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Motivated by Kraji\v{c}ek and Scanlon's definition of the Grothendieck ring $K_0(M)$ of a first-order structure $M$, we introduce the definition of $K$-groups $K_n(M)$ for $n\geq0$ via Quillen's $S^{-1}S$ construction. We provide a recipe for the computation of $K_1(M_R)$, where $M_R$ is a free module over a PID $R$, subject to the knowledge of the abelianizations of the general linear groups $GL_n(R)$. As a consequence, we provide explicit computations of $K_1(M_R)$ when $R$ belongs to a large class of Euclidean domains that includes fields with at least $3$ elements and polynomial rings over fields with characteristic $0$. We also show that the algebraic $K_1$ of a PID $R$ embeds into $K_1(R_R)$., Comment: 18 pages

Given a special biserial algebra $\Lambda$ over an algebraically closed field, let $\mathrm{rad}_\Lambda$ denote the radical of its module category. The authors showed with Sinha that the stable rank of a special biserial algebra $\Lambda$, i.e., the least ordinal $\gamma$ satisfying $\mathrm{rad}_\Lambda^\gamma=\mathrm{rad}_\Lambda^{\gamma+1}$, is strictly bounded above by $\omega^2$. We use finite automata to give simple algorithmic proofs, complete with their time complexity analyses, of two key ingredients in the proof of this result--the first one states that certain linear orders called hammocks associated with such algebras are \emph{finite description linear orders}, i.e., they lie in the smallest class of linear orders that contains finite linear orders and $\omega$, and that is closed under isomorphisms, order-reversals, binary sums, co-lexicographic products and finitary shuffles. We also document a complete proof of the result that the class of order types(=order-isomorphism classes) of finite description linear orders coincides with that of languages of finite automata under inorder., Comment: 15 pages, 9 figures

It is well-known that every transitive linear order is exponentiable. However, is the converse true? This question was posed in Chapter 8 of the textbook titled "Linear Orderings" by Rosenstein. We define the class CTLO of cyclically transitive linear orders that properly contains the class of transitive linear orders, and show that all discrete unbounded orders in CTLO are exponentiable, thereby providing a negative answer to the question. The class CTLO is closely related to the class of transitive cyclic orders introduced by Droste, Giraudet and Macpherson. We also discuss the closure of subclasses of CTLO under products and iterated Hausdorff condensations., Comment: 10 pages

Generalising a recent work of Dequ\^ene et al. on the connection between perfectly clustering words and band bricks over a particular family of gentle algebras, we characterise band bricks over string algebras whose underlying quiver is acyclic in terms of weakly perfectly clustering pairs of words -- a variant of perfectly clustering words. As a consequence, we characterise band semibricks over all such algebras. Furthermore, the combination of our result and a result of Mousavand and Paquette provides an algorithm to determine whether such a string algebra is brick-infinite., Comment: 22 pages

Suppose $\Lambda$ is a special biserial algebra over an algebraically closed field. Schr\"oer showed that if $\Lambda$ is domestic then the radical of the category of finitely generated (left) $\Lambda$-modules is nilpotent, and the least ordinal, denoted $\mathrm{st}(\Lambda)$, where the decreasing sequence of powers of the radical stabilizes satisfies $\mathrm{st}(\Lambda)<\omega^2$. With Gupta and Sardar, the third author conjectured that if $\Lambda$ has at least one band then $\omega\le\mathrm{st}(\Lambda)<\omega^2$ even when $\Lambda$ is non-domestic. In this paper we settle this conjecture in the affirmative. We also describe an algorithm to compute $\mathrm{st}(\Lambda)$ up to a finite error. We also show that for each $\omega\leq\alpha<\omega^2$ there is a finite-dimensional tame representation type algebra $\Gamma$ with $\mathrm{st}(\Gamma)=\alpha$., Comment: 36 pages, 3 Figures

We show that a monomial algebra $\Lambda$ over an algebraically closed field $K$ is self-injective if and only if each map $\mathrm{soc}(_{\Lambda}\Lambda)\to \ _{\Lambda}\Lambda$ can be extended to an endomorphism of $_{\Lambda}\Lambda$, and provide a complete classification of such algebras. As a consequence, we show that the class of self-injective monomial algebras is a subclass of Nakayama algebras.

We show that the order type of the simplest version of a hammock for string algebras lies in the class of finite description linear orders--the smallest class of linear orders containing $\mathbf 0$, $\mathbf 1$, and that is closed under isomorphisms, finite order sum, anti-lexicographic product with $\omega$ and $\omega^*$, and shuffle of finite subsets--using condensation (localization) of linear orders as a tool. We also introduce two finite subsets of the set of bands and use them to describe the location of left $\mathbb N$-strings in the completion of hammocks., Comment: 30 pages, 5 figures

For the representation-theoretic study of domestic string algebras, Schr\"{o}er introduced a version of hammocks that are bounded discrete linear orders. He introduced a finite combinatorial gadget called the bridge quiver, which we modified in the prequel of this paper to get a variation called the arch bridge quiver. Here we use it as a tool to provide an algorithm to compute the order type of an arbitrary closed interval in such hammocks. Moreover, we characterize the class of order types of these hammocks as the bounded discrete ones amongst the class of finitely presented linear orders--the smallest class of linear orders containing finite linear orders as well as $\omega$, and that is closed under isomorphisms, order reversal, finite order sums and lexicographic products., Comment: 47 pages

Borrowing inspiration from Marcone and Mont\'{a}lban's one-one correspondence between the class of signed trees and the equimorphism classes of indecomposable scattered linear orders, we find a subclass of signed trees which has an analogous correspondence with equimorphism classes of indecomposable finite rank discrete linear orders. We also introduce the class of \emph{finitely presented linear orders}-- the smallest subclass of finite rank linear orders containing $\mathbf 1$, $\omega$ and $\omega^*$ and closed under finite sums and lexicographic products. For this class we develop a generalization of the Euclidean algorithm where the \emph{width} of a linear order plays the role of the Euclidean norm. Using this as a tool we classify the isomorphism classes of finitely presented linear orders in terms of an equivalence relation on their presentations using \emph{3-signed trees}., Comment: 26 pages

In the computation of some representation-theoretic numerical invariants of domestic string algebras, a finite combinatorial gadget introduced by Schr\"{o}er--the \emph{bridge quiver} whose vertices are (representatives of cyclic permutations of) bands and whose arrows are certain band-free strings--has been used extensively. There is a natural but ill-behaved partial binary operation, $\circ$, on the larger set of \emph{weak bridges} such that bridges are precisely the $\circ$-irreducibles. With the goal of computing hammocks up to isomorphism in a later work we equip an even larger set of \emph{weak arch bridges} with another partial binary operation, $\circ_H$, to obtain a finite category. Each weak arch bridge admits a unique $\circ_H$-factorization into \emph{arch bridges}, i.e., the $\circ_H$-irreducibles., Comment: 31 pages, rewritten portions in sections 5,6 and 7, updated some citations

We introduce the concept of a prime band in a string algebra $\Lambda$ and use it to associate to $\Lambda$ its finite bridge quiver. Then we introduce a new technique of `recursive systems' for showing that a graph map between finite dimensional string modules lies in its stable radical. Further we study two classes of non-domestic string algebras in terms of some connectedness properties of its bridge quiver. `Meta-$\bigcup$-cyclic' string algebras constitute the first class that is essentially characterized by the statement that each finite string is a substring of a band. Extending this class we have `meta-torsion-free' string algebras that are characterized by a dichotomy statement for ranks of graph maps between string modules--such maps either have finite rank or are in the stable radical. Their stable ranks can only take values from $\{\omega,\omega+1,\omega+2\}$., Comment: 23 pages, minor changes in Corollary 4.3.3, added funding details for one author

We generalize the Arrow's impossibility theorem--a key result in social choice theory--to the setting where the arity $k$ of the relation under consideration is greater than $2$. Some special but natural properties of $k$-ary relations are considered, as well as an analogue for such $k$-ary relations of Endriss and Grandi's result on graph aggregation is proved., Comment: 12 pages

We compute the model-theoretic Grothendieck ring, $K_0(\mathcal{Q})$, of a dense linear order (DLO) with or without end points, $\mathcal{Q}=(Q,<)$, as a structure of the signature $\{<\}$, and show that it is a quotient of the polynomial ring over $\mathbb{Z}$ generated by $\mathbb N_+\times(Q\sqcup\{-\infty\})$ by an ideal that encodes multiplicative relations of pairs of generators. As a corollary we obtain that a DLO satisfies the pigeon hole principle (PHP) for definable subsets and definable bijections between them--a property that is too strong for many structures., Comment: 20 pages

We introduce the notion of a definable category--a category equivalent to a full subcategory of a locally finitely presentable category that is closed under products, directed colimits and pure subobjects. Definable subcategories are precisely the finite-injectivity classes. We prove a $2$-duality between the $2$-category of small exact categories and the $2$-category of definable categories, and provide a new proof of its additive version. We further introduce a third vertex of the $2$-category of regular toposes and show that the diagram of $2$-(anti-)equivalences between three $2$-categories commutes, the corresponding additive triangle is well-known., Comment: 22 pages

Given functors $F,G:\mathcal C\to\mathcal D$ between small categories, when is it possible to say that $F$ can be "continuously deformed" into $G$ in a manner that is not necessarily reversible? In an attempt to answer this question in purely category-theoretic language, we use adjunctions to define a `taxotopy' preorder $\preceq$ on the set of functors $\mathcal C\to\mathcal D$, and combine this data into a `fundamental poset' $(\Lambda(\mathcal C,\mathcal D),\preceq)$. The main objects of study in this paper are the fundamental posets $\Lambda(\mathbf 1,P)$ and $\Lambda(\mathbb Z,P)$ for a poset $P$, where $\mathbf 1$ is the singleton poset and $\mathbb Z$ is the ordered set of integers; they encode the data about taxotopy of points and chains of $P$ respectively. Borrowing intuition from homotopy theory, we show that a suitable cone construction produces `null-taxotopic' posets and prove two forms of van Kampen theorem for computing fundamental posets via covers of posets., Comment: 26 pages

Let $\operatorname{K}_0(\operatorname{Var}_k)$ denote the Grothendieck ring of $k$-varieties over an algebraically closed field $k$. Larsen and Lunts asked if two $k$-varieties having the same class in $\operatorname{K}_0 (\operatorname{Var}_k)$ are piecewise isomorphic. Gromov asked if a birational self-map of a $k$-variety can be extended to a piecewise automorphism. We show that these two questions are equivalent over any algebraically closed field. If these two questions admit a positive answer, then we prove that its underlying abelian group is a free abelian group. Furthermore, if $\mathfrak B$ denotes the multiplicative monoid of birational equivalence classes of irreducible $k$-varieties then we also prove that the associated graded ring of the Grothendieck ring is the monoid ring $\mathbb Z[\mathfrak B]$., Comment: 10 pages, Extra hypothesis added to the main theorem to cover a major gap in the proof in the earlier version

The model-theoretic Grothendieck ring of a first order structure, as defined by Krajic\v{e}k and Scanlon, captures some combinatorial properties of the definable subsets of finite powers of the structure. In this paper we compute the Grothendieck ring, $K_0(M_\mathcal R)$, of a right $R$-module $M$, where $\mathcal R$ is any unital ring. As a corollary we prove a conjecture of Prest that $K_0(M)$ is non-trivial, whenever $M$ is non-zero. The main proof uses various techniques from the homology theory of simplicial complexes., Comment: 42 Pages