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Hlavním účelem této studie bylo zjistit vztahy mezi výkonem ve sprintu, schopností změny směru (COD), deficitem změny směru (CODD) a aerobním výkonem vyjádřeným maximální rychlostí kyslíku (V maxIFT), anaerobní rychlostní rezervou (ASR) a také skokového výkonu (výskok sprotipohybem (CMJa) a bez švihu paže (CMJ)) u elitních basketbalistů 3x3. Celkem se studie zúčastnilo 15 hráčů polského olympijského týmu 3x3 (věk: 26,86 ± 8,28 let; tělesná výška: 191 ± 5,33 cm; tělesná hmotnost: 90,68 ± 10,03 kg, basketbalové zkušenosti: 15,53 ± 5,8 let). Hráči byli testováni na lineární rychlost na prvním úseku (5 m), druhém úseku (9 m), třetím úseku (10 m) a celkové vzdálenosti (24 m) ve dvou sériích; přerušovaný fitness test 30-15 (první sezení); Rychlost COD testem změny směru a zrychlení (CODAT) (stejné úseky a celková vzdálenost jako v testu lineární rychlosti), pět opakování, dvě série; a skokový výkon CMJ s a bez švihu paže (druhé cvičení). CHSK byla vypočtena odečtením doby rychlosti CHSK od doby lineární rychlosti v odpovídajících úsecích a celkové vzdálenosti. Rovněž byly uvažovány maximální rychlost sprintu (MSS), maximální aerobní rychlost (VmaxIFT) a anaerobní rychlostní rezerva (ASR). Anaerobní rychlostní rezerva (ASR) byla vypočtena jako rozdíl mezi MSS a VmaxIFT. Pearsonův korelační koeficient byl použit ke stanovení vztahu mezi proměnnými souvisejícími s výkonem a rychlostí a CHSK, konečnou rychlostí dosaženou při 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VmaxIFT), ASR a CHSK. Střední až silné korelace byly registrovány mezi CHSK a lineární rychlostí ve vzdálenosti 5, 10 a 24 m, zatímco středně silné až silné negativní korelace byly zjištěny mezi CHSK, CHSK a CMJ, CMJa. Kromě toho byly pozorovány střední až silné korelace mezi CHSK, CODD a V maxIFT, MSS při sprintech na 9, 10 a 24 m. V žádném měřeném sektoru nebyl zjištěn žádný vztah mezi CHSK, CHSK, LS a ASR. Nakonec byly mezi studií 1 a studií 2 registrovány statisticky významné rozdíly v CHSK a CHSK. The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationships among sprinting performance, change of direction ability (COD), change of direction deficit (CODD), and aerobic power expressed by maximal oxygen velocity (V maxIFT), anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) as well as jumping performance (countermovement jump with (CMJa) and without an arm swing (CMJ)) in elite 3x3 basketball players. A total of 15 Polish Olympic 3x3 team players (age: 26.86 ± 8.28 years; body height: 191 ± 5.33 cm; body mass: 90.68 ± 10.03 kg, basketball experience: 15.53 ± 5.8 years) participated in the study. Athletes were tested for the following measures: the linear speed at the first section (5 m), the second section (9 m), the third section (10 m) and total distance (24 m), two sets; the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (first session); COD speed by the Change of Direction and Acceleration Test (CODAT) (the same sections and total distance as in the linear speed test), five repetitions, two sets; and jumping performance by the CMJ with and without an arm swing (second session). CODD was calculated by subtracting the COD speed time from linear speed time at adequate sections and total distance. Maximal sprinting speed (MSS), maximal aerobic velocity (VmaxIFT), and anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) were also considered. Anaerobic Speed Reserve (ASR) was calculated as the difference between MSS and VmaxIFT. A Pearson’s correlation test was used to determine the relationship between power-speed-related variables and CODD, final velocity attained at the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VmaxIFT), ASR, and COD performance. Moderate to strong correlations were registered between COD and linear speed at 5, 10, and 24 m, while moderate to strong negative correlations were detected between COD, CODD, and CMJ, CMJa. Moreover, moderate to strong correlations were observed between COD, CODD, and V maxIFT, MSS at 9, 10, and 24 m sprints. No relationship was detected between COD, CODD, LS, and ASR in any measured sector. Finally, statistically significant differences were registered in COD and CODD between trial 1 and trial 2.

The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different blood flow restriction (BFR) protocols (continuous and intermittent) on peak bar velocity (PV) and mean bar velocity (MV) during the squat exercise at progressive loads, from 40 to 90% 1RM. Eleven healthy men (age = 23.4 ± 3.1 years; body mass = 88.5 ± 12.1 kg; squat 1RM = 183.2 ± 30.7 kg; resistance training experience, 5.7 ± 3.6 years) performed experimental sessions once a week for 3 weeks in random and counterbalanced order: without BFR (NO-BFR), with intermittent BFR (I-BFR), and with continuous BFR (C-BFR). During the experimental session, the participants performed six sets of the barbell squat exercise with loads from 40 to 90% 1RM. In each set, they performed two repetitions. During the C-BFR session, the cuffs were maintained throughout the training session. During the I-BFR, the cuffs were used only during the exercise and released for each rest interval. The BFR pressure was set to ∼80% arterial occlusion pressure (AOP). Analyses of variance showed a statistically significant interaction for MV (p < 0.02; η2 = 0.18). However, the post hoc analysis did not show significant differences between particular conditions for particular loads. There was no significant condition × load interaction for PV (p = 0.16; η2 = 0.13). Furthermore, there were no main effects for conditions in MV (p = 0.38; η2 = 0.09) as well as in PV (p = 0.94; η2 = 0.01). The results indicate that the different BFR protocols used during lower body resistance exercises did not reduce peak bar velocity and mean bar velocity during the squat exercise performed with various loads.

This study evaluated the effects of ischemic conditioning on power output and bar velocity in the bench press exercise. Ten healthy males (age: 25 ± 2 years; body mass: 92 ± 8 kg; bench press one repetition maximum −1RM: 145 ± 13 kg), took part in two experimental sessions (with and without ischemia), 1 week apart in random and counterbalanced order. In the ischemic condition, cuffs placed around the upper part of the arms were inflated to 80% of arterial occlusion pressure before each set, while in the control condition there was no blood flow restriction. The exercise protocol included 5 sets of three repetitions each, against a resistance equal to 60% 1RM, with 5 min recovery intervals between sets. There was a main effect of condition for mean power output (MP) and mean bar velocity (MV) (p = 0.01), with overall MP being higher in ischemia than in control by 5.6 ± 4.1% (mean ± 90% compatibility limits), a standardized effect size (ES) of 0.51. Overall MV was also higher by 5.5 ± 4.0%, ES = 0.63. Peak power output (PP) and peak bar velocity (PV) were similar in set 1 of the control and ischemia condition (1039 ± 105 vs. 1054 ± 82 W; 684 ± 74 vs. 696 ± 53 W; 1.09 ± 0.07 vs. 1.12 ± 0.09 m/s; 0.81 ± 0.05 vs. 0.82 ± 0.05 m/s, p = 0.67 to 0.99, mean ± standard deviation). However, from set 3 onward (p = 0.03 to 0.001), PP and PV were higher in ischemia compared with control, with the highest difference observed in set 5 (10.9 ± 5.9%, ES = 0.73 for PP and 8.6 ± 4.6%; ES = 0.89 for PV). These results indicate that ischemia used before each set of the bench press exercise increases power output and bar velocity and this may be used as performance-enhancing stimulus during explosive resistance training.

Background: Mechanical power output is recognized as a critical characteristic of an athlete with regard to superior performance during a competition. It seems fully justified that ballistic exercises, in which the external load is projected into a flight phase, as in the bench press throw (BPT), are the most commonly prescribed exercises for the development of power output. In addition, the muscular phenomenon known as post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE), which is an acute improvement in strength and power performance as a result of recent voluntary contractile history, has become the focus of many strength and conditioning training programs. Although the PAPE phenomenon is widely used in the upper-body training regimens, there are still several issues regarding training variables that facilitate the greatest increase in power output and need to be resolved.Objective: The purposes of this meta-analysis were to determine the effect of performing a conditioning activity (CA) on subsequent BPT performances and the influence of different types of CA, intra-complex rest intervals, and intensities during the CA on the upper-body PAPE effect in resistance-trained men.Methods: A search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus) was conducted to identify all studies that investigated the PAPE in the BPT up to August 2020. Eleven articles, which met the inclusion criteria, were consequently included for quality assessment and data extraction. All studies included 174 resistance-trained men [age: 25.2 ± 2.1 years; weight: 88.4 ± 7.5 kg; height: 1.82 ± 0.03 m; bench press (BP) relative strength: 1.31 ± 0.14 kg ± kg−1] as participants. Meta-analyses of standardized mean effect size (ES) between pre-CA mean and post-CA mean from individual studies were conducted using the random-effects model.Results: The effect of PAPE in the BPT was small (ES = 0.33; p < 0.01). The BP exercise as a CA at an intensity of 60–84% one-repetition maximum (1RM) (ES = 0.43) induced slightly greater PAPE effect than a ballistic–plyometric (ES = 0.29) and a BP exercise at ≥85% 1RM and at >100% 1RM as well as a concentric-only BP (ES = 0.23 and 0.22; ES = 0.11, respectively). A single set (ES = 0.37) of the CA resulted in a slightly greater effect than a multiple set (ES = 0.29). Moderate rest intervals induced a slightly greater PAPE effect for intensity below 85% 1RM (5–7 min, ES = 0.48) than shorter (0.15–4 min, ES = 0.4) and longer (≥8 min, ES = 0.36) intra-complex rest intervals. Considering an intensity above 85% 1RM during the CA, a moderate rest interval resulted in a similar PAPE effect (5–7 min, ES = 0.3) compared with longer (8 min, ES = 0.29) intra-complex rest interval, whereas shorter rest intervals resulted in a negative effect on BPT performance (0.15–4 min, ES = −0.13).Conclusion: The presented meta-analysis shows that performing a CA induces a small PAPE effect for the BPT performance in resistance-trained men. Individuals seeking to improve their BPT performance should consider preceding them with a single set of the BP exercise at moderate intensity (60–84% 1RM), performed 5–7 min before the explosive activity.

The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute effects of ischemia used during rest periods on bar velocity changes during the bench press exercise at progressive loads, from 20 to 90% of 1RM. Ten healthy resistance trained men volunteered for the study (age = 26.3 +/- 4.7 years; body mass = 89.8 +/- 6.3 kg; bench press 1RM = 142.5 +/- 16.9 kg; training experience = 7.8 +/- 2.7 years). During the experimental sessions the subjects performed the bench press exercise under two different conditions, in a randomized and counterbalanced order: (a) ischemia condition, with ischemia applied before the first set and during every rest periods between sets, and (b) control condition where no ischemia was applied. During each experimental session eight sets of the bench press exercise were performed, against loads starting from 20 to 90% 1RM, increased progressively by 10% in each subsequent set. A 3-min rest interval between sets was used. For ischemia condition the cuffs was applied 3 min before the first set and during every rest period between sets. Ischemia was released during exercise. The cuff pressure was set to similar to 80% of full arterial occlusion pressure. The two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a statistically significant interaction effect for peak bar velocity (p = 0.04) and for mean bar velocity (p = 0.01). There was also a statistically significant main effect of condition for peak bar velocity (p < 0.01) but not for mean bar velocity (p = 0.25). The post hoc analysis for interaction showed significantly higher peak bar velocity for the ischemia condition compared to control at a load of 20% 1RM (p = 0.007) and at a load of 50% 1RM (p = 0.006). The results of the present study indicate that ischemia used before each set even for a brief duration of

Wilk, M, Krzysztofik, M, Filip, A, Zajac, A, Bogdanis, GC, and Lockie, RG. Short-term blood flow restriction increases power output and bar velocity during the bench press. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study examined the effect of blood flow restriction (BFR) with 2 different types of cuffs on peak power output (PP), mean power output (MP), peak bar velocity (PV), and mean bar velocity (MV) in the bench press exercise (BP). Fourteen healthy strength-trained male athletes (age = 27.6 ± 3.5 years; body mass = 84.1 ± 8.0 kg; height = 175.8 ± 6.7 cm; BP 1 repetition maximum [RM] = 138.6 ± 17.8 kg) performed 3 different testing protocols as follows: without BFR (NO-BFR), BFR with a narrow cuff (BFRNARROW), and BFR with a wide cuff (BFRWIDE) in a randomized crossover design. During all sessions, subjects performed one set of 3 repetitions of the BP exercise using 70% 1RM. Cuff pressure was set to approximately 90% full arterial occlusion pressure of the upper limb at rest. Analyses of variance showed an increase in PP (by 21%, p < 0.01; effect size [ES] = 1.67), MP (by 16%, p < 0.01; ES = 0.93), PV (by 22%, p < 0.01; ES = 1.79), and MV (by 21%, p < 0.01; ES = 1.36) during BFRWIDE compared with NO-BFR and a significant increase in PP (by 15%, p < 0.01; ES = 1.07), MP (by 17%, p < 0.01; ES = 0.78), PV (by 18%, p < 0.01; ES = 1.65), and MV (by 13% p < 0.01; ES = 1.00) during BFRWIDE compared with BFRNARROW. There were no significant differences in any of the variable between NO-BFR and BFRNARROW. The results of the study indicate that short-term BFR training increases power output and bar velocity during the BP exercise. However, only BFRWIDE significantly influenced bar velocity and power output, which indicates that the width of the cuff is a critical factor determining acute exercise adaptation during BFR resistance training.

Krzysztofik, M, Wilk, M, Lockie, RG, Golas, A, Zajac, A, and Bogdanis, GC. Postactivation performance enhancement of concentric bench press throw after eccentric-only conditioning exercise. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study examined changes in power output and bar velocity in the concentric-only bench press throw (CONONLY) after a sets of eccentric-only bench press exercises (ECCONLY) at 2 supramaximal loads. Thirteen strength-trained men participated in this study (age = 25.7 ± 1.9 years, body mass = 94.8 ± 8 kg, 1 repetition maximum [1RM] = 147 ± 14.2 kg, and strength training experience = 6.5 ± 2.2 years). The subjects performed 2 conditioning sets of the bench press exercise of 2 repetitions each, with a 5 minutes rest interval between sets, using the ECCONLY mode against 110% or 130% of concentric 1RM load. The 1 repetition of the CONONLY bench press throw with a load of 30% 1RM was performed before and 5 minutes after the conditioning activity (CA) to assess changes in peak power (PP) and peak velocity (PV). The differences between the analyzed variables before and after the CA were determined using a 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance. There was an increase of PP by 10.5 ± 6.0% (effect size [ES] = 0.34) and 9.9 ± 8.1% (ES = 0.33) for the 110 and 130% of concentric 1RM conditions, respectively, with no difference between the 2 conditions (p < 0.01 main effect time, no interaction). Similarly, PV increased by 5.9 ± 5.5% (ES = 0.40) and 6.1 ± 6.1% (ES = 0.43) for the 110 and 130% of concentric 1RM conditions, respectively, with no difference between the 2 conditions (p < 0.01 main effect time, no interaction). Activation with an ECCONLY contraction and loads exceeding 1RM are effective at improving power output and bar velocity during the CONONLY bench press throw.