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Orbital echinococcosis makes up less than 1% of the total incidence of hydatid diseases. Frequently a clinical presentation of orbital echinococcosis does not have typical signs. The article presents a case of detection of a hydatid echinococcosus orbital cyst with an absence of eosinophilia and negative results of serologic investigations for echinococcosus antigens. In case of difficulties in the diagnosis of echinococcosus cysts it is necessary to carry out an overall examination of the patient including an obligatory morphological investigation of the operative material.

In anesthetized dogs, an increase of the lymph flow and the transcapillary fluid transfer, under the effect of histamine, was due to elevation of capillary hydrostatic pressure and capillary filtration coefficient in the small intestine. Against the background of water load and hyperthermia, histamine induced less obvious shifts of the microhemodynamic parameters and lymph flow in the small intestine.

In cats, when perfusing hemodynamically isolated liver with a constant blood volume, an increasing of arterial as well as portal blood flows was shown to increase hydrostatic pressure in sinusoids and lymph production in the liver, whereas decreasing of the flows decreased these parameters. The above changes of the blood flows entailed various shifts of sinusoidal hydrostatic pressure and postsinusoidal resistance. When the volume blood flow in the liver artery increased, the coefficient of sinusoidal filtration increased too, whereas an increment of the blood flow in portal vein led to its diminishing. The resistance of liver artery and portal vein changed very little both in case of increasing and diminishing of the blood flow in these vessels.

In experiments on cats with hemodynamically isolated and perfused wider constant flow liver it was shown that intraarterial or intraportal infusion of serotonin and bradykinin increased a transinusoidal fluid fransher and lymph formation in the region. The elevated franshes walls of maintained mainly by an increase on the permeability of the walls of exchange microvessels. Differences were revealed in the achions of serofouri and bradykinin upon liver's arterial and portal vessels, the sensitivity of portal vein to the drugs being which lesser than of the live artery.

The blood microcirculation and the lymph flow were studied in the cat hemodynamically isolated liver perfused under conditions of a regulated venous outflow and i.a. and intraportal administration of noradrenaline. An increase in the fluid transsinusoidal transfer revealed by the lymph flow acceleration in the liver, was determined by an increased hydrostatic pressure in the sinusoids at practically unaltered level of sinusoidal filtration. The above shifts were observed against the background of constriction of arterial, portal, venous and lymphatic vessels and of a decrease in capacitance of the liver vessels which were due to alpha-adrenocereptors excitation by noradrenaline.

Alterations in arterial pressure (AP) values, blood and perfusate flow from the thoracic duct, lymph and perfusate flow from the femoral lymphatic vessel during femoral muscle contractions induced by electrical stimulation applied for 1.5 and 3.0 min, were studied: the AP values were decreased by 10-15 mm Hg, the blood flow increased to 293.5 +/- 21.7%, the lymph flow increased to 525.4 +/- 29.8%, the perfusate flow from the thoracic duct raised to 81.8 +/- 4.7%, and the perfusate flow from the lymphatic vessel increased to 650.0 +/- 28.2%. The increase in the lymph flow during 1.5 min stimulation seems to be due to squeezing of lymph out of the lymphatic channel, whereas during 3 min stimulation it was due to enhanced lymph production.

The infusion of histamine increased the lymph flow in the cat innervated intestine due to squeezing off of the lymph from lymphatic vessels under motor activation of the intestine, followed by an increase in the lymph production because of accelerated transcapillary transfer of fluid from the blood into interstitium. The increase in the water hemato-lymphatic transition was maintained by an augmentation of the capillary filtration coefficient against the background of both a decrease and an increase tin capillary hydrostatic pressure occurring simultaneously with a drop of the perfusion pressure under the effect of histamine. After decentralization of the intestine histamine led to a drop of capillary hydrostatic pressure, leaving the shifts of other parameters the same.

In acute experiments on cats, effects of occlusion of common carotid arteries, stimulation of afferent fibers of the brachial plexus, application of acetylcholine to reflexogenous zones of peritoneum and mesentery of the small intestine on macro- and microcirculation of the isolated small intestine perfused under constant flow, were studied. Under effects of occlusion and afferent stimulation, arteries and veins of the small intestine were constricted, whereas in stimulation of abdominal reflexogenous zones their reactions were different. All the reflexes induced augmentation of the capillary hydrostatic pressure, capillary filtration coefficient and post-capillary resistance, whereas decreasing the venous vessels distention.

In experiments on cats the perfusion (at a constant flow and controlled venous outflow) of haemodynamic isolated liver was carried out. It was shown that at the levels of venous pressure in the liver 0, 2, and 4 mm Hg, the lymph flow (22.8 +/- 3.5, 41.8 +/- 5.7 and 57.6 +/- 8.6 mkl.min-1.100 g-1, respectively) was depended on the value of hydrostatic pressures in the sinusoids (1.4 +/- 0.1, 3.3 +/- 0.1, and 5.4 +/- 0.1 mm Hg, respectively) and did not depend on the value of sinusoidal filtration coefficient (0.421 +/- 0.029, 0.473 +/- 0.036, and 0.474 +/- 0.034 ml.min-1.mm Hg-1.100 g-1, respectively).

Experiments in cats with the constant blood volume perfusion of the small intestine vessels revealed constrictor responses of arterial, venous and lymphatic vessels to electrical stimulation of sympathetic nerves, the responses being most obvious at the 8, 10 and 10-20 Hz frequency of stimulation. Activation of sympathetic nerves augmented the pre- and postcapillary resistance of the vessels, the resistance being the greatest at 8 and 10 Hz. Stretching ability of venous vessels decreased. The capillary hydrostatic pressure increased, its shift being maximal at 10 Hz. The capillary filtration coefficient increased, the increment being maximal at 1 Hz. The lymph production and outflow enhanced. The motor activity of the intestine was suppressed. Analysis of the conjugated shifts in macro- and microhemodynamic parameters as well as in lymph flow revealed a transcapillary transition of intravascular fluid into the extravascular space due to the increase in the capillary hydrostatic pressure followed with a resorption into the roots of the intestine lymphatic system.

In perfused with constant flow isolated cat hindlimbs, i.a. infusion of 0.1-1.0 micrograms.min-1.kg-1 histamine and bradykinin caused a dilatation of arteries and veins and an increase of the capillary filtration coefficient. Histamine elevated capillary hydrostatic pressure and dilated lymphatic ducts with no alteration in the lymph formation process in the hindlimb. Bradykinin decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure and activated formation of lymph. The elevation of transcapillary fluid movement under the effect of bradykinin seems to be the result of a disturbance in colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressures on both sides of the capillary wall.

In experiments on the cat isolated hindlimb perfused with a constant flow, it was shown that against the background of dilatation of arteries under effect of histamine, venous outflow from the hindlimb increased after 0.05-0.1 microgram X min-1 X kg-1 histamine and decreased after a higher doses. In lower doses of histamine, a decrease of capillary hydrostatic pressure prevailed whereas in higher doses it was increased. The capillary filtration coefficient increased proportionally to the dose of histamine. The transcapillary fluid exchange involved no alteration in lymph formation in the hindlimb, the lymph being stored in lymphatic ducts.

In the cat isolated small intestine perfused with a constant flow, i. a. serotonin (0.1--10.0 mu.min-1.kg-1) increased transcapillary fluid transfer against the background of decreasing capillary hydrostatic pressure and increasing capillary filtration coefficient. The reactions of arteries, veins and lymphatic ducts of the small intestine to serotonin were similar: they dilated at low and constricted at high-doses of the amine.