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Polysemy is pervasive in modern language and represents one key factor that allows for the unlimited expressive potential of human language. One important process of historical meaning extension is that of metaphor (Anderson 2017). Recently, the paradigm of Experimental Semiotics has been proposed as a novel methodology to investigate semantic change (Bowerman & Smith 2022). In experimental semiotics, participants have to converge on a novel signalling system in the absence of a shared language. Here we adopt this approach to experimentally investigate the role of metaphor in meaning extensions. Specifically, we will present results of a study in which participants have to communicate about a novel meaning space in a referential communication game. Importantly, participants will only be able to use symbols for which they have previously established symbol-meaning mappings in a prior game. The results show to which degree participants make use of metaphor in in this task.

This article addresses the issue of discourse markers as illuminated by the works of Russian scholars. The relevance of the study is justified by the necessity of theoretical understanding of existing scientific approaches to the examination of these linguistic units. A review of scholarly works from the XX—XXI centuries is conducted. Key positions in the interpretation of discourse markers within linguistic approaches such as functional-pragmatic and functional-semantic are characterized. Attention is given to aspects of studying this linguistic phenomenon, such as terminological nomination and belonging to a language class or category. The functions of discourse markers in each of the identified approaches are discussed in the article. The polyfunctionality of individual discourse markers is noted. The results of a comparative analysis of current typologies and classifications are presented. As a result, the authors conclude on the necessity of classifying discourse markers based on several indicators of these linguistic units. The predominance of the functional-pragmatic approach in discourse marker research is acknowledged. The unresolved issue of terminological nomination is recognized. The potential for further research in the field of discourse markers from the perspective of other approaches is highlighted.

Metaphor is central to human language and cognition. It has also been proposed to play an important role in language evolution. For these reasons, the evolution of metaphor and the cognitive processes supporting it are an important explanatory target for evolutionary accounts of human language. Here, we focus on the evolution of one particular capacity supporting metaphor, that of analogy. We integrate data from comparative psychology and cognitive archaeology to investigate the evolution of analogy as well as its evolutionary foundations. We present evidence that many aspects of analogy display evolutionary continuity between humans and non-human animals. In addition, we propose that analogical capacities can also be inferred from the archaeological record by looking at productional diversity in tool-making. Overall, we argue that analogy as an important cognitive process supporting metaphor has deep evolutionary roots.

Background. The search for natural adaptogens is promising due to the possibility of expanding the range of drugs that contribute to the adaptation of the body to adverse environmental factors. Purpose. To study the stress-protective and anxiolytic action of the extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi under conditions of "social" stress. Materials and methods. We used an extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. The study of the stress-protective and anxiolytic effects of the extract was carried out on 84 male non-linear rats aged 7-9 months. The first stage of the experiment involved the study of pharmacological actions in the absence of stress, and at the second stage, under conditions of “social” stress, the expected effects were determined on animals, in the groups of which individuals of dominant and submissive types of behavior were identified. Determination of the content of corticosterone, adrenaline and noradrenaline (nmol/l) was carried out by enzyme immunoassay. Results. It was established that in the norm, the experimental groups that received the extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, medicinal products "Mebikar®" and "Phezam®" showed a significant decrease in the level of corticosterone compared with the control group. At the second stage of the study in groups when modeling "social" stress, it was found that there were significant differences between the concentration of stress hormones in animals of dominant and submissive types. Administration of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract reduced hormone levels for both aggressors and victims relative to the stressed control group. We observed a decrease in the concentration of corticosterone by 1.5 and 1.5 (p

The paper considers the results of structural studies and mechanical tests after a long-term thermal exposure of laboratory heats of the metallurgically improved 15Kh2NMFA steel and steel with an increased content of nickel considered as materials for the pressure vessels of advanced VVER-type reactors of various designs. It has been shown that, both for the improved 15Kh2NMFA steel and the high-nickel steel, there are no signs of grain boundary embrittlement after an segregation provoking embrittlement heat treatment. This is explained by the extremely low grain boundary segregation of phosphorus in the initial state caused by a high degree of the structure dispersity as well as by rather a low content of impurities. Besides, no changes have been found in the yield strength value for the improved 15Kh2NMFA steel, which agrees with the structure investigation results. For the high-nickel steel, a tendency towards a minor yield strength decrease by 5 to 10% and a regular reduction of the critical brittleness temperature has been revealed. A decrease in the mechanical properties has been caused by a relatively low temperature of tempering for the high-nickel steel and, accordingly, by the potential occurrence of the structure recovery during long-term thermal exposure, as evidenced by the results of an X-ray diffraction analysis. Despite the structure recovery in the high-nickel steel under the long-term thermal exposure, the main strengthening carbide phases remain stable. Due to this, the yield strength value remains at a relatively high level that exceeds the values for the modern VVER-type vessel steels, even in the case of a thermal exposure much in excess of the expected operating conditions for advanced VVER reactors. The observed decrease of critical brittleness temperature during the long-term thermal exposure contributes to an increase in the steel resistance to brittle fracture.

The growing role of distance learning platforms at higher educational institutions in developing countries, and the inadequate study of their effectiveness have necessitated the elimination of this imbalance. An additional problem in studying the issue of platforms' effectiveness is the limitation of studies, which is based on qualitative methods of assessing the effectiveness. The quantitative assessment of the effectiveness and level of satisfaction with the implementation of distance learning platforms at higher educational institutions has been conducted in this academic paper. The assessment has been conducted using the System Usability Scale (SUS) to assess the Usability of the Moodle remote platform in Ukraine and the User Satisfaction Questionnaire (USQ) to assess students' satisfaction. The article proves the connection between the Usability of the distance learning platform and the level of satisfaction with its use. This provides an opportunity to improve the problem areas of the Usability platform in order to increase the efficiency of its use. The following effects of application have been revealed, namely: increase of internal motivation, involvement in the learning process, level of satisfaction from courses and training programs (curricula), recognition of homework's importance, increased interest in subjects, and students' self-efficacy. Effective communication and quick response, an automatic control system are factors that contribute to the introduction of modern distance learning platforms in the educational process of HEI. The important elements of the effectiveness of distance learning platforms in the educational process of HEI are interactivity, simplicity, convenience, the speed of student-teacher interaction, platform flexibility, and quality control.

A comprehensive analysis has been conducted on the geological structure of the entire Jurassic interval within the southwestern part of the South Taymyr Monocline, which has allowed a more precise understanding of the structure of the Khabei gas field and the identification of prospective objects of similar geological pattern. The study utilized CDP 2D seismic data, covering a total length of 7835 kilometers, as well as results from exploratory and appraisal drilling. Based on visual analysis of temporal cross-sections, an assumption has been made regarding the correlation between reservoir development zones and paleo-channel systems of the Lower-Middle Jurassic deposits. In order to identify and locate such systems, an analysis of temporal cross-sections, maps of total Jurassic deposit thickness, and maps of dynamic attributes were conducted. As a result, areas of development of large paleo-channel systems (paleo-valleys) within the South Taymyr Monocline have been delineated through integration. These identified zones are characterized by relatively shallow burial depths of up to 2.5 km, the absence of abnormally high reservoir pressures (AHBP), and comparably high filtration-capacity properties for Jurassic reservoirs (porosity – 22%, permeability – 25–50 mD). However, considering the complexity of these objects’ structures and the uncertainties caused by the low degree of geological-geophysical exploration in the study area, it is recommended to conduct additional seismic surveys (CDP 3D) to maturate the objects for exploration drilling.

Background: During the new COVID-19 coronavirus infection pandemic, a growing incidence of autoimmune encephalitis cases has been observed. One of the primary problems related to patients with this highly lethal pathology is its timely early diagnostics and prescription of an optimal individual course of immunotherapy. In a debut of anti-NMDA receptor (inotropic glutamate receptor, selectively binding N-methyl D-aspartate) encephalitis, mental disorders are observed, prompting the initial admission of such patients to a psychiatric hospital. Then, the clinical picture of the disease is characterized by a significant polymorphism. In such cases, it is not always possible to suspect an autoimmune lesion of the nervous system. Clinical case description: In this article, we present a clinical case of a female patient with serologically confirmed autoimmune encephalitis against the background of the new coronavirus infection (U07.1 according to ICD-10). The disease onset involved psychiatric symptoms; the patient was transferred to the Department of neurology of the VGK BSMP No. 1 Municipal Clinical Hospital of Emergency Care No.1 from the municipal psychiatric hospital, when generalized cerebral symptoms appeared. According to the diagnostic criteria, mental disorders and generalized epileptic seizures are the most significant signs in the verification of autoimmune encephalitis. Autoimmune encephalitis was suspected based on the developed neurological symptoms and generalized epileptic seizures and confirmed by the detected anti-NMDA antibodies in the blood serum. The anti-NMDA antibody analysis in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid is the most informative way of autoimmune encephalitis diagnosis. Conclusion: Autoimmune encephalitis requires vigilance of physicians of all specialties who may encounter this disease. Timely diagnostic procedures and prescription of pathogenetically justified treatment are of importance.

Chromatographic methods for the analysis of antibiotic degradation products are widely used to evaluate the quality of medicines. Natural multicomponent antibiotics, such as capreomycin, are the most challenging compounds in terms of developing analytical procedures for related substances. Capreomycin sulfate monographs of the leading pharmacopoeias do not contain specifications for related substances. The key requirement concerns the sum of the main components of capreomycin calculated by normalising the peak areas in the test solution chromatogram. Therefore, it is important to develop an analytical procedure for determining not only the main components but also related substances of capreomycin.The aim of the study was to develop an analytical procedure for determining both the main components (IA, IB, IIA, and IIB) and related substances of capreomycin by ion-pair ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC).Materials and methods. This study examined capreomycin sulfate powder, an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Capreomycin sulfate solutions were analysed after artificial degradation (alkaline or acid hydrolysis) to demonstrate the resolution, selectivity, and efficiency of the experimental chromatographic system. The authors used an Agilent 1100 liquid chromatography instrument (Agilent Technologies) and chromatographic columns: Kinetex C18, YMC-Triart С18, ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18, ACQUITY UPLC BEH C8, ACQUITY UPLC BEH Phenyl, and ACQUITY UPLC CSH C18 (experimental procedure) or Acclaim C18, Zorbax SB-C18, and XBridge BEH130 C18 (The International Pharmacopoeia procedure).Results. In contrast to pharmacopoeial procedures, which evaluate only the component composition, the experimental procedure under the selected chromatography conditions can determine both the component composition and related substances of capreomycin. This advantage results from substituting a column packed with 1.7 µm particles for a 5 µm column required for pharmacopoeial procedures. The experimental procedure remains suitable for liquid chromatography instruments with a pressure limit of no more than 400 bar in the gradient elution mode with two mobile phases. According to the efficiency and selectivity evaluation, ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 columns (150 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) provide optimal peak resolution for capreomycin isoforms and related substances after artificial degradation of capreomycin.Conclusions. This experimental procedure based on ion-pair UHPLC may be used in the production and stability testing of capreomycin medicines to evaluate the API quality by the content of its main components and related substances.

In recent years, glycopeptide antibiotics have been widely used to treat severe bacterial infections. The long-term use of first-generation antibiotics of this group (vancomycin, teicoplanin) has contributed to the emergence of bacteria resistant to them. The problem of resistance has motivated the development of three new glycopeptide antibiotics: dalbavancin, telavancin, and oritavancin. The aim of this study was to consolidate and analyse the data from literature and current quality standards related to glycopeptide antibiotics. The article presents basic information about the discovery of glycopeptide antibiotics of natural origin (vancomycin, teicoplanin) and their derivatives (telavancin, oritavancin, dalbavancin). It briefly characterises the structures of the glycopeptide antibiotics under consideration and describes their main properties, application, and distribution in the pharmaceutical market. The article also gives information on the spectra of antibacterial activity of vancomycin, teicoplanin, and their semi-synthetic derivatives. It considers approaches to vancomycin and teicoplanin standardisation and covers the main requirements of leading pharmacopoeias for the quality of vancomycin, teicoplanin, and the corresponding medicinal products. According to the study results, glycopeptide antibiotics are still widely prescribed because of their high effectiveness in diseases caused by Gram-positive bacteria. However, at present, leading pharmacopoeias have developed and implemented quality standards only for two antibiotics of the group: vancomycin and teicoplanin. According to the results of literature consolidation, further modification of glycopeptide antibiotics is aimed at creating compounds characterised by prolonged action and greater effectiveness against pathogenic microorganisms. Thus, the attention of researchers should be directed to further standardisation of the newest derivatives of glycopeptide antibiotics: telavancin, oritavancin, and dalbavancin.

In modern times, new means and techniques for optimising the educational process are required because one of the purposes of professional training is to increase the effectiveness of the educational process. Good-quality professional training requires the introduction and implementation of modern educational technologies. The authors studied this, using the example of future engineers-teachers' training, and implementation of modern educational technologies into this process was the purpose of the study. Such methods as analysis, synthesis, empirical method, concretisation, generalisation, survey and questionnaire were used. The aspects of readiness for the introduction of modern educational technologies were studied. The first condition is the readiness of university teachers to organise the process of training future engineers-teachers with the use of modern educational technologies and their active introduction into the educational process. Another aspect is the development of individual approaches to each student with the use of modern educational technologies. Also, a desire for professional self-improvement and self-education should be developed in students which will contribute to successful training. The results of the study allowed to conclude that the level of students' readiness to the introduction of modern educational technologies does not fully meet societal needs.

Nickel is an essential alloying element in steels used as structural materials in the most common nuclear power reactors of the VVER type. The paper considers reviews the results of structural studies of traditional and advanced materials of the vessels and internals of VVER-type reactors with high nickel contents in their compositions. It is shown that an increased nickel content (up to 5 wt.%) in the steels of VVER pressure vessels contributes to the formation of a more dispersed structure with a smaller size of substructural elements and an increased density of dislocations, as well as a higher volume density of carbide phases. The revealed features of the structure of the reactor pressure vessel steel with high nickel content have the prerequisites for improving the strength and viscoplastic properties due to the increased number of barriers both for the dislocation motion and brittle crack propagation. Using the example of materials for VVER internals, it is shown that the nickel content increased in them up to 25 wt.% contributes to an increase in the volume density of radiation defects (dislocation loops of various types) and radiation-induced phase precipitates (G-phase). As nickel increases from 10 to 25 wt.%, there is a tendency to reduce swelling, which contributes to less shape change of the components of the reactor vessel internals. At the same time, in the steel with the highest nickel content, the highest nickel content was found in the near-boundary regions of the matrix, which contributes to greater austenite stability and a lower probability of the formation of an embrittling α-phase. The data obtained in the work on the effect of nickel alloying on the steel structural phase state and service characteristics were used in the development of new materials for the vessels and internals of advanced reactors.

The purpose of the paper is to study the sustainability of technological processes in the aspect of the security of critical information infrastructure (CII). Cybercrime today brings attackers an income (affecting critical information infrastructure objects) of about $1.5 trillion a year, which means that the security of critical information infrastructure is still requiring due attention. Currently, there is no generally accepted approach to conducting such an assessment and its definition remains an urgent problem. It is also important to understand that the stability of technological (including significant, critical) processes does not always ensure their safety (management safety), as well as ensuring safety does not ensure the execution of technological processes. The object of the study is the objects of the CII. The subject of the study is technological processes in the context of threats to information security. The technological process and its stability at CII facilities in the aspect of information security are studied. The analysis of regulatory legal acts (NPA) and scientific publications on the research topic is carried out. The analysis of the NPA of the CII showed that there are serious problems in this area. In order to formulate specific measures of sustainability of indicators, one can use the given sustainability matrix. The paper formulates the requirements for evaluation indicators. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the assessment of the stability of the functioning of objects can be implemented on real significant objects of the CII, while the stability coefficients of the elements can be detailed in more detail. Definitions and problems are considered, the main sources confirming the importance of the study are presented. The results of the study can be used when considering approaches to assessing the sustainability of technological processes in the context of CII safety.

The use of little-known sources in this paper, such as student competition work by Ivan Grevs and the scientist’s sketches on the study of Roman land ownership, preserved only in manuscript, makes it possible to add a number of touches to his and Vasily Vasilevsky’s concept of the causes of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. The authors of the paper tried to show that I. Grevs developed the idea of small farms as the cause of the fundamental instability of the economy of the Roman Empire, which was first used by his teacher V. Vasilevsky. The main thesis of I. Grevs was that if latifundia appeared, it was only the personal property of the emperor, which could then be maintained for some time by the nobility appropriating these possessions. Thus, contemporaries correctly considered I. Grevs to be a supporter of the C. Rodbertus and K. Bücher economic theory on the features of traditional economics, but this theory did not exhaust his views. From this point of view it is possible to say that I. Grevs initially proceeded from the thesis that the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West was a natural result of the economic models that existed in the World of late Antiquity of the Mediterranean.

Relevance. Relative phase permeabilities determine oil by water displacement mechanism, efficiency of productive formations flooding, dynamics of producing wells flooding. Relative phase permeabilities curves allow us to estimate the inflow nature according to geophysical well studies. Currently, relative phase permeabilities curves are constructed according to core samples laboratory studies. They are used to select a mathematical model describing the nature of the curves for a given productive reservoir. The most optimal option is to justify the individual relative phase permeabilities curve parameters. This option allows transition from the core sample level to the entire productive reservoir characteristics using geophysical well studies data. Aim. To substantiate a choice of a model describing the change in the relative phase permeability curves using field geophysics data based on the adsorbed residual oil saturation and phase permeability to oil relationship. Objects. Productive layers of individual deposits of the West Siberian oil and gas province, confined to the Lower Cretaceous deposits. Methods. Statistical processing of capillarimetric research data, analysis and substantiation of mathematical models describing relative phase permeability. Results. The paper shows that the permeability to oil at residual water saturation (the starting point of the relative phase permeabilities curve to oil) is determined by the adsorbed residual reservoir oil saturation. The authors have obtained the formula, linking the adsorbed residual oil saturation coefficient with the phase permeability to oil with residual water saturation. The adsorbed residual oil saturation is also closely related to the residual reservoir water saturation. Such relation is carried out through the reservoir clay content. The authors proposed the technique that allows residual oil saturation by type structuring and mobility degree. This technique allows as well as finding out the residual reserves of mobile oil distribution to justify the recovery techniques.

Link for citation: Mukhametshin V.V., Kuleshova L.S. Algorithm for substantiating facilities selection for introduction of oil production innovative technologies in the conditions of the lower cretaceous deposits of Western Siberia. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 10, рр. 179-186. In Rus. The research relevance due to significant residual oil reserves, concentrated in Cretaceous deposits of the West Siberian oil and gas province, which require the creation of innovative oil production technologies. The important issue in this case is the selection of facilities for experimental industrial work. The main criterion for such selection is the maximum possible analog facilities availability, which will allow efficient technologies replication to improve the technical and economic indicators of facilities with a significant amount of hard-to-recover residual oil reserves. The aim of the research is to create an algorithm for selecting oil production facilities in the conditions of the Western Siberia fields for innovative technologies implementation. Methods: geological and commercial analysis, methods from the image recognition theory when processing geological and commercial material arrays for deposits that have been in development for a long time. Results. The authors proposed an algorithm for selecting development facilities for implementation of innovative technologies at the Lower Cretaceous facilities of the West Siberian oil and gas province. The algorithm was created based on the use of geological and physical parameters of formations affecting predominantly oil recovery. This algorithm creation is based on as well on the formulated criteria that the facility must satisfy (a significant number of facilities analogous to the landfill one in terms of the geological structure and formations and fluid properties affecting to the greatest extent the technical and economic indicators of the deposits development; presence of significant residual or not actively involved in the development oil reserves in analogue deposits; presence of facility identification algorithms, which allow establishing the facilities identity degree and assessing risks when applying new technologies in the conditions of analogue facilities). The selection of polygon objects is proposed to be carried out in three variants: within oil and gas-bearing areas, within stratigraphic systems, within tectonic elements, depending on the requirements of the subsurface user. The obtained algorithms make it possible to select objects for replication of positive practices, as well as to increase the success of the implementation of innovative technologies.

The article deals with the ideas of Claude de Seyssel (1450—1520). Attention is paid to the fact that these ideas were based on an analysis, based on the model proposed by Plato, of the oligarchic form of government as a real form of existence of the republic in contemporary Venice and a study of the applicability of this model to France. The relevance of the work is due to the appearance of a number of works in which one can see that the views of Claude de Seyssel were similar not only to the views of the Italian humanists, but also to the utopian ideas of the reorganization of Byzantium by George Gemistus Plethon (1355/1360—1452/1454). The authors of the article argue that the ideas of Claude de Seyssel should be considered in a broader context than was previously accepted in historical science. It is shown in the article that it was Claude de Seyssel who drew attention to the importance of the military class and its rights as the most important principle for the formation of European monarchies in the context of problems common to Italian and Byzantine humanists. It is proved that he became a kind of transmission link between Italian and Byzantine humanism, on the one hand, and French humanism, on the other, and significantly influenced the development of socio-political and historical concepts of French thinkers of the 16th-17th centuries.

During the time of stay in the city outside the closed premises during the periods of seasonal cooling, for a human thermal protection is provided by clothing. Clothing for protection from the cooling environment in the city is considered comfortable if its weight and dimensions do not limit a person in a given route and specificity of movement and does not draw attention to their own thermal sensations (i.e., the thermal balance of a person does not go out of the biophysical norm). Effective smart thermal protective clothing requires the inclusion in the thermoregulation system of consideration of individual human activity, which to some extent depends on the weight of the garment. Paper shows the proposed schematic diagram of the concept of operation of the functional system of smart thermal protective clothing. On the basis of the developed models and established functional relations for the proposed structure of smart thermal protective clothing, studies of its thermal effect depending on the properties of the clothing have been carried out. The developed functional models of connections of input and output parameters of biotechnical system “man-clothing-environment” allowed to reveal regularities of influence of clothing parameters and its weight on thermal comfort of a person in it.

In this paper, the problem of developing a high-viscosity oil reservoir due to the effect of paragravity based on heating the reservoir section between the injection and production wells is considered. The thermal effect on the formation reduces the viscosity coefficient of the oil and increases the mobility of the raw material. The heat transfer equation is solved by the PSSS method. The task is solved in three stages. At the first stage, the oil reservoir is heated, at the second – its exposure, at the third - filtration.

In this work, the object of research was the long-term deposits of liquid hydrocarbons located within the boundaries of fields with high geological heterogeneity, the proportion of which is actively increasing every year due to the selection of a significant part of the “light” oil reserves. Based on the generalization of the results of direct and indirect research on the topic of the work, the key causes of well flooding were identified and their primary sources were identified, which made it possible to successfully describe the mechanisms of formation of the transition zone of the oil-water system, depending on the stage of development. The conclusion is made about the importance of applying relevant and reliable scientific and methodological approaches in interpreting the results of geophysical research to solve various problems of oil field development.

The purpose of the study is to develop a pumping unit that allows successful injection of coolant into the bottom of the well through a column of hollow rods, followed by oil extraction from the well without lifting equipment. The scientific novelty of the material is based on the possibility of heating the bottom-hole zone of the formation and simultaneous oil production. The technological process of extracting hard-to-recover oil using the proposed installation is based on the following operations: withdrawal of the intake into the annulus, descent of the pump shank into the horizontal shaft; steam injection to the shank and its movement within the bottom-hole zone of the formation - warming up of the near-well area; commissioning of the well with a specially selected technological mode of operation of deep-pumping equipment. The field results of testing the steam injection technology at well No. 3777 of Novo-Sheshminskaya Square are reflected, which showed the fundamental possibility of its application for the successful development of high-viscosity oil deposits. The study also found that for the wide application of the proposed technology, it is necessary to successfully solve a number of tasks, among which the most urgent is the issue of effective thermal insulation of hollow rods in order to minimize heat loss during injection of a special substance. Further development of the proposed technology of pumping production of high-viscosity oil lies in the use of modern materials for the production of underground equipment and improvement of the design of pumping units, aimed at increasing the parameter of the inter-repair period. The proposed technology can be used in the fields of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province, in particular, for example, at the Ashalchinsky field, which will significantly increase the percentage of recoverable reserves characterized as difficult to recover.

In this paper, two methods of increasing the efficiency of oil recovery at the final stage of development are compared - the distribution of filtration flows using various compositions and technologies, as well as changing the operating mode of the injection well to prevent the movement of the injected liquid at the most flushed intervals. Based on the use of various hydrodynamic, geological-physical and geological-statistical models, calculations related to the identification of the distribution trend of the injected liquid in a porous medium have been carried out. Using the calculation of the required indicators on various simulators, curves for the distribution of oil flow rates and product water content were constructed in dynamics depending on the permeability of reservoirs. Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that with the effective displacement of residual oil reserves within the framework of changing the dynamics of the injection well, it is necessary only to use the method of distribution of filtration flows with a decrease in productivity.

The paper analyzes the operation dynamics of injection and observation production wells. It assesses the impact of injection wells on produced water density. The reservoir is characterized by out-contour flooding. It was found that such a scheme is ineffective due to the weak hydrodynamic relationship of the reservoir with the aquifer, which is confirmed by the result of this analysis, and the selective (focal) water flooding used on the Kizelovsky horizon also does not have the proper effect, and there is no correlation of formation pressure with injection in observation wells. It was shown that large volumes of water injection into injection wells do not maintain formation pressure in certain areas, but in general, there is a slight positive impact on the development indicators for the target. The recommendations for optimizing the formation pressure maintenance system were proposed based on the results of the analysis.

The purpose of this work is to search for an area of effective use of enzyme solutions for the intensification of oil production within fields of various geological structures due to their entry into the final stage of operation, which is characterized by a multiple decrease in oil production volumes, an increase in the water content of products and an increase in the accident rate of the producing well stock. The scientific novelty of the work is based on the empirical determination of various parameters of enzyme solutions that can be successfully regulated during the implementation of injection. Based on laboratory studies of enzyme based complexes, it has been shown that in order to prevent a decrease in enzyme activity in reservoir conditions due to high mineralization and temperature, it is necessary to include chelated compounds in order to limit the influence of metal ions. The optimal concentration of enzyme solutions and surfactants for the minimum value of surface tension has been found out, the achievement of which makes it possible to significantly increase the displacement coefficient, and, consequently, the oil recovery coefficient. To form a qualitative sample of data, the initial geological and commercial material was carefully selected and ranked, which allowed to obtain a minimum error in the calculations. The results of the study of the thermal stability of the enzyme complex showed that the interfacial tension between the solution of the enzyme complex and kerosene is much less than the interfacial tension between seawater and kerosene, which is proof of the thermal stability of the enzyme complex at reservoir temperature. The obtained material can be used both for carrying out various geological and technical measures using enzyme solutions, and for implementing a competent approach to the issue of implementing the optimal chemical composition of the working agent.

Based on the analysis and generalization of the experience in developing various groups of low-productivity deposits in the carbonate reservoirs of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province, the article proposes geological and statistical dependencies that allow for a differentiated choice of grid density for wells both between selected groups of objects and within them, depending on the geological characteristics. Technical and economic calculations determined the drilling zones and helped select an optimal well grid density. Calculations were made using geological and commercial data on sufficiently studied deposits, which are currently in the final stage of operation. The results presented in this paper allow us to solve a wide range of field development tasks in order to extract residual oil reserves by drilling new wells with an individual design at each facility or drilling side shafts.

The paper considers one of the unique fields in terms of geological reserves. The paper also analyzes the development of the D3ps formation sections of the Devonian terrigenous layer of the studied field. A detailed geological and hydrodynamic model was constructed based on the consolidation of all available information. An integrated analysis of actual well performance data, field geophysical tests, geological and technical measures, results of infill drilling, as well as geological and hydrodynamic modeling confirmed the localization of reserves primarily in the upper bed of D3ps.1. The analysis of all performed studies revealed higher values of current oil saturation in the upper bed – up to 0.8 unit fractions and lower values in the lower bed – up to 0.68 unit fractions. Similar results were obtained from 87 sidetracks. Drilling of wells and sidetracks is proposed in areas with no well stock. Despite the final stage and high degree of field development, the proposed strategy will support oil production levels, increase remaining recoverable reserves, increase the efficiency of reserve recovery and improve the economic performance of field development. The introduction of modern development technologies, approaches to the analysis and monitoring of development will increase the target value of the final recovery factor from 0.608 to 0.613 unit fractions, which, with a significant amount of in-place reserves, made it possible to increase the remaining recoverable reserves by 35%. The strategy will make it possible to achieve higher oil recovery rates. The approaches used to solve the tasks set in the study can be applied to the fields of the Volga region.

The study confirms the hypotheses on the impact of the injection rate and the specific flow rate of the acid composition on the efficiency of treatments. Factors that increase the risk of inefficient measures were identified: fracture pressure excess during the implementation of the technology significantly increases the risk of water flooding of a well after treatment; energy state of the formation – level of formation pressure at targeted development is below 40% of the initial state; presence of active water-saturated feed zones that support formation energy during development, but increase the risk of water breakthrough. The following changes to the technology were proposed to increase the efficiency of carbonate reservoir treatment: when calculating the planned volumes of the acid composition to use specific parameters depending on the length of the treated interval or perforated thickness; acid composition is injected at the maximum possible specific flow rate (at least 1.8 m3/h per meter) without exceeding the fracture pressure; to reduce the minimum permissible level for large-volume acid treatments of formation pressure from 60 to 40% of the initial level.

The influence of the charge treatment by ultrahigh dilution (UHD) technology on oxide single crystals grown by the Czochralski technique was studied for monoclinic MgMoO4 crystals doped by 1 at. % of Nd3+ ions. The series of 10 Nd:MgMoO4 crystals was grown from the charges that were subjected to UHD treatment, as well as from the charges treated with two types of control or with no special treatment at all. The grown crystals were studied by X-ray powder diffraction analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, mass-spectrometry, optical absorption, emission spectroscopy and luminescence kinetic analysis. We found that: (i) wetting of MgO + MoO3 mixture by a water-ethanol solution before calcining leads to some enrichment of the mixture with MoO3, whereas the wetting of the charge after the calcining leads to some enrichment of it with MgO; (ii) congruent melting composition of MgMoO4 crystal is in the field of some MoO3 excess; (iii) the solid-phase solubility of the excess MoO3 in MgMoO4 probably does not depend on temperature, whereas the solid-phase solubility of the excess MgO in MgMoO4 crystal depends on temperature. We suggest that the corresponding solidus line passes through the range of retrograde solubility; (iv) the crystals grown within this range are characterized by the enhanced Nd3+ segregation coefficient between the crystal and the melt (approximately 0.006 versus 0.004); (v) unit cell parameters of MgMoO4 crystal with the excess of MoO3 are larger than those of the crystal of the stoichiometric composition and of the crystal with the excess of MgO; (vi) the shapes of the optical absorption and luminescence spectra of Nd:MgMoO4 crystal do not depend on the charge treatment; (vii) luminescence decay kinetics are single-exponential for all the studied crystals, the luminescence decay time being different for the crystals grown from the charges that underwent different types of treatment; (viii) the luminescence intensity of Nd:MgMoO4 crystal grown from the charge that underwent UHD treatment before calcining (solid-phase synthesis) is reduced by an order of magnitude in comparison with the other studied crystals.