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Affect intensity was significantly related to both the number of self-relevant roles endorsed by an individual and the overlap of these roles for 62 undegraduates (43 women) of mean age 21.5 yr. Affect intensity was not related to specific judgments concerning the importance, stressfulness, and perceived satisfaction of these roles but did yield a significant relationship with a more general measure of dysfunctiional self-evaluative standards. These findings are related to previous 1990 research by Calloni and Ross on trait self-schemata and affect intensity.

In a recognition memory study involving personal adjectives, the number of false alarms was found to increase with degree of self-reference of the adjectives. This was interpreted as: (1) evidence that the self is an important aspect of processing personal information, and (2) that the self functions as a cognitive prototype. The self can be seen to be a large and complex prototype that imparts a bias in processing personal information. This bias to perceive new, self-descriptive adjectives as being previously seen, has import for a theory of self and other-referent information processing. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Summary A symbol for Isomorous. Following D. van Dantzig, we call two random variables or vectors isomorous, if they have the same cumulative distributionfunctions. In this paper we introduce the symbol ≅ (x ≅ y) for this equivalence relation, and we demonstrate that the use of this symbol simplifies the formulation of many statistical problems, statements and theorems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Note on the fitting of a function to a large number of observations. The paper deals with various ways in which a set of functions may be chosen to describe a given body of observations, the parameters determining the function being determined by the data. The special case when the functions of the set are given in the form of a table or a graph is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Analysis of variance. Introduction: Some theory of I inear vector spaces can be applied at not too hard a mathematical level to some problems of analysis of variance. It is then possible to define some much used notions (main effect, interaction, confounding, orthogonality) and many experimental designs and their analysis get rather transparent, partly as a consequence of simple notations. § 1. A function (y1, ...yN) defined over N points (= e.g. experimental units in agricultural field trials) assigns a real number to any of these points. Such functions can be added and they can be multiplied with a real number: they can be considered as vectors and then form an N-dimensional vector space E. Subspaces are: the I-dimensional space of constant functions (of general means); the space of functions that are constant within the classes of a classification of the N points (fig. 2). If the classification corresponds with some influence A (amount cf phosphor added to the field; variety; fertility) then this space denoted by A is called the space of impure main-effects of influence A. An independent basis, and hence the dimension of A are determined. The number of degrees of freedom of a sub-space of E is defined to be its dimension. Also a space of impure interactions of two (or more) influences A and B is defined. §2. The stochastic variables y1, ... yn have a normal distribution with expectation values y̌1..., y̌N and all with the same variance a. They are combined to a stochastic N-dimensional vector y with expectation vector y̌. It has sense to define a metric in the vector space, determined by a scalar product:(a, b) = a1 b2+ a2 b2+...+ aN bN. The length of a vector is √(a,a) The angle between a and b isϕ :cosϕ= (a, b)/√(a,a).(b,b) The orthogonal projection of a vector yon a linear space A is denoted by yA. It follows that § 3. The space A* of pure main effects of the influence A is the linear subspace of A perpendicular to the space of general means. §4. The space of pure interactions of A and B is defined to be the subspace of the space A X B of impure interactions, perpendicular to the spaces A and B. §5. Two influences or interactions are confounded, if their (pure) spaces meet in a space of dimension > o. Confounding may be complete or partial. §6. All orthogonal two-way classifications are determined. §7- Statistical considerations are given. In particular the F-test is mentioned. §8. Two examples of orthogonal two-way-classifications. §9. How to deal with non-orthogonal classifications. An iteration technique to approximate likelihood estimates for two main effects, given by Stevens and Ha mm in g, is proved and understood in terms of vectors. §10. An example with two effects, one of which is linear fertility, is given in detail. §11. Latin squares. §12. Factorial designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary A survey is given of the history {twenty years) of the study group for statistical techniques of the Landbouwkundig Genootschap, and in connection herewith the history of the relevant parts of statistics and of the teaching of statistics in particular at the Agricultural University of Wageningen is touched upon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We conducted a 12-month pilot study of 2 complementary strategies for improving rural cancer survivorship outcomes: (1) Project ECHO, a telementoring model to increase knowledge and skills about cancer survivorship among multidisciplinary health care provider teams in rural areas and (2) patient navigation (PN) services to connect rural cancer survivors with resources for enhancing health and wellness., Methods: We recruited 4 CDC-funded National Comprehensive Cancer Control Program sites to implement Project ECHO and PN interventions for a defined rural population in each of their jurisdictions. Sites received ongoing technical assistance and a stipend to support implementation. We conducted a mixed-methods evaluation consisting of quantitative performance monitoring data and qualitative interviews with site staff to assess implementation., Findings: Site teams delivered 21 cancer survivorship ECHO sessions to rural providers resulting in 329 participant encounters. Almost all (93%) ECHO participants reported enhanced knowledge of cancer survivorship issues, and 80% reported intent to apply learnings to their practices. Site teams engaged 16 patient navigators who navigated 164 cancer survivors during the study period. Successful implementation required strong partnerships, clear avenues for recruitment of rural providers and cancer survivors, and activities tailored to local needs. Fostering ongoing relationships among sites through community of practice calls also enhanced implementation., Conclusions: Sites successfully implemented a novel approach for enhancing care for cancer survivors in rural communities. Pairing Project ECHO to address structural barriers and PN to address individual factors affecting survivorship may help bridge the health equity gap experienced by cancer survivors in rural communities., (© 2022 National Rural Health Association. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.)

Background: Studies of suicide prevention gatekeeper trainings (GKT) show temporary enhancements in short-term behavioral outcomes and limited enhancements in intermediate behavioral outcomes. Aims: We aimed to examine the impact of two training enhancements (role-play and booster) on intermediate GKT outcomes. Method: The study used a factorial randomized controlled design to assign participants to one of four groups. Three indicators of gatekeeper behavior at 6-month follow-up were the primary outcomes of interest. We used propensity score-based techniques to address observed imbalances. Results: At 6 months, among participants assigned to role-play, a significantly larger proportion of those assigned to booster performed identifications and referrals followed by a notification to the referral source, and followed by escorting the youth to the resource. Limitations: While observed imbalances were addressed, unobserved differences may persist. The validity of self-reported indicators to measure actual behavior remains unknown. Conclusion: Results suggest that active learning strategies can, in combination, enhance the effectiveness of trainings. The strategies seem to increase the comprehensiveness of gatekeeper behaviors.

Introduction: A gradual reduction of cigarette nicotine content to nonaddictive levels has been proposed as an endgame strategy to accelerate declines in combustible tobacco smoking. We assessed manufacturer-reported nicotine yield in cigarettes sold in the United States from 2013 to 2016., Methods: We merged machine-measured nicotine yield in cigarette smoke and pack characteristics obtained from reports filed by tobacco manufacturers with the Federal Trade Commission for 2013-2016 with monthly Nielsen data on US cigarette sales. Manufacturer-reported, sales-weighted, average annual nicotine yield was assessed, as were nicotine yield sales trends by quartile: markedly low (0.10-0.60 mg/stick), low (0.61-0.80 mg/stick), moderate (0.81-0.90 mg/stick), and high (0.91-3.00 mg/stick). Trends in overall, menthol, and nonmenthol pack sales, by nicotine yield quartiles over the study period and by year, were determined by using Joinpoint regression., Results: During 2013-2016, average annual sales-weighted nicotine yield for all cigarettes increased from 0.903 mg/stick (95% CI, 0.882-0.925) in 2013 to 0.938 mg/stick (95% CI, 0.915-0.962) in 2016 (P < .05). For menthol cigarettes, yield increased from 0.943 mg/stick in 2013 (95% CI, 0.909-0.977) to 1.037 mg/stick in 2016 (95% CI, 0.993-1.081), increasing 0.2% each month (P < .05). Most pack sales occurred among high (41.5%) and low (30.7%) nicotine yield quartiles. Cigarette sales for the markedly low quartile decreased by an average of 0.4% each month during 2013-2016 (P < .05)., Conclusion: During 2013-2016, manufacturer-reported, sales-weighted nicotine yield in cigarettes increased, most notably for menthol cigarettes. Continued monitoring of nicotine yield and content in cigarettes can inform tobacco control strategies.

Background: Comprehensive suicide prevention programs funded through the Garrett Lee Smith Memorial Youth Suicide Prevention Program (GLS) have previously been shown to be associated with lower youth suicide mortality rates 1 year following program implementation. However, longer term effects of GLS have yet to be examined., Methods: The impact of GLS implementation on youth suicide mortality through 2015 was estimated for U.S. counties initially exposed to state and tribal GLS activities between 2006 and 2009. The analytic approach combined propensity score-based techniques to address potential confounding arising from differences between counties exposed and not exposed to the program along an extensive set of characteristics, including historical suicide rates., Results: Counties exposed to GLS during a single year had youth suicide mortality rates lower than expected and for longer than previously reported following implementation of GLS activities. Youth suicide mortality rates in counties implementing GLS were estimated to be 0.9 per 100,000 youths lower than control counties (p = .029) 1 year after the implementation, and 1.1 per 100,000 youths lower than control counties (p = .010) 2 years after the implementation. Further, persistent implementation during multiple years was associated with larger effects during longer periods. Additionally, among rural counties, the youth suicide rates 2 years after exposure were estimated to be 2.4 per 100,000 youths lower than in the absence of the program (p = .003). There was no significant evidence of a decrease in youth suicide rates three or more years after the GLS activities were discontinued., Conclusions: The effects of GLS comprehensive suicide prevention program were found to be stronger and longer lasting than previously reported, particularly in rural counties. In the face of well-documented increases in national suicide prevention rates, these results support the widespread and persistent implementation of comprehensive, community-based youth suicide prevention programs., (© 2019 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.)