33 results on '"Kuhrt, Heidrun"'
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2. Peptidoglycan accumulates in distinct brain regions and cell types over lifetime but is absent in newborns
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Zeiher, Carolin, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Rifflet, Aline, Winter, Karsten, Boon, Louis, Stassart, Ruth M., Nutma, Erik, Middeldorp, Jinte, Strating, Inge M., Boneca, Ivo G., Bechmann, Ingo, and Laman, Jon D.
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- 2025
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3. Hypoxic and osmotic expression of Kir2.1 potassium channels in retinal pigment epithelial cells: Contribution to vascular endothelial growth factor expression
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Klose, Eva, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Kohen, Leon, Wiedemann, Peter, Bringmann, Andreas, and Hollborn, Margrit
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- 2021
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4. Cone-to-Müller cell ratio in the mammalian retina: A survey of seven mammals with different lifestyle
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Lindenau, Wilhelm, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Ulbricht, Elke, Körner, Katrin, Bringmann, Andreas, and Reichenbach, Andreas
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- 2019
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5. Müller glial cells of the primate foveola: An electron microscopical study
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Syrbe, Steffen, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Gärtner, Ulrich, Habermann, Gunnar, Wiedemann, Peter, Bringmann, Andreas, and Reichenbach, Andreas
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- 2018
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6. Early evolution of radial glial cells in Bilateria
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Helm, Conrad, Karl, Anett, Beckers, Patrick, Kaul-Strehlow, Sabrina, Ulbricht, Elke, Kourtesis, Ioannis, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Hausen, Harald, Bartolomaeus, Thomas, Reichenbach, Andreas, and Bleidorn, Christoph
- Published
- 2017
7. Kir4.2 Potassium Channels in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells In Vitro: Contribution to Cell Viability and Proliferation, and Down-Regulation by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
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Beer, Marie-Christian, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Kohen, Leon, Wiedemann, Peter, Bringmann, Andreas, Hollborn, Margrit, Beer, Marie-Christian, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Kohen, Leon, Wiedemann, Peter, Bringmann, Andreas, and Hollborn, Margrit
- Abstract
Dedifferentiation and proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are characteristics of retinal diseases. Dedifferentiation is likely associated with changes of inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels. The roles of Kir4.2 channels in viability, and proliferation of cultured RPE cells were investigated. Gene expression levels were determined using qRT-PCR. RPE cells expressed Kir2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, and 7.1 mRNA. Kir4.2 protein was verified by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Kir4.2 mRNA in cultured cells was upregulated by hypoxia (hypoxia mimetic CoCl2 or 0.2% O2) and extracellular hyperosmolarity (addition of high NaCl or sucrose). Kir4.2 mRNA was suppressed by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), blood serum, and thrombin whereas platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-1) increased it. Hyperosmotic Kir4.2 gene expression was mediated by TGF-1 receptor signaling while hypoxic gene transcription was dependent on PDGF receptor signaling. VEGF receptor-2 blockade increased Kir4.2 mRNA level under control, hyperosmotic, and hypoxic conditions. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of Kir4.2 decreased the cell viability and proliferation under control and hyperosmotic conditions. Kir4.2 channels play functional roles in maintaining the viability and proliferation of RPE cells. Downregulation of Kir4.2 by VEGF, via activation of VEGF receptor-2 and induction of blood-retinal barrier breakdown, may contribute to decreased viability of RPE cells under pathological conditions.
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- 2022
8. Postnatal mammalian retinal development: Quantitative data and general rules
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Kuhrt, Heidrun, Gryga, Martin, Wolburg, Hartwig, Joffe, Boris, Grosche, Jens, Reichenbach, Andreas, and Noori, Hamid R.
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- 2012
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9. Kir4.2 Potassium Channels in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells In Vitro: Contribution to Cell Viability and Proliferation, and Down-Regulation by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
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Beer, Marie-Christin, primary, Kuhrt, Heidrun, additional, Kohen, Leon, additional, Wiedemann, Peter, additional, Bringmann, Andreas, additional, and Hollborn, Margrit, additional
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- 2022
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10. Osmotic regulation of aquaporin-8 expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro: Dependence on KATP channel activation
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Schnabel, Benjamin, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Wiedemann, Peter, Bringmann, Andreas, and Hollborn, Margrit
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Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ,Osmosis ,Cell Survival ,Cell Membrane ,Retinal Pigment Epithelium ,Sodium Chloride ,Aquaporins ,Protein Subunits ,Protein Transport ,KATP Channels ,Humans ,Ion Channel Gating ,Cells, Cultured ,Research Article ,Cell Proliferation ,Signal Transduction ,Subcellular Fractions ,Transcription Factors - Abstract
Purpose The expression of aquaporin-8 (AQP8), which plays a crucial role in the maintenance of the cellular fluid and electrolyte balance, was shown to be increased in RPE cells under hyperosmotic conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms of hyperosmotic AQP8 gene expression and the localization of AQP8 in cultured human RPE cells. Methods Hyperosmolarity was produced with the addition of 100 mM NaCl or 200 mM sucrose. Hypoxia was induced by cell culture in a 0.2% O2 atmosphere or the addition of the hypoxia mimetic CoCl2. Oxidative stress was induced by the addition of H2O2. Gene expression was determined with real-time RT–PCR analysis. AQP8 protein localization and secretion of VEGF were evaluated with immunocytochemistry, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Immunocytochemical and western blot data suggest that the AQP8 protein is mainly located in the mitochondria. Extracellular hyperosmolarity, hypoxia, and oxidative stress induced increases in AQP8 gene expression. Hyperosmotic AQP8 gene expression was reduced by inhibitors of the p38 MAPK and PI3K signal transduction pathways, and by JAK2 and PLA2 inhibitors, and was in part mediated by the transcriptional activity of CREB. Hyperosmotic AQP8 gene expression was also reduced by autocrine/paracrine interleukin-1 signaling, the sulfonylureas glibenclamide and glipizide, which are known inhibitors of KATP channel activation, and a pannexin-blocking peptide. The KATP channel opener pinacidil increased the expression of AQP8 under control conditions. The cells contained Kir6.1 and SUR2B gene transcripts and displayed Kir6.1 immunoreactivity. siRNA-mediated knockdown of AQP8 caused increases in hypoxic VEGF gene expression and secretion and decreased cell viability under control, hyperosmotic, and hypoxic conditions. Conclusions The data indicate that hyperosmotic expression of AQP8 in RPE cells is dependent on the activation of KATP channels. The data suggest that AQP8 activity decreases the hypoxic VEGF expression and improves the viability of RPE cells which may have impact for ischemic retinal diseases like diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration.
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- 2020
11. Osmotic and hypoxic induction of osteopontin in retinal pigment epithelial cells: Involvement of purinergic receptor signaling
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Hollborn, Margrit, Brück, Ricarda, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Wiedemann, Peter, and Bringmann, Andreas
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Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ,Receptors, Purinergic ,Epithelial Cells ,Retinal Pigment Epithelium ,Sodium Chloride ,CREB-Binding Protein ,p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ,Cell Hypoxia ,Retina ,Fibroblast Growth Factors ,Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ,Phospholipases A2 ,Adenosine Triphosphate ,stomatognathic system ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Osmotic Pressure ,Purinergic Agonists ,Humans ,Osteopontin ,RNA, Small Interfering ,Cells, Cultured ,Research Article ,Signal Transduction ,Transcription Factors - Abstract
Purpose Osteopontin (OPN) is a neuroprotective factor in the retina that improves photoreceptor survival. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether human RPE cells express and respond to OPN. Methods Hypoxia and chemical hypoxia were induced by cell culture in 0.25% O2 and the addition of CoCl2, respectively. Hyperosmolarity was produced by the addition of 100 mM NaCl or 200 mM sucrose. Gene expression was quantified with real-time reverse transcription (RT)–PCR, and protein secretion was investigated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Nuclear factor of activated T cell 5 (NFAT5) was depleted with siRNA. Results The acutely isolated RPE cells and the cultured RPE cells expressed OPN. OPN gene expression was induced by hypoxia and hyperosmotic media, as well as by exogenous bFGF. High extracellular NaCl and hypoxia induced secretion of OPN. Hyperosmotic expression of the OPN gene was mediated by the p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 signal transduction pathways, and the transcriptional activities of CREB and NFAT5. The hypoxic expression of the OPN gene was mediated by the PI3K signal transduction pathway and caspase-mediated, necrosis-related pathways. Phospholipases A2 were involved in mediating hyperosmotic and hypoxic OPN gene expression. Autocrine or paracrine P2Y2 receptor signaling induced by extracellular ATP contributed to hyperosmotic expression of the OPN gene whereas activation of A1 receptors by extracellularly formed adenosine contributed to thypoxic OPN gene expression. Autocrine or paracrine VEGF signaling exerted an inhibitory effect on expression of the OPN gene. Exogenous OPN induced expression and secretion of bFGF, but not of VEGF. Conclusions The data indicated that RPE cells produce and respond to OPN; OPN expression is, in part, induced by the cellular danger signal ATP. RPE-derived neuroprotective factors such as bFGF may contribute to the prosurvival effect of OPN on photoreceptor cells.
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- 2020
12. Glio-Neuronal Interactions in Retinal Development
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Reichenbach, Andreas, Germer, Angela, Bringmann, Andreas, Biedermann, Bernd, Pannicke, Thomas, Francke, Mike, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Reichelt, Winfried, Mack, Andreas, Chalupa, Leo M., editor, and Finlay, Barbara L., editor
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- 1998
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13. Rabbit retinal organ culture as an in-vitro model of hepatic retinopathy
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Kuhrt, Heidrun, Walski, Michał, Reichenbach, Andreas, and Albrecht, Jan
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- 2004
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14. Changes of the organotypic retinal organization in Borna virus-infected Lewis rats
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Kacza, Johannes, Mohr, Christopher, Pannicke, Thomas, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Dietzel, Jens, Flüss, Manuela, Richt, Jürgen A., Vahlenkamp, Thomas W., Stahl, Tobias, Reichenbach, Andreas, and Seeger, Johannes
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- 2001
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15. Retinal gliopathy accompanying thioacetamide-induced liver insufficiency: light and electron microscopic observations
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Albrecht, J., Gadamski, Roman, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Walski, Micha, and Reichenbach, A.
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- 1998
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16. Osmotic regulation of NFAT5 expression in RPE cells: The involvement of purinergic receptor signaling
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Hollborn, Margrit, Fischer, Sarah, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Wiedemann, Peter, Bringmann, Andreas, and Kohen, Leon
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Inflammation ,Oxidative Stress ,NFATC Transcription Factors ,Osmolar Concentration ,Receptors, Purinergic ,Humans ,Retinal Pigment Epithelium ,Models, Biological ,Cells, Cultured ,Research Article ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Purpose Systemic hypertension is a risk factor for age-related neovascular retinal diseases. The major condition that induces hypertension is the intake of dietary salt (NaCl) resulting in increased extracellular osmolarity. High extracellular NaCl was has been shown to induce angiogenic factor production in RPE cells, in part via the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor of activated T cell 5 (NFAT5). Here, we determined the signaling pathways that mediate the osmotic expression of the NFAT5 gene in RPE cells. Methods Cultured human RPE cells were stimulated with high (+100 mM) NaCl. Alterations in gene and protein expression were determined with real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. Results NaCl-induced NFAT5 gene expression was fully inhibited by calcium chelation and blockers of inositol triphosphate (IP3) receptors and phospholipases C and A2. Blockers of phospholipases C and A2 also prevented the NaCl-induced increase of the cellular NFAT5 protein level. Inhibitors of multiple intracellular signaling transduction pathways and kinases, including p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal–regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), protein kinases A and C, Src tyrosine kinases, and calpains, as well as cyclooxygenase inhibitors, decreased the NaCl-induced expression of the NFAT5 gene. In addition, autocrine purinergic signaling mediated by a release of ATP and a nucleoside transporter-mediated release of adenosine, activation of P2X7, P2Y1, P2Y2, and adenosine A1 receptors, but not adenosine A2A receptors, is required for the full expression of the NFAT5 gene under hyperosmotic conditions. NaCl-induced NFAT5 gene expression is in part dependent on the activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). The NaCl-induced expression of NFAT5 protein was prevented by inhibitors of phospholipases C and A2 and an inhibitor of NF-κB, but it was not prevented by a P2Y1 inhibitor. Conclusions The data suggest that in addition to calcium signaling and activation of inflammatory enzymes, autocrine/paracrine purinergic signaling contributes to the stimulatory effect of hyperosmotic stress on the expression of the NFAT5 gene in RPE cells. It is suggested that high intake of dietary salt induces RPE cell responses, which may contribute to age-related retinal diseases.
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- 2017
17. The retinal anatomy and function of the myelin mutant taiep rat
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Chávez, Andrés E., Roncagliolo, Manuel, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Reichenbach, Andreas, and Palacios, Adrián G.
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- 2003
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18. Gene expression regulation in retinal pigment epithelial cells induced by viral RNA and viral/bacterial DNA
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Brosig, Anton, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Wiedemann, Peter, Kohen, Leon, Bringmann, Andreas, and Hollborn, Margrit
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DNA, Bacterial ,Toll-Like Receptors ,Complement System Proteins ,Retinal Pigment Epithelium ,Macular Degeneration ,Poly I-C ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ,DNA, Viral ,Cytokines ,Humans ,RNA, Viral ,Angiogenic Proteins ,Inflammation Mediators ,Cells, Cultured ,Research Article ,Signal Transduction ,Transcription Factors - Abstract
Purpose The pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is associated with systemic and local inflammation. Various studies suggested that viral or bacterial infection may aggravate retinal inflammation in the aged retina. We compared the effects of synthetic viral RNA (poly(I:C)) and viral/bacterial DNA (CpG-ODN) on the expression of genes known to be involved in the development of AMD in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Methods Cultured human RPE cells were stimulated with poly(I:C; 500 µg/ml) or CpG-ODN (500 nM). Alterations in gene expression and protein secretion were determined with real-time RT–PCR and ELISA, respectively. Phosphorylation of signal transduction molecules was revealed by western blotting. Results Poly(I:C) induced gene expression of the pattern recognition receptor TLR3, transcription factors (HIF-1α, p65/NF-κB), the angiogenic factor bFGF, inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, MCP-1, MIP-2), and complement factors (C5, C9, CFB). Poly(I:C) also induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK proteins, and the secretion of bFGF and TNFα from the cells. CpG-ODN induced moderate gene expression of transcription factors (p65/NF-κB, NFAT5) and complement factors (C5, C9), while it had no effect on the expression of various TLR, angiogenic factor, and inflammatory factor genes. The activities of various signal transduction pathways and transcription factors were differentially involved in mediating the poly(I:C)-induced transcriptional activation of distinct genes. Conclusions The widespread effects of viral RNA, and the restricted effects of viral/bacterial DNA, on the gene expression pattern of RPE cells may suggest that viral RNA rather than viral/bacterial DNA induces physiologic alterations of RPE cells, which may aggravate inflammation in the aged retina. The data also suggest that selective inhibition of distinct signal transduction pathways or individual transcription factors may not be effective to inhibit viral retinal inflammation.
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- 2015
19. Table S1. Sampling sites and fixation of specimens.; Figure S2. Comparison of conserved protein domains of Ofu-SCO with that of other members of the Thrombospondin-family. from Early evolution of radial glial cells in Bilateria
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Helm, Conrad, Karl, Anett, Beckers, Patrick, Kaul-Strehlow, Sabrina, Ulbricht, Elke, Kourtesis, Ioannis, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Hausen, Harald, Bartolomaeus, Thomas, Reichenbach, Andreas, and Bleidorn, Christoph
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Main domains are named in the scheme. All protein images are generated using SMART [S3, S4], modified and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported (creativecommons.org/licenses/bysa/ 3.0/legalcode).
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- 2017
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20. Osmotic regulation of aquaporin-8 expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro: Dependence on KATP channel activation.
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Schnabel, Benjamin, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Wiedemann, Peter, Bringmann, Andreas, and Hollborn, Margrit
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- 2020
21. Early evolution of radial glial cells in Bilateria
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Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Leipzig University, Austrian Science Fund, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Helm, Conrad, Karl, Anett, Beckers, Patrick, Kaul-Strehlow, Sabrina, Ulbricht, Elke, Kourtesis, Ioannis, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Hausen, Harald, Bartolomaeus, Thomas, Reichenbach, Andreas, Bleidorn, Christoph, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Leipzig University, Austrian Science Fund, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Helm, Conrad, Karl, Anett, Beckers, Patrick, Kaul-Strehlow, Sabrina, Ulbricht, Elke, Kourtesis, Ioannis, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Hausen, Harald, Bartolomaeus, Thomas, Reichenbach, Andreas, and Bleidorn, Christoph
- Abstract
Bilaterians usually possess a central nervous system, composed of neurons and supportive cells called glial cells. Whereas neuronal cells are highly comparable in all these animals, glial cells apparently differ, and in deuterostomes, radial glial cells are found. These particular secretory glial cells may represent the archetype of all (macro) glial cells and have not been reported from protostomes so far. This has caused controversial discussions of whether glial cells represent a homologous bilaterian characteristic or whether they (and thus, centralized nervous systems) evolved convergently in the two main clades of bilaterians. By using histology, transmission electron microscopy, immunolabelling and whole-mount in situ hybridization, we show here that protostomes also possess radial glia-like cells, which are very likely to be homologous to those of deuterostomes. Moreover, our antibody staining indicates that the secretory character of radial glial cells is maintained throughout their various evolutionary adaptations. This implies an early evolution of radial glial cells in the last common ancestor of Protostomia and Deuterostomia. Furthermore, it suggests that an intraepidermal nervous system—composed of sensory cells, neurons and radial glial cells—was probably the plesiomorphic condition in the bilaterian ancestor.
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- 2017
22. The Retina of Asian and African Elephants: Comparison of Newborn and Adult
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Kuhrt, Heidrun, primary, Bringmann, Andreas, additional, Härtig, Wolfgang, additional, Wibbelt, Gudrun, additional, Peichl, Leo, additional, and Reichenbach, Andreas, additional
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- 2017
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23. Neuron:Glia-Verhältnis in der Netzhaut verschiedener Raubtiere
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Reichenbach, Andreas, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Bechmann, Ingo, Brandstätter, Johann Helmut, Universität Leipzig, Görner, Andreas, Reichenbach, Andreas, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Bechmann, Ingo, Brandstätter, Johann Helmut, Universität Leipzig, and Görner, Andreas
- Abstract
Gegenstand dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung von Raubtiernetzhäuten hinsichtlich ihrer zellulären Zusammensetzung in der Peripherie. Anhand der Neuron:Glia-Verhältnisse sollte festgestellt werden, ob alle Raubtiere ähnliche Zellverhältnisse in der Netzhaut aufweisen und welche funktionellen Besonderheiten daraus resultieren können. Es wurde nach Rückschlüssen gesucht auf allgemeine Regeln, nach welchen sich die Säugetiernetzhaut auch in der Peripherie abseits des zentralen scharfen Sehens in ihrer Funktion und Leistungsfähigkeit den Lebensbedingungen anpasst. Im Focus der Betrachtung stand dabei die Müller-Radialgliazelle mit den sie umgebenden Neuronen, welche gemeinsam als funktionelle Einheit in Form einer Zellsäule den Grundbaustein der Netzhaut darstellt. Bereits zuvor wurde bei diesen radiären Säulen eine nicht-stochastische Verteilung der Zellverhältnisse festgestellt, was bedeutet, dass die Anzahl der Neurone je Müllerzelle im Wesentlichen durch die Anzahl der Zellteilungen der späten Vorläuferzellen bestimmt wird und daher mit einer spezifischen Zunahme der Stäbchenanzahl verbunden ist. So wurde eine Korrelation der retinalen Zellverhältnisse mit der Art des vorherrschenden Photorezeptors bzw. der Lebensweise der betreffenden Spezies angenommen. Tagaktive Spezies waren in früheren Arbeiten durch oligozelluläre Netzhautsäulen aufgefallen, während sich nachtaktive Säugetiere durch zellreiche radiäre Säulen auszeichneten. Diese Ansätze sollten weiter verfolgt werden. Raubtiere sind für eine erfolgreiche Jagd auf eine rasche und präzise Wahrnehmung ihrer Umwelt angewiesen. Dabei kommt dem Sehsinn besondere Bedeutung zu. Dieser muss den Lebens- und Jagdgewohnheiten optimal angepasst sein. Räumliches Sehen und Entfernungseinschätzung sind dabei ebenso wichtig wie eine besonders gute Sehschärfe, ein großes Gesichtsfeld und das Erkennen von Formen und Bewegungen bei unterschiedlichsten Lichtverhältnissen. Bei dem Zusammenspiel verschiedener Komponenten, welche den
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- 2013
24. Neuron:Glia-Verhältnis in der Netzhaut verschiedener Raubtiere
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Kuhrt, Heidrun, Bechmann, Ingo, Brandstätter, Johann Helmut, Universität Leipzig, Görner, Andreas, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Bechmann, Ingo, Brandstätter, Johann Helmut, Universität Leipzig, and Görner, Andreas
- Abstract
Gegenstand dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung von Raubtiernetzhäuten hinsichtlich ihrer zellulären Zusammensetzung in der Peripherie. Anhand der Neuron:Glia-Verhältnisse sollte festgestellt werden, ob alle Raubtiere ähnliche Zellverhältnisse in der Netzhaut aufweisen und welche funktionellen Besonderheiten daraus resultieren können. Es wurde nach Rückschlüssen gesucht auf allgemeine Regeln, nach welchen sich die Säugetiernetzhaut auch in der Peripherie abseits des zentralen scharfen Sehens in ihrer Funktion und Leistungsfähigkeit den Lebensbedingungen anpasst. Im Focus der Betrachtung stand dabei die Müller-Radialgliazelle mit den sie umgebenden Neuronen, welche gemeinsam als funktionelle Einheit in Form einer Zellsäule den Grundbaustein der Netzhaut darstellt. Bereits zuvor wurde bei diesen radiären Säulen eine nicht-stochastische Verteilung der Zellverhältnisse festgestellt, was bedeutet, dass die Anzahl der Neurone je Müllerzelle im Wesentlichen durch die Anzahl der Zellteilungen der späten Vorläuferzellen bestimmt wird und daher mit einer spezifischen Zunahme der Stäbchenanzahl verbunden ist. So wurde eine Korrelation der retinalen Zellverhältnisse mit der Art des vorherrschenden Photorezeptors bzw. der Lebensweise der betreffenden Spezies angenommen. Tagaktive Spezies waren in früheren Arbeiten durch oligozelluläre Netzhautsäulen aufgefallen, während sich nachtaktive Säugetiere durch zellreiche radiäre Säulen auszeichneten. Diese Ansätze sollten weiter verfolgt werden. Raubtiere sind für eine erfolgreiche Jagd auf eine rasche und präzise Wahrnehmung ihrer Umwelt angewiesen. Dabei kommt dem Sehsinn besondere Bedeutung zu. Dieser muss den Lebens- und Jagdgewohnheiten optimal angepasst sein. Räumliches Sehen und Entfernungseinschätzung sind dabei ebenso wichtig wie eine besonders gute Sehschärfe, ein großes Gesichtsfeld und das Erkennen von Formen und Bewegungen bei unterschiedlichsten Lichtverhältnissen. Bei dem Zusammenspiel verschiedener Komponenten, welche den
- Published
- 2013
25. Hypoxia-induced upregulation of pigment epithelium-derived factor by retinal glial (Müller) cells
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Yang, Xiu Mei, primary, Yafai, Yousef, additional, Wiedemann, Peter, additional, Kuhrt, Heidrun, additional, Wang, Yu-Sheng, additional, Reichenbach, Andreas, additional, and Eichler, Wolfram, additional
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- 2011
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26. Müller cell gliosis in retinal organ culture mimics gliotic alterations after ischemia in vivo
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Kuhrt, Heidrun, primary, Wurm, Antje, additional, Karl, Anett, additional, Iandiev, Ianors, additional, Wiedemann, Peter, additional, Reichenbach, Andreas, additional, Bringmann, Andreas, additional, and Pannicke, Thomas, additional
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- 2008
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27. Hypoxia: modulation of endothelial cell proliferation by soluble factors released by retinal cells
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Eichler, Wofram, primary, Yafai, Yousef, additional, Kuhrt, Heidrun, additional, Gräter, Ruth, additional, Hoffmann, Stephan, additional, Wiedemann, Peter, additional, and Reichenbach, Andreas, additional
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- 2001
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28. VEGF release by retinal glia depends on both oxygen and glucose supply
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Eichler, Wolfram, primary, Kuhrt, Heidrun, additional, Hoffmann, Stephan, additional, Wiedemann, Peter, additional, and Reichenbach, Andreas, additional
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- 2000
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29. Hypoxia-induced upregulation of pigment epithelium-derived factor by retinal glial (Müller) cells.
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Yang, Xiu Mei, Yafai, Yousef, Wiedemann, Peter, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Wang, Yu-Sheng, Reichenbach, Andreas, and Eichler, Wolfram
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- 2012
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30. Neuron:Glia-Verhältnis in der Netzhaut verschiedener Raubtiere
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Görner, Andreas, Reichenbach, Andreas, Kuhrt, Heidrun, Bechmann, Ingo, Brandstätter, Johann Helmut, and Universität Leipzig
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ddc:610 ,retina, Muller cell, glia, carnivora ,Netzhaut, Retina, Müllerzelle, Glia, Raubtiere - Abstract
Gegenstand dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung von Raubtiernetzhäuten hinsichtlich ihrer zellulären Zusammensetzung in der Peripherie. Anhand der Neuron:Glia-Verhältnisse sollte festgestellt werden, ob alle Raubtiere ähnliche Zellverhältnisse in der Netzhaut aufweisen und welche funktionellen Besonderheiten daraus resultieren können. Es wurde nach Rückschlüssen gesucht auf allgemeine Regeln, nach welchen sich die Säugetiernetzhaut auch in der Peripherie abseits des zentralen scharfen Sehens in ihrer Funktion und Leistungsfähigkeit den Lebensbedingungen anpasst. Im Focus der Betrachtung stand dabei die Müller-Radialgliazelle mit den sie umgebenden Neuronen, welche gemeinsam als funktionelle Einheit in Form einer Zellsäule den Grundbaustein der Netzhaut darstellt. Bereits zuvor wurde bei diesen radiären Säulen eine nicht-stochastische Verteilung der Zellverhältnisse festgestellt, was bedeutet, dass die Anzahl der Neurone je Müllerzelle im Wesentlichen durch die Anzahl der Zellteilungen der späten Vorläuferzellen bestimmt wird und daher mit einer spezifischen Zunahme der Stäbchenanzahl verbunden ist. So wurde eine Korrelation der retinalen Zellverhältnisse mit der Art des vorherrschenden Photorezeptors bzw. der Lebensweise der betreffenden Spezies angenommen. Tagaktive Spezies waren in früheren Arbeiten durch oligozelluläre Netzhautsäulen aufgefallen, während sich nachtaktive Säugetiere durch zellreiche radiäre Säulen auszeichneten. Diese Ansätze sollten weiter verfolgt werden. Raubtiere sind für eine erfolgreiche Jagd auf eine rasche und präzise Wahrnehmung ihrer Umwelt angewiesen. Dabei kommt dem Sehsinn besondere Bedeutung zu. Dieser muss den Lebens- und Jagdgewohnheiten optimal angepasst sein. Räumliches Sehen und Entfernungseinschätzung sind dabei ebenso wichtig wie eine besonders gute Sehschärfe, ein großes Gesichtsfeld und das Erkennen von Formen und Bewegungen bei unterschiedlichsten Lichtverhältnissen. Bei dem Zusammenspiel verschiedener Komponenten, welche den Raubtieren zu einem optimalen Sehen bei Tag und Nacht verhelfen, nimmt die Netzhaut eine zentrale Rolle ein. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden 17 Vertreter von neun verschiedenen Raubtierspezies betrachtet. Dazu wurden Präparate ihrer Netzhäute verwendet, in welchen die Müller-Radialgliazellen immunhistochemisch durch ein Immunperoxidaseverfahren dargestellt worden waren, jeweils mit dem Primärantikörper α–GFAP, α–Glutaminsynthetase oder α–Vimentin V3B4. Die Gegenfärbung der Zellkerne erfolgte mit Haemalaun. Von diesen Präparaten wurden am Lichtmikroskop mit einer digitalen Kamera Bilder erstellt und im Computer gespeichert. Die morphometrische Auswertung der Aufnahmen erfolgte mit der Software analySIS pro 5.0. Auf diese Weise konnten die Zelldichten in der Netzhaut bestimmt und die zelluläre Zusammensetzung der retinalen Säulen als Zahlenverhältnis von Neuronen je Gliazelle dargestellt werden. Anhand der ermittelten Ergebnisse lassen sich zur vorliegenden Arbeit folgende wesentliche Aussagen treffen: 1. Unter Berücksichtigung der präparationsbedingten Gewebeschrumpfung liegt die Dichte der Müllerzellen etwa zwischen 8.000 – 14.000 Zellen/mm², die der Photorezeptoren im Wesentlichen bei 200.000 – 500.000 Zellen/mm². 2. Die Dichte der Müllerzellen ist zwischen den Arten relativ konstant und unabhängig von der Dichte der Neuronen in der Netzhaut. 3. Je Müllerzelle ist weniger als eine Ganglienzelle zu finden, in der inneren Körnerschicht sind einer Müllerzelle etwa drei bis sechs Neuronen zuzuordnen. In der äußeren Körnerschicht liegen annähernd 22 bis 42 Photorezeptoren pro Müllerzelle vor. Insgesamt findet sich ein Zellverhältnis von ca. 30 – 50 Netzhautneuronen je Müllerzelle. 4. Es wird ersichtlich, dass die radiären Säulen in der mittleren Netzhautperipherie eine vergleichsweise hohe Zellzahl aufweisen. Dabei ist in erster Linie die große Anzahl an Photorezeptorzellen maßgeblich. 5. Innerhalb der Ordnung der Raubtiere ist anhand der vorliegenden Ergebnisse keine Unterscheidung zwischen den einzelnen Spezies oder zwischen der Familie der Felidae und der Canidae anhand der Neuron:Glia-Verhältnisse in der Netzhautperipherie möglich. 6. Die gefundenen Zellzahlenverhältnisse zeigen eine starke Konvergenz bei der Signalverarbeitung in der mittperipheren Netzhaut an. Dies lässt auf eine hohe Lichtempfindlichkeit im peripheren Gesichtsfeld auf Kosten der Sehschärfe in diesem Bereich schließen. 7. Alle untersuchten Raubtiere teilen die Eigenschaft der Nachtaktivität bzw. teilweise der Dämmerungsaktivität und alle weisen multizelluläre radiäre Säulen in der peripheren Netzhaut auf. Dies unterstützt die Hypothese, dass die Zusammensetzung der Netzhautsäulen neben der Verwandtschaft ganz wesentlich aus der Lebensweise der Säugetiere resultiert. 8. Für die Nutzung von Boden oder Bäumen als Jagd-/ Lebensraum ließ sich bei den untersuchten Raubtieren hingegen kein Zusammenhang mit einer entsprechenden Spezialisierung der peripheren Netzhaut finden. Die ermittelten Ergebnisse ergänzen die vorhandene Datenlage in der Literatur hinsichtlich der zellulären Verhältnisse in der mittleren Netzhautperipherie von Raubtieren. Dies mag als Basis für künftige Untersuchungen sowie Vergleiche zwischen den Ordnungen dienen. Abschließend werden in dieser Arbeit Überlegungen angestellt zu medizinischen Gesichtspunkten und Forschungsbestrebungen bei der Erkrankung von Auge und Netzhaut, und in wie weit dem wachsenden Wissen um die Müller-Radialgliazelle dabei eine tragende Rolle zufallen kann.
- Published
- 2012
31. Detection of molecular markers of ferroptosis in human Alzheimer's disease brains.
- Author
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Mayr E, Rotter J, Kuhrt H, Winter K, Stassart RM, Streit WJ, and Bechmann I
- Abstract
Background: We have previously shown that droplet degeneration (DD) signifies the beginning of neuritic plaque formation during Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. As microglia associated with neuritic plaques exhibited strong ferritin expression and Perl's iron staining showed iron in microglia, droplet spheres and neuritic plaque cores, we hypothesized that DD is a form of ferroptosis., Objective: Detection of molecular markers of ferroptosis in AD brains., Methods: Immunohistochemical detection of transferrin receptor (TfR) and ferritin as ferroptosis markers in prefrontal cortex of AD brains, investigation of spatial correlation of these with histopathological hallmarks of AD, visualization of ferroptotic marker genes by in situ hybridization, comparison of expression of ferroptosis genes with snRNAseq analyses and comparison of TfR and ferritin expression in different neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) stages., Results: TfR was found on neurons that appeared to be degenerating and exhibited typical features of droplet degeneration. Co-localization with hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) was a rare event. TfR-positive neurons increased with higher NFT stages as did ferritin expression in microglia. mRNA of genes linked to ferroptosis was detected in pretangles and p-tau negative neurons, less in DD. snRNAseq analyses support a link between AD, ferroptosis and TfR as a ferroptosis marker., Conclusions: Increased expression of TfR and ferritin in high NFT stages, demonstration of ferroptotic marker genes in Alzheimer's lesions, as well as snRNAseq analyses strengthen our hypothesis that DD represents ferroptosis. Because of the morphological similarity between TfR-positive structures and DD, TfR might be an early ferroptosis marker expressed transiently during AD pathogenesis., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Osmotic regulation of aquaporin-8 expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro: Dependence on K ATP channel activation.
- Author
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Schnabel B, Kuhrt H, Wiedemann P, Bringmann A, and Hollborn M
- Subjects
- Aquaporins metabolism, Cell Membrane drug effects, Cell Membrane metabolism, Cell Proliferation drug effects, Cell Survival drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Humans, Protein Subunits genetics, Protein Subunits metabolism, Protein Transport drug effects, Retinal Pigment Epithelium metabolism, Signal Transduction drug effects, Sodium Chloride pharmacology, Subcellular Fractions metabolism, Transcription Factors metabolism, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A metabolism, Aquaporins genetics, Ion Channel Gating drug effects, KATP Channels metabolism, Osmosis, Retinal Pigment Epithelium cytology
- Abstract
Purpose: The expression of aquaporin-8 ( AQP8 ), which plays a crucial role in the maintenance of the cellular fluid and electrolyte balance, was shown to be increased in RPE cells under hyperosmotic conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms of hyperosmotic AQP8 gene expression and the localization of AQP8 in cultured human RPE cells., Methods: Hyperosmolarity was produced with the addition of 100 mM NaCl or 200 mM sucrose. Hypoxia was induced by cell culture in a 0.2% O
2 atmosphere or the addition of the hypoxia mimetic CoCl2 . Oxidative stress was induced by the addition of H2 O2 . Gene expression was determined with real-time RT-PCR analysis. AQP8 protein localization and secretion of VEGF were evaluated with immunocytochemistry, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)., Results: Immunocytochemical and western blot data suggest that the AQP8 protein is mainly located in the mitochondria. Extracellular hyperosmolarity, hypoxia, and oxidative stress induced increases in AQP8 gene expression. Hyperosmotic AQP8 gene expression was reduced by inhibitors of the p38 MAPK and PI3K signal transduction pathways, and by JAK2 and PLA2 inhibitors, and was in part mediated by the transcriptional activity of CREB. Hyperosmotic AQP8 gene expression was also reduced by autocrine/paracrine interleukin-1 signaling, the sulfonylureas glibenclamide and glipizide, which are known inhibitors of KATP channel activation, and a pannexin-blocking peptide. The KATP channel opener pinacidil increased the expression of AQP8 under control conditions. The cells contained Kir6.1 and SUR2B gene transcripts and displayed Kir6.1 immunoreactivity. siRNA-mediated knockdown of AQP8 caused increases in hypoxic VEGF gene expression and secretion and decreased cell viability under control, hyperosmotic, and hypoxic conditions., Conclusions: The data indicate that hyperosmotic expression of AQP8 in RPE cells is dependent on the activation of KATP channels. The data suggest that AQP8 activity decreases the hypoxic VEGF expression and improves the viability of RPE cells which may have impact for ischemic retinal diseases like diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration., (Copyright © 2020 Molecular Vision.)- Published
- 2020
33. Osmotic and hypoxic induction of the complement factor C9 in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells: Regulation of VEGF and NLRP3 expression.
- Author
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Hollborn M, Ackmann C, Kuhrt H, Doktor F, Kohen L, Wiedemann P, and Bringmann A
- Subjects
- Cell Hypoxia drug effects, Cell Line, Complement C3 genetics, Complement C3 immunology, Complement C5 genetics, Complement C5 immunology, Complement C9 antagonists & inhibitors, Complement C9 immunology, Complement Factor B genetics, Complement Factor B immunology, Complement Factor H genetics, Complement Factor H immunology, Epithelial Cells cytology, Epithelial Cells metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases genetics, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases immunology, NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein immunology, Osmolar Concentration, Osmotic Pressure drug effects, Oxidative Stress drug effects, Protein Kinase Inhibitors pharmacology, RNA, Small Interfering genetics, RNA, Small Interfering metabolism, Retinal Pigment Epithelium cytology, Retinal Pigment Epithelium drug effects, Retinal Pigment Epithelium metabolism, STAT Transcription Factors genetics, STAT Transcription Factors immunology, Signal Transduction, Transcription Factors antagonists & inhibitors, Transcription Factors genetics, Transcription Factors immunology, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A immunology, Cobalt pharmacology, Complement C9 genetics, Epithelial Cells drug effects, Hydrogen Peroxide pharmacology, NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein genetics, Sodium Chloride pharmacology, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A genetics
- Abstract
Purpose: Variants of complement factor genes, hypoxia and oxidative stress of the outer retina, and systemic hypertension affect the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Hypertension often results from the high intake of dietary salt that increases extracellular osmolarity. We determined the effects of extracellular hyperosmolarity, hypoxia, and oxidative stress on the expression of complement genes in cultured (dedifferentiated) human RPE cells and investigated the effects of C9 siRNA and C9 protein on RPE cells., Methods: Hyperosmolarity was induced by adding 100 mM NaCl or sucrose to the culture medium. Hypoxia was induced by culturing cells in 1% O
2 or by adding the hypoxia mimetic CoCl2 . Oxidative stress was induced by adding H2 O2 . Gene and protein expression levels were determined with real-time RT-PCR, western blot, and ELISA analyses. The expression of the nuclear factor of activated T cell 5 (NFAT5) and complement factor (C9) was knocked down with siRNA., Results: Extracellular hyperosmolarity, hypoxia, and oxidative stress strongly increased the transcription of the C9 gene, while the expression of the C3, C5, CFH, and CFB genes was moderately altered or not altered at all. Hyperosmolarity also induced a moderate increase in the cytosolic C9 protein level. The hyperosmotic C9 gene expression was reduced by inhibitors of the p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, JNK, and PI3K signal transduction pathways and of the transcription factors STAT3 and NFAT5. The hypoxic C9 gene expression was reduced by a STAT3 inhibitor. The knockdown of C9 with siRNA decreased the hypoxic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and NLRP3 gene expression, the hypoxic secretion of VEGF, and the hyperosmotic expression of the NLRP3 gene. Exogenous C9 protein inhibited the hyperosmotic expression of the C9 gene, the hypoxic and hyperosmotic VEGF gene expression, and the hyperosmotic expression of the NLRP3 gene. Both C9 siRNA and C9 protein inhibited inflammasome activation under hyperosmotic conditions, as indicated by the decrease in the cytosolic level of mature IL-1β., Conclusions: The expression of the C9 gene in cultured RPE cells is highly induced by extracellular hyperosmolarity, hypoxia, and oxidative stress. The data may support the assumption that C9 gene expression may stimulate the expression of inflammatory (NLRP3) and angiogenic growth factors (VEGF) in RPE cells. Extracellular C9 protein may attenuate this effect, in part via negative regulation of the C9 mRNA level.- Published
- 2018
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