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We consider nanostructures, i.e. particles and structures with dimensions between 1 nm and 100 nm, to be the basic building blocks of nanomaterials. Nanoparticles are a common part of the environment (erosion, forest fire emissions, decomposition of substances, volcanic gases, etc.). However, human activity can significantly contribute to the amount of nanoparticles created. Nanoparticles are purposefully produced by new technologies (nanotechnology), but at the same time they are unintentionally created in industry (steel mills, ironworks, mining of raw materials, ceramic industry, etc.) and transport. In operations where nanoparticles are produced, employees are primarily at risk of inhaling them. Inhaled air containing particles is filtered in the respiratory system. Absorption of nanoparticles depends on their physicochemical properties. Compared to other materials that enter the body, nanomaterials have an exceptional ability to migrate in the living body, which increases their impact on human health. Measurements for a given type of textile production are published on this topic. The procedure for our measurement of the concentration of nanoparticles (10-700 nm) and their mean diameters can be called a "field". The aim of these measurements in real situations was to prove the quality of applied technologies in the production of non-woven textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This introduction highlights the analytical potential of "belonging" for those studying the social processes of Jewish exclusion in the Holocaust. It does so by proposing a tripartite definition of "belonging," one that bridges emotions, everyday practices, and generational memory. Offering a close reading of diaries, memoirs, memorial books, testimonies, trial records, oral interviews, and individual and group chronicles, articles included in this special section capture the experiences of those who have been rejected from historically multiethnic and multireligious communities and the ways in which this process took place at the time and was narrated later. By examining physical and symbolic encounters between individuals and groups, we show how those at the margins negotiated and expressed their changing place in the broader community, how they interpreted and appropriated social engineering by the regime, and how they responded to their categorization by neighbors and the authorities which ultimately marked them for murder. The advantage of this approach lies in inviting and enabling comparison, and in its relevance for individuals and groups that were either included in or excluded from the locally redrawn categories of "national communities." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on coexistence in towns and villages of the former Šariš Zemplín County during World War II, our article exposes the shifting meanings assigned to belonging in what was a multiethnic borderland region and an economic periphery. Informed by works on community construction and meaning, we understand "locals" as being formed by diverse and at times conflicting social experiences that are nevertheless rooted in the same physical environment. We draw on late witness testimonies by Jewish survivors and Gentile neighbors to investigate the roles of public and private spaces in how a sense of community was revoked. Since the redrawing of boundaries was made into a public concern in the 1930s, the redefining of "locals" along ethnoreligious lines had a deep situational dimension, with local norms and experiences shaping the ousting of the Jews from what was historically a shared space. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and methodological implications of our research for writing integrated histories of the Holocaust, mindful of relationships between people, objects, but also places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We encounter smoke relatively regularly in our lives. Smoke consists of gaseous, liquid and solid components that are formed by combustion / oxidation of fuel. The chemical composition of smoke depends not only on the fuel used, but on a number of other parameters (operation, technology, atmospheric influences). So the chemical composition of smoke is variable and cannot be easily characterized. In addition to unconsumed air, wood, CO2, methane, volatile organic compounds, trace elements and ultrafine particles are released into the atmosphere when wood is burned. Measurements for a given type of combustion technology with a specific type of fuel are published on this topic. The procedure of our measurement of the concentration of nanoparticles (10-700 nm) in wood smoke and their mean diameters can be called "terrain". The aim of these measurements in real situations was to find and describe the sources of increased nanoparticle concentration. Substantial quantitative information on the occurrence of nanoparticles during wood burning in various types of heaters was obtained in the field in real climatic conditions, typical for the winter period in Central Europe, when it is most heated in households. Wood burning in households in predominantly agricultural areas of the Czech Republic can thus be considered the main source of outdoor air pollution, but it can also have a significant effect on the deterioration of indoor air quality. At the same time, it can be assumed that the negative impact of nanoparticles on human health in areas polluted by wood smoke is weaker than the impact elsewhere - in industrial, more polluted areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce a novel definition of "clerical fascism." Building on Griffin's only available conceptualization, we define "clerical fascism," in its ideal type, as a political regime put forward or significantly shaped by a movement or factions within a movement dominated by clerics and theologians who advocate a symbiosis of Christian and fascist principles. Our definition of "clerical fascism" is derived from case‐based research into interwar and wartime Slovakia. We begin by following the etymological trail of the concept and its historical context. We then expand on Griffin's understanding of the term. Our definition of "clerical fascism" rests on the three aspects of the political—policy, politics and polity. We show the analytical potential of our model by applying it to the political praxis of 1939–45 Slovakia. Our essay concludes by extending on the larger implications of this model for the study of religion and political radicalism in the past and present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]