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Discussed are two picolinate appended bispidine ligands (3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivatives) in comparison with an earlier described bis-pyridine derivative, which are all known to strongly bind CuII. The radiopharmacological characterization of the two isomeric bispidine complexes includes quantitative labeling with 64CuII at ambient conditions with high radiochemical purities and yields (molar activities > 200 MBq/nmol). Challenge experiments in presence of EDTA, cyclam, human serum and SOD demonstrate high stability and inertness of the 64Cu-bispidine complexes. Biodistribution studies performed in Wistar rats indicate a rapid renal elimination for both 64Cu-labeled chelates. The bispidine ligand with the picolinate group in N7 position was selected for further biological experiments, and its backbone was therefore substituted with a benzyl-NCS group at C9. Two tumor target modules (TMs), targeting prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), overexpressed in prostate cancer, and the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) in fibrosarcoma, were selected for thiourea coupling with the NCS-functionalized ligand and lysine residues of TMs. Small animal PET experiments on tumor-bearing mice showed very good and specific accumulation of the 64Cu-labeled TMs in tumors.

Electronic biosensors based on the extended-gate field-effect transistor (EGFET) concept show great promise for multiplexed biosensing in clinical screening and monitoring of complex diseases at the point of care. These biosensors offer high sensitivity, simplified integration, and easy interfacing with conventional readout electronics. However, EGFET biosensors face practical limitations that hinder their widespread use, such as the need for complex nanostructuring of extended gates (EGs) and FET transducers to achieve ultra-high sensitivity and operate at low current levels (in the ~nA range). We present a low-cost, standalone, and multiplexed EGFET immunosensor. Our system consists of a disposable sensing chip with an EG electrode array, a multiplexing module that allows reproducible switching between up to 32 EGs, and a readout module built around a commercial FET transducer using off-the-shelf electronic components. We detect the binding of IgG antibodies by indirectly monitoring the gate surface potential, operating the FET transducer in constant charge mode. To achieve high sensitivity levels (approximately 20 mV/dec) and a low detection limit (around 10 fM), comparable to state-of-the-art nanostructured EGFET biosensors, we employ an innovative assay approach. This involves labeling the analyte antibody through bioconjugation with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), resulting in a detection limit approximately 10^4 times lower than with the gold-standard optical method for the same antibody. Remarkably, our approach leads to a 5-fold amplification of the potentiometric response compared to direct antibody detection without labeling. To understand the origin of this amplification, we analyze the impedimetric response and find that AuNPs exhibit nanoantennae-like behavior, disrupting charge uniformity within the diffusion barrier layer and producing signal amplification. These findings demonstrate the potential for creating a new cost-effective and highly sensitive po

To clinically evaluate complex diseases at the point of care (POC), it is crucial to have multiplexed quantitative sensing of biomolecules. This need has led to the development of ultra-sensitive and cost-effective biosensors. Electronic biosensors based on extended gate field-effect transistor (EGFET) are promising candidates for multiplexed biosensing due to their excellent sensitivity, facile integration, and straightforward interfacing with the readout electronics. Although some high-performance biosensing applications of EGFET systems have been demonstrated [1,2], current EGFET-based biosensors still need to overcome practical issues to reach broad use in POC settings, such as readout at low current levels (~nA), limited multiplexing ability, and complex customized nanofabrication of FET transducers. We demonstrate a custom standalone multiplexed EGFET-based potentiometric biosensing platform relying on modular electronics constructed with off-the-shelf components and an innovative assay format employing bioconjugates of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and antibodies (Abs). Our platform comprises a disposable sensing chip containing an EG electrode array functionalized with bioreceptor molecules, a multiplexing module enabling reproducible scanning of up to 32 electrodes, and a readout module based on a commercial FET operating in constant charge mode to enable indirect monitoring of gate surface potential shifts caused by analyte binding. We observe a remarkable 5-fold amplification of the potentiometric response due to the labeling of target antibodies with AuNPs in comparison with the traditional non-labeled assay. We investigate the amplification mechanism by analyzing and modeling the impedimetric response of the system and propose that AuNPs act as localized regions of high surface charge mediating the diffusion barrier layer disruption. The AuNP-enhanced response brings the sensitivity of our platform to a level comparable with fully customized potentiometric

Biosensors based on the extended gate field-effect transistor (EG FET) differ from the traditional FET- based biosensors in terms of creating a spatial separation between the EG sensing element and the FET transducer. Thus, EG can be employed as a cost-effective and disposable unit, while the FET transducer is retained as a reusable component. These features make EG particularly attractive for multiplexed biosensing since an EG electrode array can be easily integrated within a single chip, and individual electrodes can be separately modified for the recognition of diverse analyte types. Although the use of EG FET-based platforms has been successfully demonstrated in advanced biosensing applications,¹˒² they still suffer from practical disadvantages including limited multiplexing, complex nanofabrication of FET transducers, and reliance on bulky specialized high-performance measurement instruments for readout of low current levels (~nA range), all substantially reducing their suitability for many applications in point-of-care (POC) diagnostics and monitoring. We present a custom-designed multiplexed standalone EG FET-based potentiometric biosensing platform relying on a commercial FET transducer, portable modular electronics, and innovative assay format for potentiometric response enhancement based on the conjugation of analyte antibodies (Abs) to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). To achieve simplified signal readout, we employ an in-house fabricated common reference electrode for all sensing points and operate the FET in constant charge mode. Potential shifts at the EG surface during sensing are indirectly detected as voltage changes between the reference electrode and the FET source terminal. We demonstrate the sensing of antibody-antibody interactions on the immunoglobulin G system and realize the 5-fold amplification of the potentiometric response compared to the traditional label-free assay by introducing AuNP-based labeling of the target analyte. Using the described

Engineered T cells that express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) show a big potential in cancer immunological research. They are synthetic receptors that can target antigens independently from the MHC complex. However, most tumor associated antigens are not only expressed on the tumor site but also on healthy tissues. To switch off CAR T cells in case of on-target/off-tumor effects occur, an adaptor CAR platform, called the universal CAR (UniCAR), was developed. In contrast to conventional CAR systems this platform consists of the engineered T cells and a linker molecule, called target module (TM), that is both binding to the target antigen and recognized by the UniCAR T cell. With this approach there is the possibility to switch the system on and off when needed. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a protein of high interest in cancer research as it is upregulated in most of epithelial cancers but shows a comparably low expression in healthy tissues. It is shown to be expressed on cancer associated fibroblasts and therefore plays an important role in the tumor microenvironment where it has pro-tumorigenic activity both in the FAP positive and surrounding cells. Given this, the goal of this work was to develop new TMs against FAP. To achieve such aim, we cloned two TM formats, either based on a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) or an IgG4 based backbone. The difference in the size of the backbones translates into different half-lifes and kinetics. These different TM formats can be used to customize UniCAR therapy according to the given circumstances. We were able to purify and perform various experiments with the mentioned TMs. We could show binding to the target cells using flow cytometry. We could also show that the TMs could be used to induce specific lysis in vitro on monolayer cells and spheroids. We were also able to show UniCAR T cell infiltration into the spheroids and their consequent activation. Moreover, in mouse models the TMs could be used for P

T-cells genetically modified to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are playing a more and more important role in targeted cancer immunotherapy. However, these living drugs can also cause lifethreatening side effects. To overcome such limitations and improve the safety of CAR T-cell therapy, adaptor CAR platforms such as the universal CAR (UniCAR) have been developed. This platform consists of the UniCAR T-cell and a target module (TM) cross-linkage effector and tumor cells. Here, we have established a novel UniCAR system targeting Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) that is highly expressed in the tumor microenvironment of epithelial cancers and a marker for cancer-associated fibroblasts. For that, we constructed two novel FAP-directed TMs possessing different sizes and pharmacokinetic properties, in which one is based on a single-chain variable fragment (scFv), and the other is based on an IgG4 backbone. We have shown that both TMs were able to bind to FAP-expressing cells and redirect UniCAR T-cells in vitro to monolayer and spheroid target cells inducing effective killing. Furthermore, we could show infiltration and activation of T-cells in the spheroid setting. Using in vivo models, the TMs were proven to be suitable to be used for PET imaging showing FAP-specific accumulation at the tumor site. Moreover, the immunotherapeutic effect of UniCAR T-cells in combination with FAP TMs was demonstrated using mouse models. In conclusion, in this work, we could show that the two novel anti- FAP TMs prove to hold great theranostic potential for diagnostic imaging and immunotherapy.

UV/Vis of natural Bi(III)- and Pb(II)-L2 and Bi(III)- and Pb(II)-L3; radio-SEC of 133La-L2; radiolabeling kinetics

Octa- and specifically nonadentate ligands with a bispidine scaffold (3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane) are known to be efficiently coordinated to a range of metal ions of interest in radiopharmaceutical chemistry and lead to exceedingly stable and inert complexes. The nonadentate bispidine L2 (with a tridentate bipyridine acetate appended to N3 and a picolinate at N7) has been shown before to be an ideal chelator for 111In3+, 177Lu3+ and 225Ac3+, nuclides of interest for diagnosis and therapy, and a proof-of-principle study with an SSTR2-specific octreotate has shown potential for theranostic applications. We now have extended these studies in two directions. Firstly, we present the ligand derivative L3, where the bipyridine acetate is substituted with terpyridine, a softer donor for metal ions with a preference for more covalency. L3 did not fulfill the hopes because complexation is much less efficient: while for Bi3+ and Pb2+ the ligand is an excellent chelator with similar properties to L2, Lu3+ and La3+ show very slow and inefficient complexation with L3 in contrast to L2, and 225Ac3+ is not fully coordinated, even at an elevated temperature (92% radiochemical yield (RCY) at 80 °C, 60 min, [L3] = 10-4 M). These observations have led to a hypothesis for the complexation pathway that is in line with all experimental data and supported by a preliminary DFT analysis, which is of importance for the design of further optimized bispidine chelators. Secondly, the coordination chemistry of L2 has been extended to Bi3+, La3+ and Pb2+, including solid state and solution structural work, complex stabilities, radiolabeling and radiostability studies. All complexes of this ligand (La3+, Ac3+, Lu3+, Bi3+, In3+, Pb2+), including nuclides for targeted alpha therapy (TAT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET) are formed efficiently at physiological conditions, i.e., suitable for the labeling of delicate biological vectors such a

Nanogels open up access to a wide range of applications and offer among others hopeful approaches for use in the field of biomedicine. This review provides a brief overview of current developments of nanogels in general, particularly in the fields of drug delivery, therapeutic applications, tissue engineering and sensor systems. Specifically, cyclodextrin (CD)-based nanogels are important because they have exceptional complexation properties and are highly biocompatible. Nanogels as a whole and CD-based nanogels in particular can be customized in a wide range of sizes and equipped with a desired surface charge as well as containing additional molecules inside and outside, such as dyes, solubility-mediating groups or even biological vector molecules for pharmaceutical targeting. Currently, biological investigations are mainly carried out in vitro, but more and more in vivo applications are gaining importance. Modern molecular imaging methods are increasingly being used for the latter. Due to an extremely high sensitivity and the possibility of obtaining quantitative data on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, nuclear methods such as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) using radiolabeled compounds are particularly suitable here. The use of radiolabeled nanogels for imaging, but also for therapy, is being discussed.

Background: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells are a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy, particularly for treating hematologic malignancies. Yet, their effectiveness is limited when tackling solid tumors, where immune cell infiltration and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments (TME) are major hurdles. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is highly expressed on cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and various tumor cells, playing an important role in tumor growth and immunosuppression. Aiming to modulate the TME with increased clinical safety and effectiveness, we developed novel small and size-extended immunotheranostic UniCAR target modules (TMs) targeting FAP. Methods: The specific binding and functionality of the anti-FAP-scFv TM and the size extended anti-FAP-IgG4 TM were assessed using 2D and 3D in vitro models as well as in vivo. Their specific tumor accumulation and diagnostic potential was evaluated using PET studies after functionalization with a chelator and suitable radionuclide. Results: The anti-FAP-scFv and -IgG4 TMs effectively and specifically redirected UniCAR T-cells using 2D, 3D, and in vivo models. Moreover, a remarkably high and specific accumulation of radiolabeled FAP-targeting TMs at the tumor site of xenograft mouse models was observed. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the novel anti-FAP TMs are promising immunotheranostic tools to foster cancer imaging and treatment, paving the way for a more convenient, individualized, and safer treatment of cancer patients.

We present a portable multiplexed biosensor platform based on the extended gate field-effect transistor and demonstrate its amplified response thanks to gold nanoparticle-based bioconjugates introduced as a part of the immunoassay. The platform comprises a disposable chip hosting an array of 32 extended gate electrodes, a readout module based on a single transistor operating in constant charge mode, and a multiplexer to scan sensing electrodes one-by-one. Although employing only off-the-shelf electronic components, our platform achieves sensitivities comparable to fully customized nanofabricated potentiometric sensors. In particular, it reaches a detection limit of 0.2 fM for the pure molecular assay when sensing horseradish peroxidase-linked secondary antibody (∼0.4 nM reached by standard microplate methods). Furthermore, with the gold nanoparticle bioconjugation format, we demonstrate ca. 5-fold amplification of the potentiometric response compared to a pure molecular assay, at the detection limit of 13.3 fM. Finally, we elaborate on the mechanism of this amplification and propose that nanoparticle-mediated disruption of the diffusion barrier layer is the main contributor to the potentiometric signal enhancement. These results show the great potential of our portable, sensitive, and cost-efficient biosensor for multidimensional diagnostics in the clinical and laboratory settings, including e.g., serological tests or pathogen screening.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is still an incurable tumor that is associated with high recurrence rate and poor survival despite the current treatment regimes. With the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies, immunotherapies, especially chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing T cells, represent a promising approach for specific and effective targeting of GBM. However, CAR T cells can be associated with serious side effects. To overcome such limitation, we applied our switchable RevCAR system to target both the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the disialoganglioside GD2, which are expressed in GBM. The RevCAR system is a modular platform that enables controllability, improves safety, specificity and flexibility. Briefly, it consists of RevCAR T cells having a peptide epitope as extracellular domain, and a bispecific target module (RevTM). The RevTM acts as a switch key that recognizes the RevCAR epitope and the tumor-associated antigen, and thereby activating the RevCAR T cells to kill the tumor cells. However, in the absence of the RevTM, the RevCAR T cells are switched off. In this study, we show that the novel EGFR/GD2-specific RevTMs can selectively activate RevCAR T cells to kill GBM cells. Moreover, we show that gated targeting of GBM is possible with our Dual-RevCAR T cells, which have their internal activation and co-stimulatory domains separated into two receptors. Therefore, a full activation of Dual-RevCAR T cells can only be achieved when both receptors recognize EGFR and GD2 simultaneously via RevTMs, leading to a significant killing of GBM cells both in vitro and in vivo.

Bei diesem Datensatz handelt es sich um analytische Charakterisierungen (ESI-MS, HR-MS, MALDI-TOF-MS) und Radiomarkierungsuntersuchungen zum nonadentaten Bispidin-Chelator bzw. Bispidin-TATE Konjugat mit Lutetium-177, Indium-111 und/oder Actinium-225. 1H, 13 C NMR and crystallographic data stored by collaboration partner (Heidelberg University)

decarbonylation studies By IR, NMR, UV/vis myoglobin assay cell proliferation assay cristallographic data available by collaboration partner

Objectives Bispidines (3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes) are of great interest for the use in radiopharmaceutical applications. Combining the advantages of highly preorganised rigid macrocyclic ligands and the flexibility of open-chain ligands, they are able to form highly stable complexes at mild reaction conditions with a broad range of di- and trivalent metal ions.1,2 Here, we present a nonadentate bispidine ligand (Fig. 1) labelled with [177Lu]LuCl3, [225Ac]AcCl3 and [111In]InCl3 at mild conditions and report their stability and inertness in aqueous solution and human serum.3 The results in terms of radiolabelling conditions and serum stabilities are compared with the “gold standard” DOTA, which requires harsh radiolabelling conditions, and the octadentate bispidine ligand H2bispa.2,4 Methods The bispidine ligand was synthesised according to literature on a multigram scale, with an overall yield of 5% over 9 steps.2 Radiolabelling experiments of the nonadentate bispidine ligand with [177Lu]Lu3+ and [225Ac]Ac3+ were carried out at 40 °C using 150 mM NH4OAc buffer (pH 6). Radiolabelling with [111In]In3+ was performed in the same buffer at room temperature. For comparison, the DOTA and the octadentate bispidine ligand H2bispa2 were labelled with the trivalent radiometals as well. The radiochemical yields and purities were monitored via radio-TLC and radio-HPLC for different ligand concentrations after 5 min, 30 min and 60 min. Radiostabilities in human serum were studied by radio-TLC and radio-SEC after 1 h, 1 d, 3 d and 7 d. Results Radiolabelling experiments gave quantitative yields for the formation of both 177Lu- and 225Ac‑complexes at 40 °C after 5 minutes for ligand concentrations of 10-6 mol/L. With [111In]In3+ a quantitative conversion was obtained even at room temperature after 60 minutes with a ligand concentration of 5·10-6 mol/L. For [177Lu]Lu3+, a molar activity of >100 MBq/nmol, for [225Ac]Ac3+ 0.2 MBq/nmol and for [111In]In3+ >20 MBq/nmol was found at

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells are unquestionably considered one of the most promising approaches in cancer immunotherapy. Nonetheless, mild to severe toxicities are associated with this approach which include e.g. on-target/off-tumour toxicities and cytokine release syndrome. Aiming for increased clinical safety, a modular universal CAR (UniCAR) platform was developed by our group in which UniCAR T-cells are exclusively activated in the presence of a target module (TM) that specifically establishes the cross-link between target cells and UniCAR T-cells. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is highly expressed on cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) present in the tumour stroma and also found to be overexpressed in tumour cells. This protein plays an important role in promoting tumour growth, metastasis, and immunosuppression and has therefore been studied as a target for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Given this and the demonstrated efficacy, flexibility and switchability of the UniCAR system, currently demonstrated in phase I clinical trials, we hereby aimed to develop TMs targeting FAP that can be used for both immunotherapeutic and theranostic approaches. For that, the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of an anti-human FAP mAb was fused to the peptide epitope E5B9 that is recognized by the UniCAR T-cells, creating low molecular weight TMs that are rapidly eliminated allowing a specific and recurrent on/off switch of UniCAR T-cell activity via TM dosing. Additionally, extended half-life anti-FAP TMs based on the human IgG4 Fc-domain, including a mutated version, were created intending to strengthen anti-tumour responses and to ease the clinical TM administration at later stages of tumour therapy. All TMs were tested in vitro based on naturally and artificially overexpressing 2D and 3D models, and proven to specifically redirect UniCAR T-cells to FAP-expressing target cells. Positron emission tomography (PET) using 64Cu radiolabelled anti-FAP IgG4 TMs

Bispidines (3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane) and their derivatives act as bifunctional chelators (BFC), combining the advantages of multidentate macrocyclic and acyclic ligands (e.g., high kinetic inertness, rapid radiolabelling under mild conditions) [1]. This bicyclic chelator system shows a great diversity in terms of its denticity and type of functional groups, yielding a wide range of multidentate ligands that can bind a variety of different metal ions [1-3]. In addition, they allow a facile functionalisation of targeting molecules such as peptides, peptidomimetics, and bispecific antibodies which can also be used as target modules for adapter CAR T-cell cross-linkage [1, 4]. Herein, we present a nonadentate bispidine ligand labelled with [177Lu]Lu3+ and [225Ac]Ac3+ at mild conditions. The radiometal complexes have been obtained with high radiochemical yields (99%) and are stable in human serum [3]. This is unique so far, as many chelators are not able to bind both LuIII and AcIII under mild conditions (physiological pH, T<40°C) with fast complexation kinetics and high molar activities (>100 MBq/nmol for [177Lu]Lu3+ and ~0.2 MBq/nmol for [225Ac]Ac3+). For targeting, the chelator was functionalised with a peptidic somatostatin analogue (Tyr3 -octreotate), which addresses the somatostatin subtype receptor 2 in neuroendocrine tumours. Both 177Lu(III)- and 225Ac(III)-labelled conjugates were investigated towards their binding affinity and internalization in a murine pheochromocytoma (MPC) and human pancreatic carcinoid (BON1) tumour cell line and were compared with [177Lu]Lu(III)- and [ 225Ac]Ac(III)-DOTA-TATE. The presented 177Lu(III)- and 225Ac(III)-labelled bispidine-conjugates show favourable labelling kinetics and high radiostabilities in human serum. The radioconjugates exhibited dissociation constants in the lower nanomolar range (<10 nM) and high internalisation rates (>95 %) in both cell lines. In comparison to the corresponding DOTA-radioconjugates, milder

Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is a very aggressive brain tumor, associated with poor prognosis and survival. So far, the efficiency of available therapies is limited. After proving their effectiveness in targeting hematological malignancies, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells might provide a promising therapeutic approach for GBM. Here, we present our switchable Reverse CAR technology (RevCAR). Unlike conventional CAR T cells, RevCAR T cells contain an epitope in their extracellular receptor domain, and can only be activated via bispecific target modules (RevTM) which recognize the RevCAR T cells on one side and tumor cells on the other side. Once these TMs are eliminated, RevCARs are switched off. In addition, we have developed dual-targeting RevCARs allowing the control of T cells according to the AND gate logic of Boolean algebra. Methods: RevTMs directed against GMB were expressed in eukaryotic cells and purified with affinity chromatography. The ability of these RevTMs to bind GBM cells and RevCAR T cells was analyzed using flow cytometry. Moreover, the capability of the mono-specific and the dual-targeting RevCAR T cells to kill GBM cells was analyzed using luminescence-based cytotoxicity assay in the absence or presence of a range of RevTM concentrations. Secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines were also evaluated by ELISA. In addition to the in vitro assays, a proof of concept co-injection experiment was performed in vivo. Results: In this study, we show that GBM-specific RevTMs can bind both the RevCAR T cells and the GBM cells. Importantly, the RevCAR T cells can be activated to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and to efficiently kill GBM cells via the RevTMs. Moreover, we were able to prove that dual-targeting RevCAR T cells can be activated only upon recognition of two different GBM targets, thereby allowing a highly specific and selective killing of GBM both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: In conclusion, the switchable RevCAR platform is a novel t

Molecular imaging offers the possibility to investigate biological and biochemical processes non-invasively and to obtain information on both anatomy and dysfunctions. Based on the data obtained, a fundamental understanding of various disease processes can be derived and treat-ment strategies can be planned. In this context, methods that combine several modalities in one probe are increasingly being used. Due to a comparable, very high sensitivity and provided complementary information, the combination of nuclear and optical probes has taken on a special significance. In this review article, dual-labelled systems for biomodal nuclear and optical imaging based on both modular ligands and nanomaterials are discussed. Particular attention is paid to radiometal-labelled molecules for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), and metal complexes combined with fluorescent dyes for optical imaging. The clinical potential of such probes, especially for fluorescence-guided surgery is assessed.

We report a nonadentate bispidine (3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane) that unveils the potential to bind theranostically relevant radionuclides, including indium-111, lutetium-177 and actinium-225 at mild labeling conditions. This radiopharmaceutical candidate allows the simultaneous application of imaging and treatment (radionuclide theranostics) without changing the type of bioconjugate, i.e. it allows the strong binding to an imaging and a therapeutic radionuclide by the same chelator. Since sophisticated coordination chemistry is required to achieve high thermodynamic and kinetic stability, it is not surprising that only a few chelators have been reported that are able to strongly bind several radionuclides to a satisfactory extent. Bispidine-derived ligands have proven to be ideal for di- and trivalent metal ions with generally fast complexation kinetics and high in vitro and in vivo stabilities. The presented (radio)complexes are formed under mild conditions (pH 6, <40°C) and exhibit thermodynamic stability and inertness in human serum comparable to the corresponding DOTA complexes. The bispidine-based complexing agent was conjugated to a peptide, targeting somatostatin type 2 receptors (SSTR2), overexpressed on neuroendocrine tumors. The 177Lu- and 225Ac-labeled conjugates were investigated, considering their binding to two different SSTR2 positive cell lines, including the human pancreatic carcinoid tumor (BON-SSTR2+) and the murine pheochromocytoma cell line (MPC). The biodistribution and accumulation pattern in MPC tumor-bearing mice was also evaluated. The LuIII and AcIII complexes studied show how ligand structures can be optimized in general by extending the denticity and varying the donor set in order to allow for fast complex formation and medically relevant inertness.

Electrochemical biosensors are broadly applied to diverse diagnostic procedures, including many assays for the detection of therapeutic agents. Especially in theranostic applications, a controlled and cost-effective setting before entering the stage of in vivo trials is of crucial importance. However, to reach this goal, the performance of electrochemical biosensing platforms still should be improved in terms of stability and reliability. Multiplexing is a practical approach for improving biosensing performance by enabling simultaneous sensing of different analytes, accurate differential measurements, and robust measurement statistics. Biosensing devices based on field-effect transistors (FETs) are already widely used for electrical label-free detection of different biological and chemical analytes. Relying on the concept of the extended gate (EG) as an ultrasensitive and cost-effective sensing element, the EG electrode array can be integrated within a single chip while individual electrodes can be modified to target specific analytes or act as control sensing points. EG array coupled with a reusable FET transducer opens the possibility for multiplexed analyte sensing when supported with appropriate control and measurement electronics. Typical EG FET-based platforms do not focus on multiplexing and rely on external modules such as specialized instruments for electrical measurements. We are developing a standalone multiplexed EG FET-based sensing platform with customized electronics enabling FET operation in constant charge mode for simplified signal readout and employing a common reference electrode for all measurement points. Interactions at the EG electrode surface are detected as a shift in voltage response between the source terminal of the FET and the reference electrode. Our platform aims to detect different analytes which are relevant for cancer theranostics such as cytokines, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, and bispidine-based chelators used in posi

Fibroblast activation protein (FAP), mainly expressed by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumour stroma, promotes tumour growth, metastasis, and immunosuppression and, therefore, has been studied as a target for cancer diagnosis and treatment. With regard to immunotherapy, the innovative modular universal CAR (UniCAR) platform developed by our group is one of the most promising approach due to the reduced risk for e.g. on-target/off-tumour toxicities and cytokine release syndrome. Thereby, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells (UniCAR T cells) are exclusively activated in the presence of a target module (TM) that specifically establishes the crosslinking between target cells and UniCAR T-cells. FAP specific TMs are hypothesized to be not only immunotherapeutics with increased safety but in addition to be suitable as radionuclide-based theranostic agents. For that, low molecular weight TMs that are rapidly eliminated allowing a specific and recurrent on/off switch of UniCAR T-cell activity via TM dosing were developed by fusion of the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of an anti-human FAP mAb to the peptide epitope E5B9 that is recognized by the UniCAR T-cells. To ease the clinical TM administration at later stages of tumour therapy and for targeted radionuclide therapy, however, TMs with extended half-life may be advantageous. Therefore, anti-FAP TMs based on the human IgG4 Fc-domain, including a mutated version, were created. All TMs were tested (i) in vitro based on naturally and artificially overexpressing 2D and 3D models and (ii) in vivo by positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) in NMRI nude mice bearing both mock transfected and FAP overexpressing HT1080 tumor xenografts. In vitro, all TMs were proven to specifically redirect UniCAR T-cells to FAP-expressing target cells. Moreover, FAP specific TMs could be conjugated to different chelators, e.g. Bispidines, NODAGA, and CHX-A-DTPA and, afterwards, radi

Bispidines (3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane) and their derivatives act as bifunctional chelating agents (BFCAs). Combining the advantages of highly preorganised rigid macrocyclic ligands and the flexibility of open-chain ligands, bispidines are able to form highly stable complexes at mild reaction conditions with a broad range of di- and trivalent metal ions. Of particular interest, they allow the coupling to biological targeting vectors such as peptides, peptidomimetics, T cell receptor derivatives as well as any kind of natural and recombinant antibody derivatives to construct effective radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Here, we present a nonadentate bispidine ligand (Figure 1), which forms stable and inert complexes with [177Lu]LuCl3, [225Ac]AcCl3 and [111In]InCl3 at mild conditions. This is unique so far, as few chelators are able to tightly bind both Lu(III) and Ac(III) under mild conditions (physiological pH, T<40°C) with fast complexation kinetics. We investigated the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the radio-complexes. For targeting, the chelator was functionalised with a peptidic somatostatin analogue (Tyr3-octreotate, TATE), which addresses the somatostatin subtype receptor 2 in neuroendocrine tumors. The bispidine-TATE conjugate was labelled with 177Lu(III) and 225Ac(III) and investigated in SSTR2-positive mouse pheochromocytoma (MPC) and human pancreatic carcinoid tumour (BON-SSTR2) cell lines. Moreover, quantitative small animal SPECT imaging showed specific uptake of the [177Lu]Lu-conjugate in vivo in naturally SSTR2-positve MPC tumour allografts. Some structural optimisation will be required to further reduce off-target accumulation. However, the bispidine chelator shows a promising potential for a broad application in nuclear medicine, both in imaging and radionuclide therapy.

Polyoxometalates (POMs) represent a fascinating class of inorganic cluster compounds. Due to the almost unlimited possibilities to tailor size, shape and charge of this compound class and to perform various surface functionalization, they are discussed for different applications, especially in the fields of catalysis, material sciences and biomedicine. In contrast, the systematic study of extraction and sorption properties of POMs has received relatively little attention so far. This review article provides a brief overview of relevant POM structures used for effective and selective phase transfer of metal ions from aqueous into organic media as well as for the development of efficient sorption processes. The use of inorganic-organic POM-based hybrid materials for extraction and sorption processes is also discussed.

Two photoactivatable dicarbonyl ruthenium(II) complexes based on an amide-functionalised bipyridine scaffold (4-position) equipped with an alkyne functionality or a green-fluorescent BODIPY (boron-dipyrromethene) dye have been prepared and used to investigate their light-induced decarbonylation. UV/Vis, FT-IR and 13C NMR spectroscopies as well as gas chromatography and multivariate curve resolution alternating least-squares analysis (MCR-ALS) were used to elucidate the mechanism of the decarbonylation process. Release of the first CO molecule occurs very quickly, while release of the second CO molecule proceeds more slowly. In vitro studies using two cell lines A431 (human squamous carcinoma) and HEK293 (human embryonic kidney cells) have been carried out in order characterise the anti-proliferative and anti-apoptotic activities. The BODIPY-labelled compound allows for monitoring the cellular uptake, showing fast internalisation kinetics and accumulation at the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.

Carbon monoxide has been demonstrated to exhibit several beneficial effects on biological targets (anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-apoptotic effects, causes vasodilation, etc.).[1] Consequently, the development of CO releasing molecules (CORMs) that allows a controlled release of CO under physiological conditions has therefore become a major field of scientific and medical interest.[2] Considerable research interest has been drawn on light-activated CORMs (photoCORMs) which only release CO upon radiation with certain wavelengths. However, despite a large number of photoCORMs reported, relatively little information is available on the precise mechanism of CO release from most photoCORMs and even less compounds have been tested as anti-cancer agents in cells so far. Herein, we report the synthesis of ruthenium(II) carbonyl complexes functionalized with (fluorescent) bidentate pyridyl (1) and tridentate diquinolyl ligands (2) and investigate the mechanism of CO release in aqueous media (before and after light-activation). The photo-induced CO release kinetics of the Ru(II) photoCORMs, as well as in vitro studies in cancerous and healthy cell lines will be presented [3]. References [1] R. Motterlini, L. E. Otterbein, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 9 (2010) 728-743. [2] U. Schatzschneider, Br. J. Pharmacol. 172 (2015) 1638-1650. [3] M. Kubeil, R. R. Vernooij, C. Kubeil, B. R. Wood, B. Graham, H. Stephan, L. Spiccia, Inorg. Chem. 56 (2017) 5941-5952. [4] M. Kubeil, T. Joshi, B. R. Wood, H. Stephan, ChemistryOpen (2019) accepted.

Carbon monoxide has been demonstrated to exhibit several beneficial effects on biological targets (anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-apoptotic effects, causes vasodilation, etc.).1 Consequently, the development of CO releasing molecules (CORMs), that allows for controlled release of CO under physiological conditions, has therefore become a major field of scientific and medical interest.2,3 Considerable research interest has been drawn on light-activated CORMs (photoCORMs) which only release CO upon radiation with a certain energy. However, despite a large number of photoCORMs reported, relatively little information is available on the precise mechanism of CO release from most photoCORMs and even less compounds have been tested as anti-cancer agents in cells so far. Herein, we report about the synthesis of ruthenium(II) dicarbonyl complexes functionalized with bidentate or tridentate (pyridyl, phenanthroline or diquinolyl) ligands and appending dyes for tuning the release properties as well as tracking the compound in cells. The mechanism of CO release in aqueous media (before and after light-activation) has been investigated. The photo-induced CO release kinetics of the Ru(II) photoCORMs, as well as in vitro studies in cancerous and healthy cell lines will be presented.4,5 References [1] R. Motterlini, L. E. Otterbein, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 9 (2010) 728-743. [2] U. Schatzschneider, Br. J. Pharmacol. 172 (2015) 1638-1650. [3] F. Zobi, Future Med. Chem. (2013) 5, 175-188. [4] M. Kubeil, R. R. Vernooij, C. Kubeil, B. R. Wood, B. Graham, H. Stephan, L. Spiccia, Inorg. Chem. 56 (2017) 5941-5952. [5] M. Kubeil, T. Joshi, B. R. Wood, H. Stephan, ChemistryOpen (2019) 8, 637-642. Acknowledgements MK was supported by a Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no. 627113.

Three new and different homo- and hetero-bimetallic polyoxometalate (POM) species have been synthesised by simple one-pot synthetic methods utilising naturally occurring bismite (Bi2O3) (or Bi(NO3)3·5H2O) and aryl sulfonic acids. The POM species isolated are {(NH4)14[Bi2W22O76]·14H2O} (1·14H2O), {NH4[Bi(DMSO)7][Mo8O26]·H2O} (2·H2O) and {[(NH4)4(Mo36O108(OH)4·16H2O)]·45H2O} (3·45H2O). The compounds have been characterised by X-ray crystallography, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), powdered X-ray diffraction (PXRD), mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric (TGA) and ICP analyis. In vitro cytoxicity and proliferation studies conducted on 1 and 3, highlight the low toxicity of these species.

A photoactivatable ruthenium(II) carbonyl complex [Ru(II)(BisQ)Cl(CO)2]PF6 2 was prepared using a tridentate bisquinoline ligand (BisQ = (2,6-diquinolin-2-yl)pyridin). Compound 2 was thoroughly characterized by standard analytical methods and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal structure of the complex cation reveals a distorted octahedral geometry. The CO release upon exposure to UV light was monitored by UV/VIS absorbance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies in acetonitrile and 1% (v/v) DMSO in water, respectively. The photodecarbonylation follows a stepwise CO release. The first CO release occurs very quickly whereas the second decarbonylation step proceeds more slowly. Moreover, the photoreaction in acetonitrile is more distinguished and faster than in 1% aq. (v/v) DMSO.

1,4,7-Triazacyclononane (TACN) is a versatile platform from which various ligands can be derived to form effective chelators for (radio)copper(II) complexation. [1] The ability of TACN-derivatives to form highly stable complexes with copper(II) is greatly influenced by the number and type of substituents on the macrocyclic ring. The formed copper(II) complexes show a broad variability in their thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness, varying in structure from square-pyramidal to distorted octahedral. TACN-based BFCAs have also been used for indirect radiolabelling of biomolecules, rendering them suitable for imaging and therapy. Herein, examples of various copper-64 TACN complexes will be presented which provide a picture of how different substituents influence the coordination mode, electronic properties and in vivo stability of. By applying principles of coordination chemistry, it is possible to tune the affinity of TACN-based ligands for copper ligation, as well as their availability for subsequent biomolecular functionalisation. Target-specific TACN based conjugates (peptides, antibody fragments) and bio(nano)materials labelled with copper-64 enabling tumour imaging and biodistribution studies via positron emission tomography will be discussed as well. [2, 3, 4] [1] T. Joshi et al. ChemPlusChem 2018; DOI: 10.100 2/cplu.201800103. [2] K. Pant et al. Bioconjugate Chem. 2015; 26: 906-918. [3] K. Viehweger et al. Bioconjugate Chem. 2014; 25: 1011-1022. [4] R. Bergmann et al. Sci. Rep. 2017; 7.

TACN-based mono- and poly-nuclear metal complexes have found extensive use as biological mimics for understanding the structural and operational aspects of complex natural systems. Their coordination flexibility has also provided researchers access to a vast library of radiometal binding motifs that display excellent thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness upon metal complexation. Synthetic modification on the TACN backbone has yielded ligands that can form metal complexes with coordination geometries well-suited for these applications. In particular, Leone Spiccia’s research has played a significant role in accelerating the progress in these two fields. With a focus on providing an overview of his contributions to the biomimicry and radiopharmaceutical disciplines, this minireview uses relevant examples to put in perspective the utility of macrocyclic coordination chemistry for biological inorganic chemistry applications.

The development of photo-activated carbon monoxide releasing molecules (photoCORMs) has received considerable attention as a new prodrug approach, since the CO is released only upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation [1]. Carbon monoxide itself has been demonstrated to exhibit several beneficial effects on biological targets such as anti-inflammation, anti-proliferation, anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidation and vasodilatory effects [2]. However, despite a large number of photoCORMs reported, relatively little information is available on the precise mechanism of CO release from most photoCORMs and even less compounds have been tested as anti-cancer agents in cells so far. Overall, a fundamental understanding of the mechanism of CO release from photoCORMs is essential for their exploitation as therapeutics. Herein, we report the synthesis of ruthenium(II) carbonyl complexes functionalized with bidentate pyridyl (1) and tridentate diquinolyl ligands (2) and investigate the mechanism of CO release in aqueous media (before and after light-activation). The photo-induced CO release kinetics of the Ru(II) photoCORMs, as well as the identity of the intermediates and photo-activated products, will be presented [3]. Moreover, the complexes have been tested in cancer cell lines showing a reduced viability after CO release. References [1] U. Schatzschneider, Br. J. Pharmacol. 2015, 172, 1638. [2] R. Motterlini, L. E. Otterbein, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2010. 9, 728-743. [3] M. Kubeil, R. R. Vernooij, C. Kubeil, B. R. Wood, B. Graham, H. Stephan, L. Spiccia, Inorg. Chem. 2017, 56, 5941−5952.