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2. Temperature extremes of 2022 reduced carbon uptake by forests in Europe

Author

van der Woude, Auke M., Peters, Wouter, Joetzjer, Emilie, Lafont, Sébastien, Koren, Gerbrand, Ciais, Philippe, Ramonet, Michel, Xu, Yidi, Bastos, Ana, Botía, Santiago, Sitch, Stephen, de Kok, Remco, Kneuer, Tobias, Kubistin, Dagmar, Jacotot, Adrien, Loubet, Benjamin, Herig-Coimbra, Pedro-Henrique, Loustau, Denis, and Luijkx, Ingrid T.

Published
2023
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5. Fingerprints of the COVID-19 economic downturn and recovery on ozone anomalies at high-elevation sites in North America and Western Europe

Author

Putero, Davide, primary, Cristofanelli, Paolo, additional, Chang, Kai-Lan, additional, Dufour, Gaëlle, additional, Beachley, Gregory, additional, Couret, Cédric, additional, Effertz, Peter, additional, Jaffe, Daniel A., additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, Lynch, Jason, additional, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, additional, Puchalski, Melissa, additional, Sharac, Timothy, additional, Sive, Barkley C., additional, Steinbacher, Martin, additional, Torres, Carlos, additional, and Cooper, Owen R., additional

Published
2023
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6. Supplementary material to "Fingerprints of the COVID-19 economic downturn and recovery on ozone anomalies at high-elevation sites in North America and Western Europe"

Author

Putero, Davide, primary, Cristofanelli, Paolo, additional, Chang, Kai-Lan, additional, Dufour, Gaëlle, additional, Beachley, Gregory, additional, Couret, Cédric, additional, Effertz, Peter, additional, Jaffe, Daniel A., additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, Lynch, Jason, additional, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, additional, Puchalski, Melissa, additional, Sharac, Timothy, additional, Sive, Barkley C., additional, Steinbacher, Martin, additional, Torres, Carlos, additional, and Cooper, Owen R., additional

Published
2023
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8. Temperature extremes of 2022 reduced carbon uptake by forests in Europe

Author

Peters, Wouter, primary, Woude, Auke van der, additional, Luijkx, Ingrid, additional, Joetzjer, Emilie, additional, Lafont, Sébastien, additional, Loubet, Benjamin, additional, Herig-Coimbra, Pedro-Henrique, additional, Loustau, Denis, additional, Koren, Gerbrand, additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Xu, Yidi, additional, Bastos, Ana, additional, Sitch, Stephen, additional, Kneuer, Tobias, additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, De Kok, Remco, additional, and Botía, Santiago, additional

Published
2023
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9. Identification of spikes in continuous ground-based in situ time series of CO2, CH4 and CO: an extended experiment within the European ICOS Atmosphere network.

Author

Cristofanelli, Paolo, Fratticioli, Cosimo, Hazan, Lynn, Chariot, Mali, Couret, Cedric, Gazetas, Orestis, Kubistin, Dagmar, Laitinen, Antti, Leskinen, Ari, Laurila, Tuomas, Lindauer, Matthias, Manca, Giovanni, Ramonet, Michel, Trisolino, Pamela, and Steinbacher, Martin

Subjects
CARBON dioxide, METHANE, MOLE fraction, GREENHOUSE gases, QUALITY control, ATMOSPHERE
Abstract

The identification of spikes (i.e., short and high variability in the measured signals due to very local emissions occurring in the proximity of a measurement site) is of interest when using continuous measurements of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) in different applications like the determination of long-term trends and/or spatial gradients, inversion experiments devoted to the top-down quantification of GHG surface–atmosphere fluxes, the characterization of local emissions, or the quality control of GHG measurements. In this work, we analyzed the results provided by two automatic spike identification methods (i.e., the standard deviation of the background (SD) and the robust extraction of baseline signal (REBS)) for a 2-year dataset of 1 min in situ observations of CO 2 , CH 4 and CO at 10 different atmospheric sites spanning different environmental conditions (remote, continental, urban). The sensitivity of the spike detection frequency and its impact on the averaged mole fractions on method parameters was investigated. Results for both methods were compared and evaluated against manual identification by the site principal investigators (PIs). The study showed that, for CO 2 and CH 4 , REBS identified a larger number of spikes than SD and it was less "site-sensitive" than SD. This led to a larger impact of REBS on the time-averaged values of the observed mole fractions for CO 2 and CH 4. Further, it could be shown that it is challenging to identify one common algorithm/configuration for all the considered sites: method-dependent and setting-dependent differences in the spike detection were observed as a function of the sites, case studies and considered atmospheric species. Neither SD nor REBS appeared to provide a perfect identification of the spike events. The REBS tendency to over-detect the spike occurrence shows limitations when adopting REBS as an operational method to perform automatic spike detection. REBS should be used only for specific sites, mostly affected by frequent very nearby local emissions. SD appeared to be more selective in identifying spike events, and the temporal variabilities in CO 2 , CH 4 and CO were more consistent with those of the original datasets. Further activities are needed for better consolidating the fitness for purpose of the two proposed methods and to compare them with other spike detection techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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10. Fingerprints of the COVID-19 economic downturn and recovery on ozone anomalies at high-elevation sites in North America and western Europe.

Author

Putero, Davide, Cristofanelli, Paolo, Chang, Kai-Lan, Dufour, Gaëlle, Beachley, Gregory, Couret, Cédric, Effertz, Peter, Jaffe, Daniel A., Kubistin, Dagmar, Lynch, Jason, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Puchalski, Melissa, Sharac, Timothy, Sive, Barkley C., Steinbacher, Martin, Torres, Carlos, and Cooper, Owen R.

Subjects
RECESSIONS, ECONOMIC recovery, TROPOSPHERIC ozone, COVID-19 pandemic, OZONE, COVID-19
Abstract

With a few exceptions, most studies on tropospheric ozone (O 3) variability during and following the COrona VIrus Disease (COVID-19) economic downturn focused on high-emission regions or urban environments. In this work, we investigated the impact of the societal restriction measures during the COVID-19 pandemic on surface O 3 at several high-elevation sites across North America and western Europe. Monthly O 3 anomalies were calculated for 2020 and 2021, with respect to the baseline period 2000–2019, to explore the impact of the economic downturn initiated in 2020 and its recovery in 2021. In total, 41 high-elevation sites were analyzed: 5 rural or mountaintop stations in western Europe, 19 rural sites in the western US, 4 sites in the western US downwind of highly polluted source regions, and 4 rural sites in the eastern US, plus 9 mountaintop or high-elevation sites outside Europe and the United States to provide a "global" reference. In 2020, the European high-elevation sites showed persistent negative surface O 3 anomalies during spring (March–May, i.e., MAM) and summer (June–August, i.e., JJA), except for April. The pattern was similar in 2021, except for June. The rural sites in the western US showed similar behavior, with negative anomalies in MAM and JJA 2020 (except for August) and MAM 2021. The JJA 2021 seasonal mean was influenced by strong positive anomalies in July due to large and widespread wildfires across the western US. The polluted sites in the western US showed negative O 3 anomalies during MAM 2020 and a slight recovery in 2021, resulting in a positive mean anomaly for MAM 2021 and a pronounced month-to-month variability in JJA 2021 anomalies. The eastern US sites were also characterized by below-mean O 3 for both MAM and JJA 2020, while in 2021 the negative values exhibited an opposite structure compared to the western US sites, which were influenced by wildfires. Concerning the rest of the world, a global picture could not be drawn, as the sites, spanning a range of different environments, did not show consistent anomalies, with a few sites not experiencing any notable variation. Moreover, we also compared our surface anomalies to the variability of mid-tropospheric O 3 detected by the IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) satellite instrument. Negative anomalies were observed by IASI, consistent with published satellite and modeling studies, suggesting that the anomalies can be largely attributed to the reduction of O 3 precursor emissions in 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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11. Temperature extremes of 2022 reduced carbon uptake by forests in Europe

Author

Global Ecohydrology and Sustainability, Environmental Sciences, Peters, Wouter, Woude, Auke van der, Luijkx, Ingrid, Joetzjer, Emilie, Lafont, Sébastien, Loubet, Benjamin, Herig-Coimbra, Pedro-Henrique, Loustau, Denis, Koren, Gerbrand, Ciais, Philippe, Ramonet, Michel, Xu, Yidi, Bastos, Ana, Sitch, Stephen, Kneuer, Tobias, Kubistin, Dagmar, Kok, Remco De, Botía, Santiago, Global Ecohydrology and Sustainability, Environmental Sciences, Peters, Wouter, Woude, Auke van der, Luijkx, Ingrid, Joetzjer, Emilie, Lafont, Sébastien, Loubet, Benjamin, Herig-Coimbra, Pedro-Henrique, Loustau, Denis, Koren, Gerbrand, Ciais, Philippe, Ramonet, Michel, Xu, Yidi, Bastos, Ana, Sitch, Stephen, Kneuer, Tobias, Kubistin, Dagmar, Kok, Remco De, and Botía, Santiago

Published
2023

12. Author Correction: Temperature extremes of 2022 reduced carbon uptake by forests in Europe : Nature Communications, (2023), 14, 1, (6218), 10.1038/s41467-023-41851-0

Author

van der Woude, Auke M., Peters, Wouter, Joetzjer, Emilie, Lafont, Sébastien, Koren, Gerbrand, Ciais, Philippe, Ramonet, Michel, Xu, Yidi, Bastos, Ana, Botía, Santiago, Sitch, Stephen, de Kok, Remco, Kneuer, Tobias, Kubistin, Dagmar, Jacotot, Adrien, Loubet, Benjamin, Herig-Coimbra, Pedro Henrique, Loustau, Denis, Luijkx, Ingrid T., van der Woude, Auke M., Peters, Wouter, Joetzjer, Emilie, Lafont, Sébastien, Koren, Gerbrand, Ciais, Philippe, Ramonet, Michel, Xu, Yidi, Bastos, Ana, Botía, Santiago, Sitch, Stephen, de Kok, Remco, Kneuer, Tobias, Kubistin, Dagmar, Jacotot, Adrien, Loubet, Benjamin, Herig-Coimbra, Pedro Henrique, Loustau, Denis, and Luijkx, Ingrid T.

Abstract

In this article the grant number 4000140982/23/I-EF relating to the ESA Carbon-RO for Ana Bastos, Philippe Ciais, and Stephen Sitch was omitted. The original article has been corrected. Additionally, Auke M. van der Woude and Wouter Peters should have been denoted as equally contributing authors. The original article has been corrected.

Published
2023

13. Author Correction: Temperature extremes of 2022 reduced carbon uptake by forests in Europe

Author

Global Ecohydrology and Sustainability, Woude, Auke M. van der, Peters, Wouter, Joetzjer, Emilie, Lafont, Sébastien, Koren, Gerbrand, Ciais, Philippe, Ramonet, Michel, Xu, Yidi, Bastos, Ana, Botía, Santiago, Sitch, Stephen, Kok, Remco de, Kneuer, Tobias, Kubistin, Dagmar, Jacotot, Adrien, Loubet, Benjamin, Herig-Coimbra, Pedro-Henrique, Loustau, Denis, Luijkx, Ingrid T., Global Ecohydrology and Sustainability, Woude, Auke M. van der, Peters, Wouter, Joetzjer, Emilie, Lafont, Sébastien, Koren, Gerbrand, Ciais, Philippe, Ramonet, Michel, Xu, Yidi, Bastos, Ana, Botía, Santiago, Sitch, Stephen, Kok, Remco de, Kneuer, Tobias, Kubistin, Dagmar, Jacotot, Adrien, Loubet, Benjamin, Herig-Coimbra, Pedro-Henrique, Loustau, Denis, and Luijkx, Ingrid T.

Published
2023

14. Cumulative Firefighter Exposure to Multiple Toxins Emitted During Prescribed Burns in Australia

Author

MacSween, Katrina, Paton-Walsh, Clare, Roulston, Chris, Guérette, Elise-Andree, Edwards, Grant, Reisen, Fabienne, Desservettaz, Maximilien, Cameron, Melanie, Young, Emma, and Kubistin, Dagmar

Abstract

Firefighters in the line of duty are exposed to many hazardous air toxics released from burning vegetation and other materials that may cause severe health risks. Current literature does not consider complex mixtures and cumulative impacts of these air toxics when assessing firefighter exposure risk. This study aims to determine if cumulative exposure to mixtures of air toxics will put firefighters at risk in the context of current firefighter exposure regulations. This was tested using CO exposure and air toxics data collected during prescribed burns. Personal CO monitors were deployed to 122 firefighters at 31 prescribed burns across Australian temperate forests. CO concentrations were used to determine equivalent exposures for air toxics using their emission ratio, which were then used to calculate cumulative exposure. Average personal monitor CO exposure was 9.2 ppm across all burns, with 1-min maximum ranging between 0.3 and 703 ppm. Work safe Australia exposure standards were exceeded for 6 firefighters out of 122. Five individual firefighters had average cumulative exposures exceeding 100% exposure limit. Six toxicological classes were identified to be the most hazardous, causing eye disorders, upper and lower respiratory disorders, skin disorders and cancer. Across these classes, three toxins contributed significantly to the cumulative exposure; respirable particles (< 3 μm), formaldehyde and acrolein. Using the cumulative exposure methodology as described here and a reduction in the CO exposure standards to account for the numerous air toxics emitted during a fire would supply decision makers with a tool to better identify exposure risks.

Published
2024
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15. Approximation of Multi-Year Time Series of Xco2 Concentrations Using Satellite Observations and Statistical Interpolation Methods

Author

Wefers, Wolfgang Marcus, primary, Lehnert, Lukas, additional, Schmidt, Dominik, additional, Reuter, Maximilian, additional, Buchwitz, Michael, additional, Kammann, Claudia, additional, Velten, Kai, additional, Hase, Frank, additional, Notholt, Justus, additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, Mueller-Williams, Jennifer, additional, and Lindauer, Matthias, additional

Published
2023
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17. High-resolution inverse modelling of European CH4 emissions using the novel FLEXPART-COSMO TM5 4DVAR inverse modelling system

Author

Bergamaschi, Peter, primary, Segers, Arjo, additional, Brunner, Dominik, additional, Haussaire, Jean-Matthieu, additional, Henne, Stephan, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Arnold, Tim, additional, Biermann, Tobias, additional, Chen, Huilin, additional, Conil, Sebastien, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Forster, Grant, additional, Frumau, Arnoud, additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Leuenberger, Markus, additional, Lindauer, Matthias, additional, Lopez, Morgan, additional, Manca, Giovanni, additional, Müller-Williams, Jennifer, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Scheeren, Bert, additional, Steinbacher, Martin, additional, Trisolino, Pamela, additional, Vítková, Gabriela, additional, and Yver Kwok, Camille, additional

Published
2022
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18. Identification of spikes in continuous ground-based in-situ time series of CO2, CH4 and CO: an extended experiment within the European ICOS-Atmosphere Network.

Author

Cristofanelli, Paolo, Fratticioli, Cosimo, Hazan, Lynn, Chariot, Mali, Couret, Cedric, Gazetas, Orestis, Kubistin, Dagmar, Laitinen, Antti, Leskinen, Ari, Laurila, Tuomas, Lindauer, Matthias, Manca, Giovanni, Ramonet, Michel, Trisolino, Pamela, and Steinbacher, Martin

Subjects
MOLE fraction, GREENHOUSE gases, EMISSION control, QUALITY control, METHANE, IDENTIFICATION
Abstract

The identification of spikes (i.e. short and high variability in the measured signals due to very local emissions occurring in the proximity of a measurement site) is of interest when using continuous measurements of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) in different applications like the determination of long-term trends and/or spatial gradients, the inversion experiments devoted to the top-down quantification of GHG surface-atmosphere fluxes, the characterization of local emissions or the quality control of GHG measurements. In this work, we analysed the results provided by two automatic spike identification methods (i.e. the standard deviation of the background - SD and the robust extraction of baseline signal - REBS) for a 2-year dataset of 1-minute in-situ observations of CO2, CH4 and CO at ten different atmospheric sites spanning different environmental conditions (remote, continental, urban). The sensitivity of the spike detection frequency and its impact on the averaged mole fractions on method parameters was investigated. Results for both methods were compared and evaluated against manual identification of the site Principal Investigators (PIs). The study showed that, for CO2 and CH4, REBS identified a larger number of spikes than SD and it was less "site-sensitive" than SD. This led to a larger impact of REBS on the time-averaged values of the observed mole fractions for CO2 and CH4. Further, it could be shown that it is challenging to identify one common algorithm/configuration for all the considered sites: method-dependent and setting-dependent differences in the spike detection were observed as a function of the sites, case studies and considered atmospheric species. Neither SD nor REBS appeared to provide a perfect identification of the spike events. The REBS tendency to over-detect the spike occurrence shows limitations when adopting REBS as an operational method to perform automatic spike detection. REBS should be used only for specific sites, mostly affected by frequent very nearby local emissions. SD appeared to be more selective in identifying spike events and the temporal variabilities of CO2, CH4 and CO were more consistent with that of the original datasets. Further activities are needed for better consolidating the fitness for purposes of the two proposed methods and to compare them with other spike detection techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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19. Development of a small unmanned aircraft system to derive CO2 emissions of anthropogenic point sources

Author

Reuter, Maximilian, Bovensmann, Heinrich, Buchwitz, Michael, Borchardt, Jakob, Krautwurst, Sven, Gerilowski, Konstantin, Lindauer, Matthias, Kubistin, Dagmar, and Burrows, John P.

Subjects
lcsh:TA715-787, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, lcsh:TA170-171, lcsh:Environmental engineering
Abstract

A reduction of the anthropogenic emissions of CO2 (carbon dioxide) is necessary to stop or slow down man-made climate change. To verify mitigation strategies, a global monitoring system such as the envisaged European Copernicus anthropogenic CO2 monitoring mission (CO2M) is required. Those satellite data are going to be complemented and validated with airborne measurements. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based measurements can provide a cost-effective way to contribute to these activities. Here, we present the development of an sUAS (small unmanned aircraft system) to quantify the CO2 emissions of a nearby point source from its downwind mass flux without the need for any ancillary data. Specifically, CO2 is measured by an NDIR (non-dispersive infrared) detector, and the wind speed and direction are measured with a 2-D ultrasonic acoustic resonance anemometer. By means of laboratory measurements and an in-flight validation at the ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System) atmospheric station Steinkimmen (STE) near Bremen, Germany, we estimate that the individual CO2 measurements have a precision of 3 ppm and that CO2 enhancements can be determined with an accuracy of 1.3 % or 0.9 ppm, whichever is larger. We introduce an anemometer calibration method to minimize the effect of rotor downwash on the wind measurements. This method derives the fit parameters of a linear calibration model accounting for scaling, rotation, and a potential constant bias. For this purpose, it analyzes wind measurements taken while following a suitable flight pattern and assuming stationary wind conditions. From the calibration and validation experiments, we estimate the single measurement precision of the horizontal wind speed to be 0.40 m s−1 and the accuracy to be 0.33 m s−1. By means of two flights downwind of the ExxonMobil natural gas processing facility in Großenkneten about 40 km west of Bremen, Germany, we demonstrate how the measurements of elevated CO2 concentrations can be used to infer mass fluxes of atmospheric CO2 related to the emissions of the facility.

Published
2021

20. High-resolution inverse modelling of European CH4 emissions using novel FLEXPART-COSMO TM5 4DVAR inverse modelling system

Author

Bergamaschi, Peter, Segers, Arjo, Brunner, Dominik, Haussaire, Jean-Matthieu, Henne, Stephan, Ramonet, Michel, Arnold, Tim, Biermann, Tobias, Chen, Huilin, Conil, Sebastien, Delmotte, Marc, Forster, Grant, Frumau, Arnoud, Kubistin, Dagmar, Lan, Xin, Leuenberger, Markus, Lindauer, Matthias, Lopez, Morgan, Manca, Giovanni, Müller-Williams, Jennifer, O’Doherty, Simon, Scheeren, Bert, Steinbacher, Martin, Trisolino, Pamela, Vítková, Gabriela, and Yver Kwok, Camille

Abstract

We present a novel high-resolution inverse modelling system ("FLEXVAR") based on FLEXPART-COSMO back trajectories driven by COSMO meteorological fields at 7 km × 7 km resolution over the European COSMO-7 domain and the four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) data assimilation technique. FLEXVAR is coupled offline with the global inverse modelling system TM5-4DVAR to provide background mole fractions ("baselines") consistent with the global observations assimilated in TM5-4DVAR. We have applied the FLEXVAR system for the inverse modelling of European emissions in 2018 using 24 stations with in situ measurements, complemented with data from five stations with discrete air sampling (and additional stations outside the European COSMO-7 domain used for the global TM5-4DVAR inversions). The sensitivity of the FLEXVAR inversions to different approaches to calculate the baselines, different parameterizations of the model representation error, different settings of the prior error covariance parameters, different prior inventories and different observation data sets are investigated in detail. Furthermore, the FLEXVAR inversions are compared to inversions with the FLEXPART extended Kalman filter ("FLExKF") system and with TM5-4DVAR inversions at 1° × 1° resolution over Europe. The three inverse modelling systems show overall good consistency of the major spatial patterns of the derived inversion increments and in general only relatively small differences in the derived annual total emissions of larger country regions. At the same time, the FLEXVAR inversions at 7 km × 7 km resolution allow to better reproduce the observations than the TM5 4DVAR simulations at 1° × 1°. The three inverse models derive higher annual total CH4 emissions in 2018 for Germany, France and BENELUX compared to the sum of anthropogenic emissions reported to UNFCCC and natural emissions estimated from the Global Carbon Project CH4 inventory, but the uncertainty ranges of top-down and bottom-up total emission estimates overlap for all three country regions. In contrast, the top-down estimates for the sum of emissions from the United Kingdom and Ireland agree relatively well with the total of anthropogenic and natural bottom-up inventories.

Published
2022

21. Supplementary material to &quot;High-resolution inverse modelling of European CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions using novel FLEXPART-COSMO TM5 4DVAR inverse modelling system&quot;

Author

Bergamaschi, Peter, primary, Segers, Arjo, additional, Brunner, Dominik, additional, Haussaire, Jean-Matthieu, additional, Henne, Stephan, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Arnold, Tim, additional, Biermann, Tobias, additional, Chen, Huilin, additional, Conil, Sebastien, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Forster, Grant, additional, Frumau, Arnoud, additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Leuenberger, Markus, additional, Lindauer, Matthias, additional, Lopez, Morgan, additional, Manca, Giovanni, additional, Müller-Williams, Jennifer, additional, O’Doherty, Simon, additional, Scheeren, Bert, additional, Steinbacher, Martin, additional, Trisolino, Pamela, additional, Vítková, Gabriela, additional, and Yver Kwok, Camille, additional

Published
2022
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22. Changes in anthropogenic precursor emissions drive shifts in the ozone seasonal cycle throughout the northern midlatitude troposphere

Author

Bowman, Henry, primary, Turnock, Steven, additional, Bauer, Susanne E., additional, Tsigaridis, Kostas, additional, Deushi, Makoto, additional, Oshima, Naga, additional, O'Connor, Fiona M., additional, Horowitz, Larry, additional, Wu, Tongwen, additional, Zhang, Jie, additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, and Parrish, David D., additional

Published
2022
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23. High-resolution inverse modelling of European CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions using novel FLEXPART-COSMO TM5 4DVAR inverse modelling system

Author

Bergamaschi, Peter, primary, Segers, Arjo, additional, Brunner, Dominik, additional, Haussaire, Jean-Matthieu, additional, Henne, Stephan, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Arnold, Tim, additional, Biermann, Tobias, additional, Chen, Huilin, additional, Conil, Sebastien, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Forster, Grant, additional, Frumau, Arnoud, additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Leuenberger, Markus, additional, Lindauer, Matthias, additional, Lopez, Morgan, additional, Manca, Giovanni, additional, Müller-Williams, Jennifer, additional, O’Doherty, Simon, additional, Scheeren, Bert, additional, Steinbacher, Martin, additional, Trisolino, Pamela, additional, Vítková, Gabriela, additional, and Yver Kwok, Camille, additional

Published
2022
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24. An algorithm to detect non-background signals in greenhouse gas time series from European tall tower and mountain stations

Author

Resovsky, Alex, primary, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Rivier, Leonard, additional, Tarniewicz, Jerome, additional, Ciais, Philippe, additional, Steinbacher, Martin, additional, Mammarella, Ivan, additional, Mölder, Meelis, additional, Heliasz, Michal, additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, Lindauer, Matthias, additional, Müller-Williams, Jennifer, additional, Conil, Sebastien, additional, and Engelen, Richard, additional

Published
2021
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25. Evaluation and optimization of ICOS atmosphere station data as part of the labeling process

Author

Yver-Kwok, Camille, Philippon, Carole, Bergamaschi, Peter, Biermann, Tobias, Calzolari, Francescopiero, Chen, Huilin, Conil, Sebastien, Cristofanelli, Paolo, Delmotte, Marc, Hatakka, Juha, Heliasz, Michal, Hermansen, Ove, Kominkova, Katerina, Kubistin, Dagmar, Kumps, Nicolas, Laurent, Olivier, Laurila, Tuomas, Lehner, Irene, Levula, Janne, Lindauer, Matthias, Lopez, Morgan, Mammarella, Ivan, Manca, Giovanni, Marklund, Per, Metzger, Jean Marc, Mölder, Meelis, Platt, Stephen M., Ramonet, Michel, Rivier, Leonard, Scheeren, Bert, Kumar Sha, Mahesh, Smith, Paul, Steinbacher, Martin, Vítková, Gabriela, Wyss, Simon, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Centre for Environmental and Climate Research [Lund] (CEC), Lund University [Lund], CNR Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Centre for Isotope Research [Groningen] (CIO), University of Groningen [Groningen], ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (GCRI), Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de La Réunion (OSU-Réunion), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Swiss Federal Insitute of Aquatic Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EAWAG), This research has been supported by fundingfrom ICOS Finland (grant no. 281255). This work was supportedby the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of CR withinthe CzeCOS program (grant no. LM201812). ICOS Switzerland isfunded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Phase I (2013–2017): 20FI21_148992, Phase II (2017–2021): 20FI20_173691) and in-house contributions. ICOS Netherlands is substantially supported by the Dutch Research Council (NWO) through the Ruisdael large-scale infrastructure project. ICOS labeling activities atCMN were started under the Project of National Interest NEXDATAwhich is funded by the Italian Ministry for Education, Universityand Research (MIUR). In Belgium, it has been financially supportedsince 2014 by the EU project ICOS-Inwire and the ministerial decree for ICOS (FR/35/IC1 to FR/35/C5)., Ecosystem processes (INAR Forest Sciences), INAR Physics, Micrometeorology and biogeochemical cycles, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Global Change Research Centre (CzechGlobe), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, and Isotope Research

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:TA715-787, Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, lcsh:TA170-171, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 114 Physical sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, lcsh:Environmental engineering
Abstract

The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) is a pan-European research infrastructure which provides harmonized and high-precision scientific data on the carbon cycle and the greenhouse gas budget. All stations have to undergo a rigorous assessment before being labeled, i.e., receiving approval to join the network. In this paper, we present the labeling process for the ICOS atmosphere network through the 23 stations that were labeled between November 2017 and November 2019. We describe the labeling steps, as well as the quality controls, used to verify that the ICOS data (CO2, CH4, CO and meteorological measurements) attain the expected quality level defined within ICOS. To ensure the quality of the greenhouse gas data, three to four calibration gases and two target gases are measured: one target two to three times a day, the other gases twice a month. The data are verified on a weekly basis, and tests on the station sampling lines are performed twice a year. From these high-quality data, we conclude that regular calibrations of the CO2, CH4 and CO analyzers used here (twice a month) are important in particular for carbon monoxide (CO) due to the analyzer's variability and that reducing the number of calibration injections (from four to three) in a calibration sequence is possible, saving gas and extending the calibration gas lifespan. We also show that currently, the on-site water vapor correction test does not deliver quantitative results possibly due to environmental factors. Thus the use of a drying system is strongly recommended. Finally, the mandatory regular intake line tests are shown to be useful in detecting artifacts and leaks, as shown here via three different examples at the stations. .

Published
2021

26. WMO Air Quality and Climate Bulletin No. 1

Author

De Fatima Andrade, Maria, Carmichael, Greg, R.Cooper, Owen, Couret, Cedric, Cristofanelli, Paolo, Darmenov, Anton, Finardi, Sandro, Flemming, Johannes, Garland, Rebecca M., Shaofei Kong, Kubistin, Dagmar, Laj, Paolo, Liggio, John, Massagué, Jordi, Nicely, Julie M., Pavlovic, Radenko, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Vincent-Henri Peuch, Querol, Xavier, Singh, Vikas, Sokhi, Ranjeet S., and Targino, Ad Créso

Published
2021
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27. COVID-19 crisis reduces free tropospheric ozone across the northern hemisphere

Author

Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Kubistin, Dagmar, Plass-Dülmer, Christian, Davies, Jonathan, Tarasick, David W., von der Gathen, Peter, Deckelmann, Holger, Jepsen, Nis, Kivi, Rigel, Lyall, Norrie, Palm, Matthias, Notholt, Justus, Kois, Bogumil, Oelsner, Peter, Allaart, Marc, Piters, Ankie, Gill, Michael, Van Malderen, Roeland, Delcloo, Andy W., Sussmann, Ralf, Mahieu, Emmanuel, Servais, Christian, Romanens, Gonzague, Stübi, Rene, Ancellet, Gerard, Godin-Beekmann, Sophie, Yamanouchi, Shoma, Strong, Kimberly, Johnson, Bryan, Cullis, Patrick, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Hannigan, James W., Hernandez, Jose-Luis, Rodriguez, Ana Diaz, Nakano, Tatsumi, Chouza, Fernando, Leblanc, Thierry, Torres, Carlos, Garcia, Omaira, Röhling, Amelie N., Schneider, Matthias, Blumenstock, Thomas, Tully, Matt, Paton-Walsh, Clare, Jones, Nicholas, Querel, Richard, Strahan, Susan, Stauffer, Ryan M., Thompson, Anne M., Inness, Antje, Engelen, Richard, Chang, Kai-Lan, Cooper, Owen R., Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Kubistin, Dagmar, Plass-Dülmer, Christian, Davies, Jonathan, Tarasick, David W., von der Gathen, Peter, Deckelmann, Holger, Jepsen, Nis, Kivi, Rigel, Lyall, Norrie, Palm, Matthias, Notholt, Justus, Kois, Bogumil, Oelsner, Peter, Allaart, Marc, Piters, Ankie, Gill, Michael, Van Malderen, Roeland, Delcloo, Andy W., Sussmann, Ralf, Mahieu, Emmanuel, Servais, Christian, Romanens, Gonzague, Stübi, Rene, Ancellet, Gerard, Godin-Beekmann, Sophie, Yamanouchi, Shoma, Strong, Kimberly, Johnson, Bryan, Cullis, Patrick, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Hannigan, James W., Hernandez, Jose-Luis, Rodriguez, Ana Diaz, Nakano, Tatsumi, Chouza, Fernando, Leblanc, Thierry, Torres, Carlos, Garcia, Omaira, Röhling, Amelie N., Schneider, Matthias, Blumenstock, Thomas, Tully, Matt, Paton-Walsh, Clare, Jones, Nicholas, Querel, Richard, Strahan, Susan, Stauffer, Ryan M., Thompson, Anne M., Inness, Antje, Engelen, Richard, Chang, Kai-Lan, and Cooper, Owen R.

Abstract

Throughout spring and summer 2020, ozone stations in the northern extratropics recorded unusually low ozone in the free troposphere. From April to August, and from 1 to 8 kilometers altitude, ozone was on average 7% (≈4 nmol/mol) below the 2000 to 2020 climatological mean. Such low ozone, over several months, and at so many stations, has not been observed in any previous year since at least 2000. Atmospheric composition analyses from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service and simulations from the NASA GMI model indicate that the large 2020 springtime ozone depletion in the Arctic stratosphere contributed less than one quarter of the observed tropospheric anomaly. The observed anomaly is consistent with recent chemistry-climate model simulations, which assume emissions reductions similar to those caused by the COVID-19 crisis. COVID-19 related emissions reductions appear to be the major cause for the observed reduced free tropospheric ozone in 2020.

Published
2021

28. COVID‐19 Crisis Reduces Free Tropospheric Ozone Across the Northern Hemisphere

Author

Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, primary, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, Plass‐Dülmer, Christian, additional, Davies, Jonathan, additional, Tarasick, David W., additional, von der Gathen, Peter, additional, Deckelmann, Holger, additional, Jepsen, Nis, additional, Kivi, Rigel, additional, Lyall, Norrie, additional, Palm, Matthias, additional, Notholt, Justus, additional, Kois, Bogumil, additional, Oelsner, Peter, additional, Allaart, Marc, additional, Piters, Ankie, additional, Gill, Michael, additional, Van Malderen, Roeland, additional, Delcloo, Andy W., additional, Sussmann, Ralf, additional, Mahieu, Emmanuel, additional, Servais, Christian, additional, Romanens, Gonzague, additional, Stübi, Rene, additional, Ancellet, Gerard, additional, Godin‐Beekmann, Sophie, additional, Yamanouchi, Shoma, additional, Strong, Kimberly, additional, Johnson, Bryan, additional, Cullis, Patrick, additional, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, additional, Hannigan, James W., additional, Hernandez, Jose‐Luis, additional, Diaz Rodriguez, Ana, additional, Nakano, Tatsumi, additional, Chouza, Fernando, additional, Leblanc, Thierry, additional, Torres, Carlos, additional, Garcia, Omaira, additional, Röhling, Amelie N., additional, Schneider, Matthias, additional, Blumenstock, Thomas, additional, Tully, Matt, additional, Paton‐Walsh, Clare, additional, Jones, Nicholas, additional, Querel, Richard, additional, Strahan, Susan, additional, Stauffer, Ryan M., additional, Thompson, Anne M., additional, Inness, Antje, additional, Engelen, Richard, additional, Chang, Kai‐Lan, additional, and Cooper, Owen R., additional

Published
2021
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29. A dedicated flask sampling strategy developed for ICOS stations based on CO2 and CO measurements and STILT footprint modelling

Author

Levin, Ingeborg, Karstens, Ute, Eritt, Markus, Maier, Fabian, Arnold, Sabrina, Rzesanke, Daniel, Hammer, Samuel, Ramonet, Michel, Vítková, Gabriela, Conil, Sebastien, Heliasz, Michal, Kubistin, Dagmar, and Lindauer, Matthias

Abstract

In situ CO2 and CO measurements from five atmospheric ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System) stations have been analysed together with footprint model runs from the regional transport model STILT, to develop a dedicated strategy for flask sampling with an automated sampler. Flask sampling in ICOS has three different purposes: (1) Provide an independent quality control for in situ observations, (2) provide representative information on atmospheric components currently not monitored in situ at the stations, (3) collect samples for 14CO2 analysis that are significantly influenced by fossil fuel CO2 (ffCO2) emission areas. Based on the existing data and experimental results obtained at the Heidelberg pilot station with a prototype flask sampler, we suggest that single flask samples should be collected regularly every third day around noon/afternoon from the highest level of a tower station. Air samples shall be collected over one hour with equal temporal weighting to obtain a true hourly mean. At all stations studied, more than 50 % of flasks to be collected around mid-day will likely be sampled during low ambient variability (2 concentration biases larger than 0.1 ppm with a one-sigma confidence level between flask and in situ observations from only 5 flask comparisons. In order to have a maximum chance to also sample ffCO2 emission areas, additional flasks need to be collected on all other days in the afternoon. Using the continuous in situ CO observations, the CO deviation from an estimated background value must be determined the day after each flask sampling and, depending on this offset, an automated decision must be made if a flask shall be retained for 14CO2 analysis. It turned out that, based on existing data, ffCO2 events of more than 4–5 ppm will be very rare at all stations studied, particularly in summer. During the other seasons, events could be collected more frequently. The strategy developed in this project is currently being implemented at the ICOS stations.

Published
2020

30. Did the COVID-19 Crisis Reduce Free Tropospheric Ozone across the Northern Hemisphere?

Author

Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, primary, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, Plass-Dulmer, Christian, additional, Tarasick, David W., additional, Davies, Jonathan, additional, von der Gathen, Peter, additional, Deckelmann, Holger, additional, Jepsen, Nis, additional, Kivi, Rigel, additional, Lyall, Norrie, additional, Palm, Mathias, additional, Notholt, Justus, additional, Kois, Bogumil, additional, Oelsner, Peter, additional, Allaart, Marc, additional, Piters, Ankie, additional, Gill, Michael, additional, Van Malderen, Roeland, additional, Delcloo, Andy, additional, Sussmann, Ralf, additional, Servais, Christian, additional, Mahieu, Emmanuel, additional, Romanens, Gonzague, additional, Stübi, René, additional, Ancellet, Gerard, additional, Godin-Beekmann, Sophie, additional, Yamanouchi, Shoma, additional, Strong, Kimberly, additional, Johnson, Bryan J. J., additional, Cullis, Patrick, additional, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, additional, Hannigan, James W, additional, Hernandez, Jose-Luis, additional, Rodriguez, Ana Diaz, additional, Nakano, Tatsumi, additional, Leblanc, Thierry, additional, Chouza, Fernando, additional, Torres, Carlos, additional, García, Omaira, additional, Röhling, Amelie, additional, Schneider, Matthias, additional, Blumenstock, Thomas, additional, Tully, Matthew Brian, additional, Paton-Walsh, Clare, additional, Jones, Nicholas Brian, additional, Querel, Richard, additional, Strahan, Susan E, additional, Inness, Antje, additional, Engelen, Richard J., additional, Chang, Kai-Lan, additional, Cooper, Owen R. R., additional, Stauffer, Ryan Michael, additional, and Thompson, Anne M., additional

Published
2020
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31. High-resolution inverse modelling of European CH4 emissions using novel FLEXPART-COSMO TM5 4DVAR inverse modelling system.

Author

Bergamaschi, Peter, Segers, Arjo, Brunner, Dominik, Haussaire, Jean-Matthieu, Henne, Stephan, Ramonet, Michel, Arnold, Tim, Biermann, Tobias, Huilin Chen, Conil, Sebastien, Delmotte, Marc, Forster, Grant, Frumau, Arnoud, Kubistin, Dagmar, Xin Lan, Leuenberger, Markus, Lindauer, Matthias, Lopez, Morgan, Manca, Giovanni, and Müller-Williams, Jennifer

Abstract

We present a novel high-resolution inverse modelling system ("FLEXVAR") based on FLEXPART-COSMO back trajectories driven by COSMO meteorological fields at 7 km x 7 km resolution over the European COSMO-7 domain and the four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) data assimilation technique. FLEXVAR is coupled offline with the global inverse modelling system TM5-4DVAR to provide background mole fractions ("baselines") consistent with the global observations assimilated in TM5-4DVAR. We have applied the FLEXVAR system for the inverse modelling of European emissions in 2018 using 24 stations with in situ measurements, complemented with data from five stations with discrete air sampling (and additional stations outside the European COSMO-7 domain used for the global TM5-4DVAR inversions). The sensitivity of the FLEXVAR inversions to different approaches to calculate the baselines, different parameterizations of the model representation error, different settings of the prior error covariance parameters, different prior inventories and different observation data sets are investigated in detail. Furthermore, the FLEXVAR inversions are compared to inversions with the FLEXPART extended Kalman filter ("FLExKF") system and with TM5-4DVAR inversions at 1° x 1° resolution over Europe. The three inverse modelling systems show overall good consistency of the major spatial patterns of the derived inversion increments and in general only relatively small differences in the derived annual total emissions of larger country regions. At the same time, the FLEXVAR inversions at 7 km x 7 km resolution allow to better reproduce the observations than the TM5 4DVAR simulations at 1° x 1°. The three inverse models derive higher annual total CH4 emissions in 2018 for Germany, France and BENELUX compared to the sum of anthropogenic emissions reported to UNFCCC and natural emissions estimated from the Global Carbon Project CH4 inventory, but the uncertainty ranges of top-down and bottom-up total emission estimates overlap for all three country regions. In contrast, the top-down estimates for the sum of emissions from the United Kingdom and Ireland agree relatively well with the total of anthropogenic and natural bottom-up inventories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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32. A dedicated flask sampling strategy developed for Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) stations based on CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CO measurements and Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) footprint modelling

Author

Levin, Ingeborg, primary, Karstens, Ute, additional, Eritt, Markus, additional, Maier, Fabian, additional, Arnold, Sabrina, additional, Rzesanke, Daniel, additional, Hammer, Samuel, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Vítková, Gabriela, additional, Conil, Sebastien, additional, Heliasz, Michal, additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, and Lindauer, Matthias, additional

Published
2020
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34. Evaluation and optimization of ICOS atmospheric station data as part of the labeling process

Author

Yver-Kwok, Camille, primary, Philippon, Carole, additional, Bergamaschi, Peter, additional, Biermann, Tobias, additional, Calzolari, Francescopiero, additional, Chen, Huilin, additional, Conil, Sébastien, additional, Cristofanelli, Paolo, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Hatakka, Juha, additional, Heliasz, Michal, additional, Hermansen, Ove, additional, Komínková, Kateřina, additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, Kumps, Nicolas, additional, Laurent, Olivier, additional, Laurila, Tuomas, additional, Lehner, Irene, additional, Levula, Janne, additional, Lindauer, Matthias, additional, Lopez, Morgan, additional, Mammarella, Ivan, additional, Manca, Giovanni, additional, Marklund, Per, additional, Metzger, Jean-Marc, additional, Mölder, Meelis, additional, Platt, Stephen M., additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Rivier, Leonard, additional, Scheeren, Bert, additional, Sha, Mahesh Kumar, additional, Smith, Paul, additional, Steinbacher, Martin, additional, Vítková, Gabriela, additional, and Wyss, Simon, additional

Published
2020
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36. Assessment of regional atmospheric transport model performance using 222Radon observations

Author

Karstens, Ute, primary, Levin, Ingeborg, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Gerbig, Christoph, additional, Arnold, Sabrina, additional, Conil, Sebastién, additional, Della Coletta, Julian, additional, Frumau, Arnoud, additional, Gheusi, François, additional, Kazan, Victor, additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, Lindauer, Matthias, additional, Lopez, Morgan, additional, Maurer, Lars, additional, Mihalopoulos, Nikos, additional, Pichon, Jean-Marc, additional, and Spain, Gerard, additional

Published
2020
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38. A dedicated flask sampling strategy developed for ICOS stations based on CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CO measurements and STILT footprint modelling

Author

Levin, Ingeborg, primary, Karstens, Ute, additional, Eritt, Markus, additional, Maier, Fabian, additional, Arnold, Sabrina, additional, Rzesanke, Daniel, additional, Hammer, Samuel, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Vítková, Gabriela, additional, Conil, Sebastien, additional, Heliasz, Michal, additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, and Lindauer, Matthias, additional

Published
2020
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40. Multi-decadal surface ozone trends at globally distributed remote locations

Author

Cooper, Owen R., primary, Schultz, Martin G., additional, Schröder, Sabine, additional, Chang, Kai-Lan, additional, Gaudel, Audrey, additional, Benítez, Gerardo Carbajal, additional, Cuevas, Emilio, additional, Fröhlich, Marina, additional, Galbally, Ian E., additional, Molloy, Suzie, additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, Lu, Xiao, additional, McClure-Begley, Audra, additional, Nédélec, Philippe, additional, O’Brien, Jason, additional, Oltmans, Samuel J., additional, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, additional, Ries, Ludwig, additional, Senik, Irina, additional, Sjöberg, Karin, additional, Solberg, Sverre, additional, Spain, Gerard T., additional, Spangl, Wolfgang, additional, Steinbacher, Martin, additional, Tarasick, David, additional, Thouret, Valerie, additional, and Xu, Xiaobin, additional

Published
2020
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42. Simultaneous shipborne measurements of CO2, CH4 and CO and their application to improving greenhouse-gas flux estimates in Australia

Author

Bukosa, Beata, Deutscher, Nicholas M., Fisher, Jenny A., Kubistin, Dagmar, Paton-Walsh, Clare, and Griffith, David W. T.

Abstract

Quantitative understanding of the sources and sinks of greenhouse gases is essential for predicting greenhouse-gas–climate feedback processes and their impacts on climate variability and change. Australia plays a significant role in driving variability in global carbon cycling, but the budgets of carbon gases in Australia remain highly uncertain. Here, shipborne Fourier transform infrared spectrometer measurements collected around Australia are used together with a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to analyse the variability of three direct and indirect carbon greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and carbon monoxide (CO). Using these measurements, we provide an updated distribution of these gases. From the model, we quantify their sources and sinks, and we exploit the benefits of multi-species analysis to explore co-variations to constrain relevant processes. We find that for all three gases, the eastern Australian coast is largely influenced by local anthropogenic sources, while the southern, western and northern coasts are characterised by a mixture of anthropogenic and natural sources. Comparing coincident and co-located enhancements in the three carbon gases highlighted several common sources from the Australian continent. We found evidence for 17 events with similar enhancement patterns indicative of co-emission and calculated enhancement ratios and modelled source contributions for each event. We found that anthropogenic co-enhancement events are common along the eastern coast, while co-enhancement events in the tropics primarily derive from biomass burning sources. While the GEOS-Chem model generally reproduced the timing of co-enhancement events, it was less able to reproduce the magnitude of enhancements. We used these differences to identify underestimated, overestimated and missing processes in the model. We found model overestimates of CH4 from coal burning and underestimates of all three gases from biomass burning. We identified missing sources from fossil fuel, biofuel, oil, gas, coal, livestock, biomass burning and the biosphere in the model, pointing to the need to further develop and evaluate greenhouse-gas emission inventories for the Australian continent.

Published
2019

43. Laser-induced fluorescence-based detection of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide and comparison of different techniques during the PARADE 2011 field campaign

Author

Javed, Umar, Kubistin, Dagmar, Martinez, Monica, Pollmann, Jan, Rudolf, Markus, Parchatka, Uwe, Reiffs, Andreas, Thieser, Jim, Schuster, Gerhard, Horbanski, Martin, Pöhler, Denis, Crowley, John N., Fischer, Horst, Lelieveld, Jos, and Harder, Hartwig

Subjects
ddc:550
Abstract

GANDALF (Gas Analyzer for Nitrogen Dioxide Applying Laser-induced Fluorescence), a new instrument for the detection of nitrogen dioxide based on the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique, is presented in this paper. GANDALF is designed for ground-based and airborne deployment with a robust calibration system. In the current set-up, it uses a multi-mode diode laser (447–450 nm) and performs in situ, continuous, and autonomous measurements with a laser pulse repetition rate of 5 MHz. The performance of GANDALF was tested during the summer of year 2011 (15 August–10 September) in a field experiment at Kleiner Feldberg, Germany. The location is within a forested region with an urban influence, where NOx levels were between 0.12 and 22 parts per billion by volume (ppb). Based on the field results, the limit of detection is estimated at 5–10 parts per trillion by volume (ppt) in 60 s at a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 2. The overall accuracy and precision of the instrument are better than 5 % (1σ) and 0.5 %+3 ppt (1σ min−1), respectively. A comparison of nitrogen dioxide measurements based on several techniques during the field campaign PARADE 2011 is presented to explore methodic differences.

Published
2019

44. Particle Formation in a Complex Environment

Author

Dominick, Doreena, Wilson, Stephen R, Paton-Walsh, Clare, Humphries, Ruhi S, Guerette, Elise-Andree, Keywood, Melita, Selleck, Paul, Kubistin, Dagmar C, Marwick, Ben, Dominick, Doreena, Wilson, Stephen R, Paton-Walsh, Clare, Humphries, Ruhi S, Guerette, Elise-Andree, Keywood, Melita, Selleck, Paul, Kubistin, Dagmar C, and Marwick, Ben

Abstract

A field aerosol measurement campaign as part of the Measurements of Urban, Marine and Biogenic Air (MUMBA) campaign was conducted between 16 January 2013 and 15 February 2013 in the coastal city of Wollongong, Australia. The objectives of this research were to study the occurrence frequency, characteristics and factors that influence new particle formation processes. Particle formation and growth events were observed from particle number size distribution data in the range of 14 nm-660 nm measured using a scanning particle mobility sizer (SMPS). Four weak Class I particle formation and growth event days were observed, which is equivalent to 13% of the total observation days. The events occurred during the day, starting after 8:30 Australian Eastern Standard time with an average duration of five hours. The events also appeared to be positively linked to the prevailing easterly to north easterly sea breezes that carry pollutants from sources in and around Sydney. This suggests that photochemical reactions and a combination of oceanic and anthropogenic air masses are among the factors that influenced these events.

Published
2019

45. Composition of clean marine air and biogenic influences on VOCs during the MUMBA campaign

Author

Guerette, Elise-Andree, Paton-Walsh, Clare, Galbally, Ian E, Molloy, Suzie B, Lawson, Sarah J, Kubistin, Dagmar C, Buchholz, Rebecca R, Griffith, David W. T, Langenfelds, R L, Krummel, Paul B, Loh, Zoe, Chambers, Scott D, Griffiths, Alan D, Keywood, Melita, Selleck, Paul, Dominick, Doreena, Humphries, Ruhi S, Wilson, Stephen R, Guerette, Elise-Andree, Paton-Walsh, Clare, Galbally, Ian E, Molloy, Suzie B, Lawson, Sarah J, Kubistin, Dagmar C, Buchholz, Rebecca R, Griffith, David W. T, Langenfelds, R L, Krummel, Paul B, Loh, Zoe, Chambers, Scott D, Griffiths, Alan D, Keywood, Melita, Selleck, Paul, Dominick, Doreena, Humphries, Ruhi S, and Wilson, Stephen R

Abstract

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important precursors to the formation of ozone and fine particulate matter, the two pollutants of most concern in Sydney, Australia. Despite this importance, there are very few published measurements of ambient VOC concentrations in Australia. In this paper, we present mole fractions of several important VOCs measured during the campaign known as MUMBA (Measurements of Urban, Marine and Biogenic Air) in the Australian city of Wollongong (34°S). We particularly focus on measurements made during periods when clean marine air impacted the measurement site and on VOCs of biogenic origin. Typical unpolluted marine air mole fractions during austral summer 2012-2013 at latitude 34°S were established for CO2 (391.0 ± 0.6 ppm), CH4 (1760.1 ± 0.4 ppb), N2O (325.04 ± 0.08 ppb), CO (52.4 ± 1.7 ppb), O3 (20.5 ± 1.1 ppb), acetaldehyde (190 ± 40 ppt), acetone (260 ± 30 ppt), dimethyl sulphide (50 ± 10 ppt), benzene (20 ± 10 ppt), toluene (30 ± 20 ppt), C8H10 aromatics (23 ± 6 ppt) and C9H12 aromatics (36 ± 7 ppt). The MUMBA site was frequently influenced by VOCs of biogenic origin from a nearby strip of forested parkland to the east due to the dominant north-easterly afternoon sea breeze. VOCs from the more distant densely forested escarpment to the west also impacted the site, especially during two days of extreme heat and strong westerly winds. The relative amounts of different biogenic VOCs observed for these two biomes differed, with much larger increases of isoprene than of monoterpenes or methanol during the hot westerly winds from the escarpment than with cooler winds from the east. However, whether this was due to different vegetation types or was solely the result of the extreme temperatures is not entirely clear. We conclude that the clean marine air and biogenic signatures measured during the MUMBA campaign provide useful information about the typical abundance of several key VOCs and can be used to constrain chemical transport mode

Published
2019

46. Laser-induced fluorescence-based detection of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide and comparison of different techniques during the PARADE 2011 field campaign

Author

Javed, U, Kubistin, Dagmar C, Martinez, M, Pollmann, Jan, Rudolf, M, Parchatka, U, Reiffs, Andreas, Thieser, J, Schuster, Gerhard, Horbanski, Martin, Pohler, Denis, Crowley, J, Fischer, H, Lelieveld, J, Harder, H, Javed, U, Kubistin, Dagmar C, Martinez, M, Pollmann, Jan, Rudolf, M, Parchatka, U, Reiffs, Andreas, Thieser, J, Schuster, Gerhard, Horbanski, Martin, Pohler, Denis, Crowley, J, Fischer, H, Lelieveld, J, and Harder, H

Abstract

GANDALF (Gas Analyzer for Nitrogen Dioxide Applying Laser-induced Fluorescence), a new instrument for the detection of nitrogen dioxide based on the laserinduced fluorescence (LIF) technique, is presented in this paper. GANDALF is designed for ground-based and airborne deployment with a robust calibration system. In the current set-up, it uses a multi-mode diode laser (447-450 nm) and performs in situ, continuous, and autonomous measurements with a laser pulse repetition rate of 5 MHz. The performance of GANDALF was tested during the summer of year 2011 (15 August-10 September) in a field experiment at Kleiner Feldberg, Germany. The location is within a forested region with an urban influence, where NOx levels were between 0.12 and 22 parts per billion by volume (ppb). Based on the field results, the limit of detection is estimated at 5- 10 parts per trillion by volume (ppt) in 60 s at a signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) of 2. The overall accuracy and precision of the instrument are better than 5% (1) and 0:5%C3 ppt (1 min-1), respectively. A comparison of nitrogen dioxide measurements based on several techniques during the field campaign PARADE 2011 is presented to explore methodic differences.

Published
2019

47. Diurnal variability, photochemical production and loss processes of hydrogen peroxide in the boundary layer over Europe

Author

Fischer, Horst, primary, Axinte, Raoul, additional, Bozem, Heiko, additional, Crowley, John N., additional, Ernest, Cheryl, additional, Gilge, Stefan, additional, Hafermann, Sascha, additional, Harder, Hartwig, additional, Hens, Korbinian, additional, Janssen, Ruud H. H., additional, Königstedt, Rainer, additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, Mallik, Chinmay, additional, Martinez, Monica, additional, Novelli, Anna, additional, Parchatka, Uwe, additional, Plass-Dülmer, Christian, additional, Pozzer, Andrea, additional, Regelin, Eric, additional, Reiffs, Andreas, additional, Schmidt, Torsten, additional, Schuladen, Jan, additional, and Lelieveld, Jos, additional

Published
2019
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48. Composition of Clean Marine Air and Biogenic Influences on VOCs during the MUMBA Campaign

Author

Guérette, Élise-Andrée, primary, Paton-Walsh, Clare, additional, Galbally, Ian, additional, Molloy, Suzie, additional, Lawson, Sarah, additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, Buchholz, Rebecca, additional, Griffith, David W.T., additional, Langenfelds, Ray L., additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Loh, Zoe, additional, Chambers, Scott, additional, Griffiths, Alan, additional, Keywood, Melita, additional, Selleck, Paul, additional, Dominick, Doreena, additional, Humphries, Ruhi, additional, and Wilson, Stephen R., additional

Published
2019
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50. Particle Formation in a Complex Environment

Author

Dominick, Doreena, primary, Wilson, Stephen R., additional, Paton-Walsh, Clare, additional, Humphries, Ruhi, additional, Guérette, Élise-Andrée, additional, Keywood, Melita, additional, Selleck, Paul, additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, and Marwick, Ben, additional

Published
2019
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