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Up until recently afforestation projects had been looked at from the viewpoint of timber production. Efforts to combat climate change have added a new dimension to investment in forestry which has been encouraged by the Kyoto, Marrakech and Cancun Deals. As trees grow overtime, they capture CO2 from the atmosphere which moderates the problem of global warming. The article 3.3 of the Kyoto Protocol states that “the net changes in greenhouse gas emissions by source and removal by sinks resulting from human induced land use change and forestry activities limited to afforestation, reforestation and deforestation activities since 1990 measured as verifiable changes in carbon stock in early commitment period, shall be used to meet commitments in the Protocol.” In this respect Kyoto granted carbon credits to newly created forests. Such credits can now be used directly by firms with greenhouse gas emissions or could be traded into a future emissions scheme at prevailing prices. The rules for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol were agreed at the Marrakech Conference in 2001 which placed limits on the amount of credits which can be obtained from forest management. Trees because of their large biomass content make an important contribution to the global carbon cycle. Unfortunately, as more and more greenhouse gasses are released into the atmosphere every year deforestation is continuing unabated especially in the tropics. It has been estimated that about a quarter of the global warming problem stems from forest destruction as deforestation adds about 1 gigatons of CO2 to the atmosphere per annum. That is, if we slowed down forest destruction and increased our efforts in afforestation this would give us precious time to construct more comprehensive policies in dealing with the climate problem. This paper estimates how long planted trees with carbon sequestration will stay on the ground as compared with wood only situation. In order to find out this we use a British data on Sitka spruce which is the most favoured species planted extensively throughout the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.

In Turkey Winston Churchill is known as an important historic figure of the twentieth century but also as an adversary of the Turks, largely due to the Gallipoli Campaign in which he was the major architect. The Campaign was a disaster for the Allied Forces and a great humiliation for Churchill which cost him his job as First Lord of the Admiralty. For the Turks, however, Gallipoli was a great victory which erased the bad image created by the First Balkan War of 1912 which portrayed the Turks as easy meat. Gallipoli reversed that. The victory at Gallipoli has largely been attributed to the military genius of the field commander Mustafa Kemal, who in later years became the top figure in Turkish politics and the founder of the Turkish Republic. A British staff officer writing about the official history of the event argued that ‘seldom in history can the exertion of a single commander have exercised so profound an influence, not only in the course of a battle, but on the destiny of the entire nation

During the last few decades, academics from a variety of backgrounds have been debating in a wide range of outlets whether religion, especially the monotheist ones, is really responsible for our environmental predicament. Unfortunately, Islam, in general, has been underrepresented in this debate. Furthermore, some of the major environmental problems such as forest destruction, drying of lakes, depletion of groundwater resources, hasty depletion of gas and petroleum resources are taking place in Muslim countries. In this paper, we aim to study the importance of the environment in Islamic instructions such as the Holy Koran and Hadiths in order to find out about the appropriate conduct. It is concluded that Islam is an environmentally friendly religion, which discourages all reckless activities towards environmental resources

This paper focuses on the measurement of regional priorities and their effect on the allocation of regional funds in the European Union (EU) looking at the less well of countries. The application of distributional welfare weights in the appraisal of development projects is emphasized in the guidance provided by the European Commission (EC). Application of such weights in a regional context is an important consideration given that the EC has provided a large budget of over €300 bn to finance investment projects in the European Union over the period 2007-2013. The main beneficiaries of these funds are the 12 less well off new member states some of whom have suffered considerably during the latest economic crisis.Living standards in the new member states, based on the gross domestic product (GDP) exhibit substantial regional variation, and thus it is of interest to explore the potential funding allocation impact resulting from the application of regional welfare weights in the social appraisal of investment projects in the EU-12 region. This paper develops a suitable model for the application of regional welfare weights in cost benefit analysis and then applies it to a number of new EU member states and one negotiating country, Turkey

The British Isles are one of the most favourable locations for afforestation in Europe. Their mild and moist climate and soil types are ideal for tree growth. Despite their comparitive advantage, however, the islands are the second baldest spot in Europe, with tree coverage only about 7 percent of the total land surface. The main reason for the neglect of forestry in the islands is that the ground rules laid down to evaluate public sector investments in the UK proved to be unsuitable for afforestation projects, which are mostly carried out by the government. Those rules, erroneously, made forestry a low return investment. In the face of recent developments in the theory of social time discounting, this paper reevaluates the worth of forestry projects in the UK with ullustrations from the case of Northern Ireland.