design is simplified by adoption of the technology. Employee experience is a new concept, and it will coexist with the employee engagement. This paper attempts to provide insights based on literature of research scholars and published books along with the practical experience of the authors of paper. The conceptual model of employee experience along with proposed expectations model of employee experience provides insights to organisations to arrive at appropriate employee experience design for their employees. Our conclusion is both employer and employee have expectations of the experience at the workplace and off the workplace and implementing EX strategy - one that considers employee perceptions, workplace variables, drivers of retention and employer brand, is necessary for consumer-style approach to HR.

Respiratory disorders consistently rank among the top three causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide, impacting various aspects of pulmonary function and compromising the lungs' physiological ability. A plethora of treatments are available, but most of them are symptomatic, necessitating a focus on addressing the root cause of diseases. The advent of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems with therapeutic potential represents a groundbreaking frontier in the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases. These systems, with their limited applications of conventional drug delivery, have consistently proven to be a game-changer. The integration of nanotechnology-based treatments in respiratory medicine presents significant opportunities for a variety of reasons. These range from a targeted delivery approach to enhanced therapeutic efficacy with significantly minimized side effects. Nano-sized drug carriers can deeply infiltrate lung tissues, enabling more efficient targeting of pathogens and the development of innovative treatments such as gene therapies, precise drug delivery systems, and customized vaccinations for respiratory illnesses. Numerous signalling pathways such as MAPK, JNK-STAT, Wnt, cAMP, NF-κB, TLR, TGF-β, PI3K/mTOR and EGFR have a key role in the pathophysiological as well as therapeutic outcomes of respiratory diseases. The convergence of nano-based drugs designed to target specific proteins of these intricate cell signalling pathways implicated in disease progression holds immense potential in enhancing the drug effects by specificity and minimizing the systemic side effects. This review explores the intricate interplay between the nano-based drug delivery and protein signalling pathways involved in the pathogenesis and management of lung diseases. The key advancements and challenges in the field are discussed, highlighting the potential of nanomedicine to redefine the landscape for the management of lung diseases. This will ultimately provide new opportunities for pulmonary clinics and reduce the massive burden that is faced across the globe due to various lung diseases.

Xanthohumol (XH) is a prenylated flavonoid that possesses neuroprotective effects by increasing the levels of dopamine (DA), reducing oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation against Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the neuroprotective efficacy of XH in managing PD is limited by its low solubility, poor bioavailability, and less blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability leading to decreased therapeutic activity. To overcome these limitations, XH-loaded solid dispersion (SD) has been formulated using the Central Composite Design (CCD) approach. The optimized formulation was evaluated by determining the angle of repose, drug loading, percentage drug release, PXRD, DSC, FTIR, and SEM. The results of PXRD, DSC, and SEM demonstrated the formation of SD. The XH-SD showed a 6.45-fold enhancement in dissolution rate, a 12.7-fold increase in Cmax,and 26.11-fold increase in XH's area under curve (AUC) as compared to the naïve XH. In the pharmacokinetic studies, XH-SD showed a 42.20 folds increase in relative bioavailability(0-∞)compared to naïve XH. To assess pharmacodynamic effects, PD was induced using rotenone. The motor and non-motor functions were evaluated by assessing various behavioral parameters such as catalepsy, spontaneous locomotor activity and muscle coordination test. The formulation exhibited dose-dependent effects, with both low and high doses of XH-SD resulting in significant enhancements (P < 0.001) in motor functions in rats induced with PD. Furthermore, biochemical estimations showed that XH-SD at both doses increased the levels of dopamine (DA), and reduced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.

MiR-146a upregulated in limbus vs. central cornea and in diabetic vs. non-diabetic limbus has emerged as an important immune and inflammatory signaling mediator in corneal epithelial wound healing. Our aim was to investigate the potential inflammation-related miR-146a target genes and their roles in normal and impaired diabetic corneal epithelial wound healing.

Pharmaceutical oral dosage forms are tremendously preferred by both consumers as well as pharmaceutical manufacturers owing to the plethora of benefits they offer. Lozenges (LZs) are one of the dosage forms that provide a palatable means of drug administration and have great importance with respect to their pharmaceutical applications. LZs offer additional benefits to pediatric and geriatric patients, along with people having problems associated with the gastro-intestinal tract. Dysphagia is a common problem faced by all age groups, which gives rise to the need for LZs. Moreover, the foremost merit presented by the medicated LZs includes its augmented retention time in the oral cavity that results in an enhanced bioavailability for buccal or upper gastro-intestinal disorders. Further, LZs can also be used to bypass the first-pass effect. The present review covers various aspects of LZs such as formulation, manufacturing techniques, evaluation parameters, marketed products, patents, and a compilation of research work that has been done on lozenges as a delivery system.

Objective: The objective of the current research work was to prepare chewable tablets having Acacia catechu extract useful for mouth ulcers using a 32 factorial design. Methods: Acacia catechu heartwood extract was prepared using a reported method with some modifications. The extract was characterized using TLC against the catechin marker. Then, drug-excipient interaction studies were carried out. The mixture of drug and excipients was evaluated for pre-compression parameters. With the application of 32 factorial design, chewable tablets were prepared using direct compression technique. Prepared tablets were evaluated for post-compression parameters. Results: In vitro drug release study of the developed formulations was investigated both in intact and crushed form of tablets. Based on the in vitro performance, the best formulations were selected (F6, F7 & F8 from intact and F1, F5 & F9 from the crushed group) and subjected to various kinetic models and evaluated for Chewing Difficulty Index (CDI). Conclusion: The overall results revealed that the formulated chewable tablets complied with the standards and exhibited the satisfactory performance in terms of drug release, chewing difficulty index and other related parameters.

Combining complementary nonviral gene delivery vehicles such as tissue engineering scaffolds and liposomes not only is a promising avenue for development of safe and effective gene delivery system but also provides an opportunity to design dynamic extended release systems with spatiotemporal control. However, the DNA loading capacity of scaffolds such as fibrin is limited. Fibrin microspheres carrying DNA complexes can be utilized to extend the capacity of fibrin scaffold. Here, in a proof of concept study, the feasibility of fibrin microspheres for extending gene delivery capacity is described. Toward this goal, fibrin microspheres encapsulating lipoplexes were fabricated. The structural and functional integrity of DNA was assessed respectively by gel electrophoresis and an in vivopilot study, using endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) as a model therapeutic gene in a rabbit ear ulcer model of compromised wound healing. The results confirmed structural integrity and successful delivery and functional integrity, assessed qualitatively by angiogenic effect of eNOS. Finally, as a step toward development of a “fibrin in fibrin” temporal release system, fibrin microspheres were shown to degrade and release DNA differentially compared to fibrin scaffold. It can thus be concluded that fibrin microspheres can be utilized for gene delivery to extend the capacity of a fibrin scaffold and can form a component of a “fibrin in fibrin” temporal release system.

Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke.

Treatment of neurodegenerative disease is entering a new era where direct intracerebral delivery of therapeutic factors aims to restore normality to dysfunctional circuits. Cell-based therapeutic approaches, where virally manipulated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) overexpressing glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are utilized as vehicles to deliver neurotrophic support to the Parkinsonian brain, have shown promising preclinical results at preserving dopaminergic neuron integrity. However, poor cell survival following transplantation will hinder clinical progression. One approach to improve MSCs survival following transplantation is to couple the cell engraftment procedure with a scaffold thereby providing a physical substrate upon which to eventually complex pro-survival factors. Evaluation of commercially available, clinically accepted materials with an established safety profile will expedite clinical translation. Therefore, this study sought to determine if a clinically used fibrin scaffold can be utilized as an adjunct to intracerebral cell transplantation without evoking an adverse host or stem cell response. Sixteen male Sprague–Dawley rats received bilateral intrastriatal transplants of 30 000 GDNF-transduced MSCs delivered in either control transplantation medium or a fibrin scaffold. Rats were sacrificed 1, 4, 7, and 14 days post-transplantation. Brains were analyzed to determine in situ polymerization and biodegradability of the fibrin scaffold, GDNF release from transplanted GDNF-MSCs, survival of the GDNF-MSC graft and the host’s immune response to the transplant. This study found that fibrin scaffold was adaptable to intracerebral delivery with successful polymerization of the fibrin scaffold in situ. Inclusion of the fibrin scaffold was not detrimental to cell survival nor did it impede neurotrophin release from entrapped cells. Importantly, the inclusion of the fibrin scaffold was associated with a reduced host astroglial and microglial response compared to cells alone indicative of a favorable biocompatibility profile. Overall, fibrin represents an adaptable scaffold for inclusion in a minimally invasive cell-based therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases.

12-Tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) impregnated on four different supports such as hydrous zirconia, silica, alumina and activated carbon was evaluated as solid acid catalysts for the biodiesel production from low quality canola oil containing upto 20 wt% free fatty acids. The hydrous zirconia supported TPA was found to be the most promising catalyst exhibiting the highest ester yield (∼77%). The FTIR, XRD and nitrogen adsorption analysis revealed that the Lewis acid sites generated by the strong interaction of TPA and surface hydroxyl groups of zirconia are responsible for their higher activity. Further, the optimization of reaction parameters was carried out with the most active catalysts i.e. TPA supported hydrous zirconia and it was found that at 200 °C, 1 : 9 oil to alcohol molar ratio and 3 wt% catalysts loading a maximum ester yield of 90 wt% could be obtained. The catalysts were recycled and reused with negligible loss in activity.

Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester) is a nontoxic and biodegradable alternative fuel that is obtained from renewable sources. A major hurdle in the commercialization of biodiesel from virgin oil, in comparison to petroleum-based diesel fuel, is its cost of manufacturing, primarily the raw material cost. Used cooking oil is one of the economical sources for biodiesel production. However, the products formed during frying, such as free fatty acid and some polymerized triglycerides, can affect the transesterification reaction and the biodiesel properties. Apart from this phenomenon, the biodiesel obtained from waste cooking oil gives better engine performance and less emissions when tested on commercial diesel engines. The present paper attempts to review methods for the transesterification of waste cooking oil and the performance of biodiesel obtained from waste cooking oil in a commercial diesel engine. The paper also examines the basic chemistry involved during frying and the effects of the products formed in the frying process on biodiesel quality.

Symmetrical wax esters were prepared directly from the C14–C22alcohols using HBr and H2O2. Conversion of alcohol up to 98% was obtained. Physical properties such as melting point, refractive index, viscosity and specific gravity were determined for these wax esters at different temperatures. The physical properties of the synthetic wax esters were compared with those of some commercial samples of wax esters. The physical properties of the wax esters can be manipulated by starting with commercially available mixtures of alcohols.

Skeletal muscle has a robust, inherent ability to regenerate in response to injury from acute to chronic. In severe trauma, however, complete regeneration is not possible, resulting in a permanent loss of skeletal muscle tissue referred to as volumetric muscle loss (VML). There are few consistently reliable therapeutic or surgical options to address VML. A major limitation in investigation of possible therapies is the absence of a well-characterized large animal model. Here, we present results of a comprehensive transcriptomic, proteomic, and morphologic characterization of wound healing following volumetric muscle loss in a novel canine model of VML which we compare to a nine-patient cohort of combat-associated VML. The canine model is translationally relevant as it provides both a regional (spatial) and temporal map of the wound healing processes that occur in human VML. Collectively, these data show the spatiotemporal transcriptomic, proteomic, and morphologic properties of canine VML healing as a framework and model system applicable to future studies investigating novel therapies for human VML.

Aim: For procuring the stable form of drug delivery, tremendous efforts have been made in developing new drug delivery vectors. One such approach that meets the desired stability standards is Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles (LCNs).Background: The liquid crystals are the intermediate forms of solid and liquid materials, which hold high tolerance to bear the influences of physical parameters. The liquid crystals are employed in nanotechnology to find the best way to produce the intended action of customized targeting drug delivery. The structural alignment is another critical aspect to consider, as these can accommodate wholesome drug amounts.Methods: From the studies, it has been evident that distinct characteristics like the simplicity in structure, self-assembling properties, feasibility of production and efficacy in delivery with low toxic values have addressed the excellency of LCNs.Conclusion: The current review focuses on key areas regarding the nature of liquid crystals, diverse forms, technologies used to transform them into the desired nanoparticles, and their applications as drug delivery carriers as well as theranostic agents.