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Objectives: The proportion of patients with diabetes and hypertension receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ACE/ARB), is one of the quality measures for medication management employed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to rate Medicare Part D plans. The objectives of this study were to determine the rate and predictors of receiving ACE/ARB in physician office and outpatient visits made by Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes and hypertension., Methods: The study population was Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes and hypertension from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Outpatient Department, from 2007 to 2009. Predictors of receiving ACE/ARB were determined using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis., Key Findings: Of the 6,311 Medicare outpatient and physician office visits with hypertension and diabetes, 40.70% patient visits were associated with receiving ACE/ARB. Bivariate analysis found that higher proportions of ACE/ARB were received during visits made to primary care physicians compared to visits to non-primary care physicians (48.39% vs. 32.56%; p<0.05). Adjusted multivariate analyses indicated that ACE/ARB were more likely to be received during visits to primary care physicians than visits to non-primary care physicians (odds ratio [OR]: 1.96; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.59-2.43), and ACE/ARB were more likely to be received during visits by patients residing in zip codes with median household income within Quartile 2 ($32,794-$40,626), compared to visits by patients residing in zip codes with median household income within Quartile 1 (< $32,793, OR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.13-1.87)., Conclusions: Fewer than half of the patient visits were associated with receiving ACE/ARB. Promoting evidence-based medicine and increasing access to primary care may have the potential to increase the rates of receiving ACE/ARB in this population.

Objectives: To document drug therapy problems and their causes and assess pharmacist follow-up of patients with identified drug therapy problems., Design: Cross-sectional analysis., Setting: Iowa., Participants: 160 pharmacists who submitted 754 pharmaceutical care plans in an effort to qualify for participation in the Iowa Pharmaceutical Case Management program., Interventions and Main Outcome Measures: Care plans were assessed for drug therapy problems and causes and for documentation of pharmacist follow-up (actual, none, or intent to follow up)., Results: Pharmacists documented a wide variety of drug therapy problems and causes, including adverse drug reactions (20.1% of care plans), need for additional drug therapy (18.9%), lack of patient adherence to therapy (16.3%), incorrect medication being prescribed (14.1%), and drug dose too high (10.0%). Pharmacist follow-up with patients was not optimal, with 31% of care plans providing documentation of actual follow-up. Another 42.2% of plans indicated that the pharmacist intended to contact the patient for follow-up but either did not do so or did not record the intervention. No actual follow-up or intent to follow up was recorded in 26.8% of care plans. Pharmacists practicing in independent pharmacies followed up with patients more frequently than those in other settings (36.4% of care plans, compared with 22.7%, 23.2%, and 28.4% for chain, clinic, and franchise pharmacies). Pharmacists were more likely to follow up when the identified problem involved drug safety rather than effectiveness (36.2% versus 28.3% of care plans)., Conclusion: Documentation of pharmacist follow-up with patients was less than optimal. In addition to identifying drug therapy problems and causes, pharmacists must complete the care continuum through documentation of patient monitoring and follow-up to transform the philosophy and vision of the pharmaceutical care concept into a practice of pharmacy recognized and rewarded by patients and payers.