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Minister Adema (LNV) en minister Kuipers (VWS) melden hoe zij een motie over kweekvlees proeverijen uitvoeren. De Tweede Kamerleden De Groot (D66) en Valstar (VVD) hebben de motie ingediend.

RIVM rapport:Dieren kunnen ziekteverwekkers bij zich dragen waar mensen ook ziek van kunnen worden. De ziekten die hierdoor worden veroorzaakt, noemen we zoönosen. In 2021 onderzochten het RIVM, de NVWA en WFSR (Wageningen Food Safety Research) hoe vaak een aantal van deze ziekteverwekkers voorkwamen bij melkvee op 185 Nederlandse melkveebedrijven. Ook hebben 107 melkveehouders, gezinsleden en medewerkers aan dit onderzoek meegedaan om te kijken of zij deze ziekteverwekkers ook bij zich dragen. Bij de onderzochte koeien en kalveren komen een aantal ziekteverwekkers vaak voor. Ze zitten in de darmen van de dieren en dus ook in de mest. Melk kan tijdens het melken in aanraking komen met mest en op die manier besmet raken. Mensen kunnen de kans op een besmetting verkleinen door geen rauwe melk of rauwe melkproducten, zoals kaas, te consumeren. Het vlees kan tijdens de slacht besmet raken. Het is daarom belangrijk om rundvlees goed gaar te eten. Het RIVM heeft gekeken of dezelfde ziekteverwekkers in de ontlasting of in de neus van deze mensen voorkwamen. De meeste van deze ziekteverwekkers veroorzaken bij mensen diarree, maar soms kunnen infecties ernstiger verlopen. Daarnaast is er naar ESBL-producerende bacteriën en MRSA gekeken, omdat belangrijke groepen antibiotica daar niet tegen werken. Van de onderzochte ziekteverwekkers kwam Campylobacter het meest voor bij het melkvee: op 91 procent van de bedrijven. Bij de veehouders en gezinsleden werd Campylobacter bij 1 persoon gevonden. Het hoge percentage bij de dieren is dus niet direct terug te zien bij de veehouders. Daarnaast kwamen de Listeria en STEC-bacteriën regelmatig voor bij melkvee; namelijk op 34 procent (Listeria) en 21 procent (STEC) van de bedrijven. Twee deelnemers van de veehouders en gezinsleden droegen Listeria bij zich en één deelnemer STEC. ESBL-producerende bacteriën zijn op 8 procent van de bedrijven gevonden en bij 3 deelnemers. Het percentage bij de deelnemers is ongeveer hetzelfde als bij de Nederlandse bevo, Animals can carry pathogens that can also cause disease in humans. Such diseases are known as zoonoses. In 2021, RIVM, the Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (Nederlandse Voedsel- en Warenautoriteit, NVWA) and WFSR (Wageningen Food Safety Research) investigated how regularly some of these pathogens occur in dairy cattle. This study involved dairy cattle at 185 Dutch dairy farms as well as 107 livestock farmers, family members and employees. A number of pathogens occur frequently on the investigated dairy cattle farms. They are present in the animals’ intestines and therefore end up in the manure as well. Dairy can become contaminated during milking when it comes into contact with manure. Humans can lower the risk of infection by not consuming raw milk or raw milk products, such as cheese. Meat can become contaminated during slaughter. It is therefore important to only eat beef that has been thoroughly cooked. RIVM assessed whether the same pathogens also occurred in the faeces or nose of the investigated persons. Most of these pathogens usually cause diarrhoea in humans, but the infections can sometimes be more severe. RIVM also tested for the presence of bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), as these bacteria are resistant to important groups of antibiotics. Of the investigated pathogens, Campylobacter was found most frequently, namely in dairy cattle on 91% of the farms. Among livestock farmers and family members, Campylobacter was found in 1 person. The high percentage of Campylobacter in animals is not reflected in the farmers. In addition, Listeria and shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) bacteria were found regularly in dairy cattle, namely on 34% (Listeria) and 21% (STEC) of the dairy cattle farms. Two human participants carried Listeria and one participant carried STEC. ESBL-producing bacteria were found on 8% of the dairy cattle farms and in 3 human partici

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Recently, scholars have emphasized the importance of examining how employees cope with psychological contract violation and how the coping process contributes to psychological contract violation resolution and post-violation psychological contracts. Recent work points to the important role of problem-focused coping. Yet, to date, problem-focused coping strategies have not been conceptualized on a continuum from constructive to destructive strategies. Consequently, potential differences in the use of specific types of problem-focused coping strategies and the role these different strategies play in the violation resolution process has not been explored. In this study, we stress the importance of focusing on different types of problem-focused coping strategies. We explore how employee upward dissent strategies, conceptualized as different forms of problem-focused coping, contribute to violation resolution and post-violation psychological contracts. Two sources of data were used. In-depth interviews with supervisors of a Dutch car lease company provided 23 case descriptions of employee-supervisor interactions after a psychological contract violation. Moreover, a database with descriptions of Dutch court sentences provided eight case descriptions of employee-organization interactions following a perceived violation. Based on these data sources, we explored the pattern of upward dissent strategies employees used over time following a perceived violation. We distinguished between functional (thriving and reactivation), dysfunctional (impairment and dissolution) and deserted psychological contract end states and explored whether different dissent patterns over time differentially contributed to the dissent outcome (i.e., psychological contract end state). The results of our study showed that the use of problem-focused coping is not as straightforward as suggested by the post-violation model. While the post-violation model suggests that problem-focused coping will most l

To date there is no consensus about the most appropriate analytical method for measuring carbon nanotubes (CNTs), hampering the assessment and limiting the comparison of data. The goal of this study is to develop an approach for the assessment of the level and nature of inhalable multi-wall CNTs (MWCNTs) in an actual workplace setting by optimizing and evaluating existing analytical methods. In a company commercially producing MWCNTs, personal breathing zone samples were collected for the inhalable size fraction with IOM samplers; which were analyzed with carbon analysis, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and scanning electron microscopy/ energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Analytical methods were optimized for carbon analysis and SEM/EDX. More specifically, methods were applied and evaluated for background correction using carbon analyses and SEM/EDX, CNT structure count with SEM/EDX and subsequent mass conversion based on both carbon analyses and SEM/EDX. A moderate-to-high concordance correlation coefficient (RC) between carbon analyses and SEM/EDX was observed [RC = 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.59-0.92] with an absolute mean difference of 59 μg m-3. A low RC between carbon analyses and ICP-MS (RC = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.07-0.67) with an absolute mean difference of 570 μg m-3 was observed. The large absolute difference between EC and metals is due to the presence of non-embedded inhalable catalyst particles, as a result of which MWCNT concentrations were over- estimated. Combining carbon analysis and SEM/EDX is the most suitable for quantitative exposure assessment of MWCNTs in an actual workplace situation. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Occupational Hygiene Society.

Particulate matter exposure may cause adverse health effects. Although ultrafine particulate matter (UFP) is hypothesised to be particularly health relevant, the number of studies into personal UFP exposure is limited. Aim To increase insight where and when most UFP exposure occurs, in terms of exposure levels and peaks in microenvironments, time of day and activities, to support development of abatement strategies to reduce exposure. Methods UFP exposure and GPS tracks were recorded continuously for 5 days in 12 healthy volunteers. GPS data was processed to assign context information, and linked to UFP data. Results Participants spent most time indoors (>90%), mainly at home (approx. 80%). Mean particle number concentration (particles/cm3) was highest in motorized transport (20.5 × 103), followed by other indoor environments (16.5 × 103), and lower at home (11.2 × 103) and walking outdoors (9.0 × 103). Due to the large proportion of time spent indoors, exposure indoors contributed most to total exposure (nearly 90%). Exposure during motorized transport showed a speed dependency, most likely linked to exposure on larger busier roads. Using a 95th percentile cut-off for concentration elevations lasting at least 5 min for peak-detection, 98 peaks were identified, mainly during daytime. These contributed substantially to total exposure (25%) while accounting for only 3.4% of total time. Of this peak contribution 88% occurred indoors (mainly at home) and 12% outdoors. Conclusions UFP exposure shows clear differences between microenvironments. Peaks contribute substantially to total exposure. Measures to prevent peak exposures could contribute to substantial exposure reduction. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd

Exposure assessment for nano-objects, and their aggregates and agglomerates (NOAA), has evolved from explorative research toward more comprehensive exposure assessment, providing data to further develop currently used conservative control banding (CB) tools for risk assessment. This study aims to provide an overview of current knowledge on emission potential of NOAA across the occupational life cycle stages by a systematic review and subsequently use the results in a data analysis. Relevant parameters that influence emission were collected from peer-reviewed literature with a focus on the four source domains (SD) in the source-receptor conceptual framework for NOAA. To make the reviewed exposure data comparable, we applied an approach to normalize for workplace circumstances and measurement location, resulting in comparable "surrogate" emission levels. Finally, descriptive statistics were performed. During the synthesis of nanoparticles (SD1), mechanical reduction and gas phase synthesis resulted in the highest emission compared to wet chemistry and chemical vapor condensation. For the handling and transfer of bulk manufactured nanomaterial powders (SD2) the emission could be differentiated for five activity classes: (1) harvesting; (2) dumping; (3); mixing; (4) cleaning of a reactor; and (5) transferring. Additionally, SD2 was subdivided by the handled amount with cleaning further subdivided by energy level. Harvesting and dumping resulted in the highest emissions. Regarding processes with liquids (SD3b), it was possible to distinguish emissions for spraying (propellant gas, (high) pressure and pump), sonication and brushing/rolling. The highest emissions observed in SD3b were for propellant gas spraying and pressure spraying. The highest emissions for the handling of nano-articles (SD4) were found to nano-sized particles (including NOAA) for grinding. This study provides a valuable overview of emission assessments performed in the workplace during the occupational