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There is currently a growing interest in imino derivatives of compounds such as thiadiazoles and other groups of compounds whose extended π-electron systems enhance their photophysical properties. These compounds also show low toxicity and strong antifungal activity, making them effective against fungal pathogens in crops. For the above reasons, in the first part of the paper, the structure of the selected analogs was considered, and detailed spectroscopic analyses were conducted focusing on the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process taking place in the same. Measurements were taken in terms of absorption spectroscopy and electron fluorescence, synchronous spectra, and fluorescence lifetimes, as well as calculations of fluorescence quantum efficiency in selected solvents and concentrations. In the spectral observations, the ESIPT process was manifested in several solvents as very distinct dual fluorescence. Moreover, in selected molecules, this phenomenon was strongly related to molecular aggregation, which was associated with not very efficient but nonetheless visible fluorescence of the AIE (Aggregation-Induced Emission) type. In the second part of the paper, a detailed preliminary study is presented exploring the microbiological properties of selected imino-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives in the context of their potential applicability as inhibitors affecting the development and growth of some of the most important fungal pathogens attacking cereal crops and posing an increasing threat to modern agriculture. Overall, the research presented in this article provides a detailed, experimental analysis of the spectroscopic properties of selected imino-thiadiazoles and points to their potential use as novel and effective solutions capable of limiting the growth and development of fungal pathogens in cereals.

Głównym celem artykułu jest analiza stanowiska partii Prawo i Sprawiedliwość wobec zapłodnienia in vitro na poziomie założeń ideowo-programowych, wyników głosowań parlamentarnych, poglądów elektoratu. W związku z tym przeanalizowano następujące kwestie: stereotyp doktrynalny Prawa i Sprawiedliwości, stanowisko polityczne partii wobec in vitro, projekty ustaw, stanowisko klubu partii w parlamencie wobec tychże i wyniki głosowań sejmowych, poglądy elektoratu wobec in vitro. Zastosowano metody badawcze: jakościową analizę założeń ideowo-programowych, instytucjonalno-prawną, ilościową, analizy danych zastanych. Uznając, że godność człowieka zaczyna się od chwili poczęcia, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość opowiada się za zakazem zapłodnienia in vitro, nałożeniem sankcji karnych za jego przeprowadzenie, eksperymenty na embrionach i ich niszczenie. W celu określenia stanowiska elektoratu partii wobec zapłodnienia in vitro przeanalizowano komunikaty Centrum Badania Opinii Publicznej (CBOS).

This study investigates the impact of different passenger rolling stock structures and train configurations on vibrations and noise generated during operation. Vibroacoustic measurements were performed during acceleration, constant speed, and braking phases to analyze the effects using statistical analysis according to the relevant standards, revealing a statistically significant relationship between the equivalent noise level and vibration dose. In the context of the expanding Warsaw metro network, which is adding new lines and modern rolling stock, trends in the development of metro rolling stock were analyzed using five different types of metro vehicles, from the oldest to the newest designs. Vehicle performance was ranked in the context of ride comfort using standards and combined vibration and noise measures. The research results allowed for a collective comparative assessment of the construction of individual types of passenger rolling stock in terms of vibroacoustic phenomena, thanks to which it is possible to assess the impact of modern solutions and the justification for investing in modern rolling stock. Newer trains generally record significantly lower vibration and noise levels. The difference between the oldest and the most modern vehicle types is 57% for the vibration acceleration level (0.08 ms−2 RMS) and 66% for the noise level (2.2 dB LAeq).

W artykule zanalizowano proces powstania i budowy Wyższego Seminarium Duchownego (WSD) w Szczecinie w kontekście polityki władz państwowych w Polsce. Określono podmioty i cele polityki wyznaniowej władz PRL w rozpatrywanym okresie, status Kościoła katolickiego na Ziemiach Zachodnich i Północnych, następnie etapy działań biskupów o powołanie seminarium. Od 1945 roku do początku lat 70. XX wieku na tym obszarze funkcjonowała tymczasowa polska administracja kościelna. Po podpisaniu układu normalizacyjnego między PRL a RFN w 1970 roku, Stolica Apostolska przystąpiła do organizacji stałej administracji kościelnej na Ziemiach Zachodnich i Północnych, tj. utworzenia diecezji, w tym szczecińsko-kamieńskiej. Diecezja ta została powołana przez papieża Pawła VI w 1972 roku. Jednym z wymogów jej funkcjonowania było posiadanie własnego seminarium duchownego. Już w 1972 roku starania o utworzenie WSD podjął pierwszy ordynariusz diecezji szczecińsko-kamieńskiej bp Jerzy Stroba. Działania te kontynuował od 1979 roku jego następca – bp Kazimierz Majdański. Władze komunistyczne konsekwentnie odmawiały zgody na utworzenie tej instytucji. W ich optyce powstanie seminarium wzmacniałoby intelektualnie, formacyjnie i duszpastersko diecezję. W związku z tym stosowano taktykę „uników” lub odsyłania ordynariusza do poszczególnych wojewódzkich lub centralnych organów władzy. W tej sytuacji o powstanie WSD apelowała Komisja Plenarna Episkopatu Polski (1977) i prymas kard. Stefan Wyszyński (1979). Biskupi uznawali, że utworzenia seminarium wymaga polska racja stanu na Ziemiach Zachodnich i Północnych. Dopiero po powstaniu NSZZ „Solidarność” zaistniały przesłanki do realizacji tego postulatu. Partia komunistyczna i rząd zaaprobowały spełnienie niektórych postulatów Kościoła. W listopadzie 1980 roku przedstawiciele władz państwowych wyrazili zgodę na budowę seminarium w Szczecinie. Proces ten nie odbywał się bez utrudnień ze strony państwa. Brakowało materiałów budowalnych, inwigilowano robotników. W 1987 roku papież Jan Paweł II dokonał wmurowania kamienia węgielnego pod powstające WSD. Prace budowlane zakończyły się dopiero w wolnej Polsce w 1993 roku.

Abstract A reliable qPCR experiment requires the selection of reference genes with a stable level of expression in a given experimental system. This study attempts to determine the reference genes (RGs) for the A. sativa–P. graminis experimental setup. We evaluated nine candidate reference genes in A. sativa (oat line Pg4 and the cultivar Kasztan) during compatible and incompatible interactions with different pathotypes of Puccinia graminis f. sp. avenae in six time points post-inoculation. The identification of genes with high expression stability was performed by four algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and ΔCt method). We found that the most appropriate combination of RGs for RT-qPCR data normalization were HNR (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein 27C) + EF1A (elongation factor 1-alpha) + EIF4A (eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-3). The worst candidates for normalization in this dataset were CYP (cyclophilin) and TUA (alpha tubulin). Identified reference genes are suitable candidates for the standardization of gene expression studies in the A. sativa–P. graminis interaction system and potentially other related pathogens. To date, this is the first report of RGs selection in this pathosystem.

Abstract In this study we evaluated eleven candidate reference genes in Avena sativa during compatible and incompatible interactions with two different pathotypes of Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae in six time points post-inoculation. The identification of genes with high expression stability was performed by four algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and ΔCt method). The results obtained confirmed that the combination of two genes would be sufficient for reliable normalization of the expression data. In general, the most stable in the tested plant-pathogen system were HNR (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein 27C) and EF1A (elongation factor 1-alpha). ARF (ADP-ribosylation factor) and EIF4A (eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-3) could also be considered as exhibiting high expression stability. CYP (cyclophilin) was shown by all assessment methods to be the worst candidate for normalization in this dataset. To date, this is the first report of reference genes selection in A. sativa–P. coronata interaction system. Identified reference genes enable reliable and comprehensive RT-qPCR analysis of oat gene expression in response to crown rust infection. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the host–pathogen interactions may expand knowledge of durable resistance strategies beneficial to modern oat breeding.

Abstract Examination of transcriptional regulation occurring during pregnancy establishment and maintenance requires the identification of endogenous reference genes characterized by high expression stability. Since the expression of some reference genes may be modulated by pregnancy-associated hormones, the goal of our study was to identify suitable reference genes unaffected by hormonal treatment. In our study bovine caruncular epithelial cells were subjected to progesterone, estrogen and prostaglandin F2α treatment. Ten candidate reference genes (ACTR1A, CNOT11, HDAC1, HPRT1, RPL19, RPS9, SDHA, SUZ12, UXT and ZNF131) were evaluated with the use of four approaches (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, delta Ct). We found that RPS9 and SUZ12 displayed the highest expression stability in the tested material. Moreover, HPRT1 and SDHA were found inappropriate for RT-qPCR data normalization as they demonstrated the highest expression variability out of all candidates analysed. Hence geNorm calculations shown that the use of just two best-performing genes would be sufficient for obtaining reliable results, we propose that RPS9 and SUZ12 be used as suitable endogenous controls in future studies investigating gene expression in normal and compromised pregnancies.

This study investigated the impact of storage conditions of the ingredients for yogurt production on the rheological and physicochemical characteristics of the final fermented product. The novelty is the application of a special mix of milk protein concentrate and sodium caseinate for yogurt production. Separately exposing the protein mix powder and bacteria culture to 20 °C caused considerable changes in the obtained yogurt stiffness and the incubation times required to produce the gel due to a decrease in bacterial count. Minimal changes in bacteria viability were observed after storage at 5 °C. Lower temperature and shorter storage times increased yogurt firmness, viscosity, and storage modulus, resulting in a smoother and more viscous product. A linear correlation was found between yogurt firmness and water activity. Powders stored at lower temperatures and for shorter times produced yogurt with stronger texture and better water binding. Additionally, yogurt obtained from dry ingredients stored under these conditions required shorter incubation times. Storing the starter culture at 5 °C for at least 8 weeks had no significant effects on the physicochemical properties or incubation time requited to produce the final yogurt. This work highlights the importance of storage conditions of yogurt dry ingredients in maintaining the quality of the final product.

Great progress has been made within the last few years in terms of abiotic stress resistance improvement of forest trees. The application of genetic modification techniques allows developing trees displaying superior growth under various abiotic stresses such as high salinity, drought, low temperature, and environmental pollution. Poplar, which is an important agroforestry crop, is especially responsive to improvement through genetic engineering. With the view of imminent environmental changes, the application of transformation techniques to forestry breeding seems to be an attractive perspective. Here, we review the most recent achievements of researchers developing genetically modified (GM) poplar trees displaying enhanced performance under unfavorable experimental conditions.

This article aims to analyze the approach of Polish parliamentary parties to the anti-abortion legislation in 1991-2019 on the level of their ideological programmes. Classification of political parties concerning their ideological families has been proposed. Next, the article presents a typology based on the party’s attitude to the discussed problem, distinguishing the following categories of parties: the proponents of apportioning, the opponents of abortion, heterogeneous parties, and parties that do not express an opinion on this issue.

Plant tissue culture techniques are handy tools for obtaining unique plant materials that are difficult to propagate or important for agriculture. Homozygous materials derived through in vitro cultures are invaluable and significantly accelerate the evaluation of new varieties, e.g., cereals. The induction of somatic embryogenesis/androgenesis and the regeneration and its efficiency can be influenced by the external conditions of tissue culture, such as the ingredients present in the induction or regeneration media. We have developed an approach based on biological system, molecular markers, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and structural equation modeling technique to establish links between changes in sequence and DNA methylation at specific symmetric (CG, CHG) and asymmetric (CHH) sequences, glutathione, and green plant regeneration efficiency in the presence of variable supplementation of induction medium with copper ions. The methylation-sensitive Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism was used to assess tissue culture-induced variation, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy to describe the glutathione spectrum, and a structural equation model to develop the relationship between sequence variation, de novo DNA methylation within asymmetric sequence contexts, and copper ions in the induction medium, as well as, glutathione, and green plant efficiency. An essential aspect of the study is demonstrating the contribution of glutathione to green plant regeneration efficiency and indicating the critical role of copper ions in influencing tissue culture-induced variation, glutathione, and obtaining green regenerants. The model presented here also has practical implications, showing that manipulating the concentration of copper ions in the induction medium may influence cell function and increases green plant regeneration efficiency.

Abstract Background Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is one of the most common and accurate methods of gene expression analysis. However, the biggest challenge for this kind of examinations is normalization of the results, which requires the application of dependable internal controls. The selection of appropriate reference genes (RGs) is one of the most crucial points in qPCR data analysis and for correct assessment of gene expression. Because of the fact that many reports indicate that the expression profiles of typically used RGs can be unstable in certain experimental conditions, species or tissues, reference genes with stable expression levels should be selected individually for each experiment. In this study, we analysed a set of ten candidate RGs for wheat seedlings under short-term drought stress. Our tests included five ‘traditional’ RGs (GAPDH, ACT, UBI, TUB, and TEF1) and five novel genes developed by the RefGenes tool from the Genevestigator database. Results Expression stability was assessed using five different algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, RefFinder and the delta Ct method. In the final ranking, we identified three genes: CJ705892, ACT, and UBI, as the best candidates for housekeeping genes. However, our data indicated a slight variation between the different algorithms that were used. We revealed that the novel gene CJ705892, obtained by means of in silico analysis, showed the most stable expression in the experimental tissue and condition. Conclusions Our results support the statement, that novel genes selected for certain experimental conditions have a more stable level of expression in comparison to routinely applied RGs, like genes encoding actin, tubulin or GAPDH. Selected CJ705892 gene can be used as a housekeeping gene in the expression analysis in wheat seedlings under short-term drought. The results of our study will be useful for subsequent analyses of gene expression in wheat tissues subjected to drought.

In the preceding research, stevia has been typically cloned in vitro using two media, on which the shoots were formed (3–6 weeks), and on the other they were rooted (3–5 weeks). This study aimed at finding the possibility for rapid stevia propagation from large nodal explants using the MS basal medium [Murashige and Skoog 1962], with low auxin concentrations (0.5, 1 and 2 mg‧dm–3). The plants were obtained as soon as after three weeks. The best results were obtained from media with various concentrations of the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and the highest concentration of phenylacetic acid (PAA). Plants were formed by 83.9-86.0% of explants, they had high weight (234−253 mg), two shoots measuring 2.07−2.37 cm and 5.8−8.3 roots measuring 1.00–1.24 cm. Mean plant weight was lowest on the media with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (185–192 mg). Both explant buds formed single shoots, but their development was typically uneven. The differences in the length and weight of shoots were lowest on the media with IAA and at lower PAA concentrations. Plants from the media with IAA and the control medium were distinguished by a higher number of nodes. The percentage share of shoots in the total plant weight was highest on the media with PAA (62.1–62.7%), and lowest at higher concentrations of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (47.9 and 48.9%). Parts of explants immersed in media developed callus, and the highest amounts of this tissue were found in the media with NAA. 92.3% of plants survived the acclimatization. The applied procedure may be used for rapid in vitro cloning of selected stevia genotypes. The use of one medium enables reduction of seedling production costs. Moreover, cyclical cloning and extending the production scale is possible.

Nowadays, the development of new biotechnological methods is necessary to satisfy requirements of market to produce enough good-quality food. Application of novel scientific approaches can be of great importance for improving the quality and quantity of plant crops. However, the most efficient strategies are based on genetic modification, which is still very controversial issue. GMO opponents do not accept the use of genetic engineering in crop improvement and production of new varieties suited for organic agriculture. Major discussion among various scientific and social issues concerns the possibility of existence of unintended effects of GMO both on human and world safety. Political, ethical, and social fears are related mostly to the best known transgenic approach, which is 'transgenesis'. Novel strategies and techniques are therefore required in the development of genetically engineered crops of the future. Nowadays, a new plant breeding technique, called 'cisgenesis' is intensively studied. In this paper, we review the most common strategies for crops improvement and describe cisgenesis as an alternative to transgenesis for safe and eco-friendly agriculture.

Identifying effective sources of disease resistance is an important aspect of an effective plant protection strategy. Wild species related to cultivars constitute a rich reservoir of resistance genes. Studies conducted in oat have shown that wild species are donors of resistance genes to crown and stem rust, powdery mildew or fusarium head blight. The aim of the present study was to prove whether A. fatua could be a source of effective resistance genes to powdery mildew. This species is widespread all over the world due to its very good adaptability and can be regarded as a potential source of resistance to fungal diseases, including powdery mildew. The conducted research has shown that A. fatua is a species with a low level of resistance to powdery mildew when compared to other wild species of the genus Avena L. A total of 251 accessions were evaluated, and only 23 were identified as resistant to the individual isolates used in the host-pathogen tests. It follows that resistance to powdery mildew is not common among wild Avena species, and its good environmental adaptation is not associated to resistance to powdery mildew.

The phytochemical characteristic analysis of a group of 30 haskap berry genotypes was carried out bearing in mind the concern for the consumption of food with high nutraceutical value that helps maintain good health. Phytochemical fruit composition and antioxidant activity were assessed by the Folin–Ciocalteau, spectrophotometric, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) as well as ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) method. Evaluation of antioxidant activity was referred to as the Trolox equivalent. The observed differences in the content of phenolics, flavonoids, vitamin C and antioxidant activity allowed us to select genotypes which, due to the high level of the analyzed compounds, are particularly recommended in everyone’s diet. In addition, the analysis of the prospects of increasing the analyzed phytochemical properties, estimated by parameters such as heritability and genetic progress, indicates the effectiveness of breeding in relation to each of the analyzed traits. The results of the presented research can be used in the implementation of future breeding programs for this valuable species.

Izolacja DNA jest często pierwszym etapem w analizach molekularnych drzew. Celem pracy było porównanie wydajności sześciu wybranych metod izolacji DNA z materiału wyjściowego, który stanowiły igły modrzewia europejskiego zebrane na początku oraz pod koniec okresu wegetacyjnego (w kwietniu i we wrześniu), a także drewno bielaste i twardzielowe. Stężenie i czystość wyizolowanych preparatów DNA poddano ocenie spektrofotometrycznej. Po przeanalizowaniu wyników wybrano najlepsze (spośród testowanych) metody do izolacji DNA z igieł modrzewia oraz drewna bielastego. Testowane metody nie pozwoliły na wyizolowanie dobrze oczyszczonego DNA z drewna twardzielowego.

Occurrence of lodging is a result of environmental stress factors and causes significant losses in crop yields. One of the major factors determining plant resistance to lodging is stem length. Thought, the introduction of the dwarfing genes into genome or application of growth regulators, that inhibit gibberellins biosynthesis, are known as the most important approaches in lodging prevention. In this study we analyzed the influence of chlormequat chloride (CCC) and trinexapac-ethyl application on transcriptome of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ‘Bezostaya 1’. For analysis, the tall control line and isogenic line carrying Rht12 dwarfing gene were selected. Subsequently, the real-time PCR technique was used to determine the expression of five genes encoding enzymes involved in gibberellins biosynthesis pathway (CPS, KS, GA20ox, GA3ox and GA2ox).

In cereals, the transition from the vegetative stage to flowering is controlled in the main by the set of vernalization genes. Within these genes the most important role is played by VRN1, which encodes a MADS-box transcription factor, regulating the transition of shoot apical meristem to the reproductive phase. The level of vernalization requirement is strongly linked to the molecular structure of this gene. In this study we analyzed molecular mechanisms regulating the vernalization requirement in triticale on the basis of comparative analysis of the VRN1 locus between triticale (×Triticosecale Witt.) and common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. We also estimated the influence of VRN genotype on heading time and the winter hardiness of these two species. Molecular markers developed for VRN genotype detection in common wheat were successfully applied to an analysis of triticale genomic DNA. Subsequent analysis of the amplicons nucleotide sequence confirmed full similarity of the products obtained between triticale and common wheat. All winter triticale cultivars tested contained the recessive vrn-A1 allele, whereas all spring genotypes carried the dominant Vrn-A1a allele. Molecular analysis of the Vrn-B1 gene revealed the presence of the dominant Vrn-B1b allele in only one of the triticale genotypes analyzed (Legalo). The major system of determination of the vernalization requirement in triticale was transferred from common wheat without changes and is based on an alteration in the VRN1 gene promoter sequence within the A genome.

Odłogowanie i modyfikacje w użytkowaniu gruntów rolnych przyczyniają się do zmian bioróżnorodności. Skutkiem tego zjawiska jest powolny proces sukcesji wtórnej roślinności, prowadzący do zwiększenia ich zmienności genetycznej. Celem pracy było określenie poziomu zróżnicowania genetycznego przytulii czepnej występującej na dwóch różnych siedliskach gruntów odłogowanych. Oceny zróżnicowania genetycznego dokonano, wykorzystując system markerowy ISSR. Na podstawie wyników badań polimorfizmu markerów ISSR utworzono macierz dystansu genetycznego Dice’a. Wartość indeksów podobieństwa wahała się od 0,755 do 1,00. Wykazano niewielką zmienność genetyczną analizowanych genotypów przytulii czepnej. Wspólna klasteryzacja genotypów z poszczególnych siedlisk naturalnych może świadczyć o tym, że typ siedliska, gleba oraz długotrwałe odłogowanie mogą powodować różnicowanie przytulii czepnej.

Zwiększenie odporności odmian uprawnych na choroby grzybowe jest obecnie jednym z podstawowych problemów hodowli roślin zbożowych. Celem pracy było określenie poziomu odporności polskich odmian owsa zwyczajnego na mączniaka prawdziwego. Przedmiotem analiz było 30 polskich odmian owsa zwyczajnego znajdujących się na liście odmian uprawnych. Analizę odporności prowadzono z użyciem testów żywiciel–patogen, wykorzystując 12 izolatów mączniaka prawdziwego pochodzących z różnych części kraju. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że odporność polskich odmian owsa zwyczajnego kształtuje się na bardzo niskim poziomie. Wśród analizowanych odmian jedynie 3 zawierały zdefiniowane geny odporności na mączniaka prawdziwego. W odmianie Rajtar zidentyfikowano gen Pm6, w odmianie Gniady – gen Pm1, a w odmianie Deresz – gen Pm3. Żadna z testowanych odmian nie posiadała obecnie najbardziej efektywnych genów Pm4 i Pm7.

Progress in cereals transformation which can be observed for last two decades has great importance in the development of plant science and agriculture. So far, non-vector techniques, particularly direct gene transfer using „gene gun”, have been often applied in cereals transformation. However, agrobiotechnology achievements enabled cereals transformation with the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Initially, it was believed that this technique cannot be applied to cereals because monocotyledones are outside the host range of the crown gall disease. Nowadays, the top five cereals with the highest economic significance – rice (Oryza sativa L.), maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) are quite efficiently transformed by A. tumefaciens. By means of molecular genetic tools it is possible to obtain cereals with new, improved traits. The present paper is focused on agricultural development which can by observed by the application of GM cereals tolerant to biotic and abiotic stress factors. Moreover, we summarized the latest achievements in cereals transformation.

Powdery mildew in common oat is caused by Blumeria graminis DC. f.sp. avenae Em. Marchal. Host-pathogen tests are commonly used to identify and locate resistance genes to powdery mildew in cereals. The aim of the study was to determine the virulence of powdery mildew isolates obtained from powdery mildew populations harvested in Poland and to identify OMR1, OMR2 and OMR3 resistance genes to powdery mildew in F2 populations of inter-cultivar hybrids of common oat: Bruno × Fuchs, Jumbo × Fuchs and Mostyn × Fuchs. On the basis of the analysis conducted, isolates enabling division of the studied populations into groups of resistant and susceptible plants were selected. M10 and M14 isolates were chosen for the population which was obtained from crossbreeding of ‘Bruno’ with ‘Fuchs’; these isolates demonstrated avirulence to Bruno cultivar containing OMR1 gene. In order to divide population obtained from crossbreeding of ‘Jumbo’ with ‘Fuchs’, M13 and M16 isolates were chosen; they demonstrated avirulence to the cultivar Jumbo containing the OMR2 gene. On the basis of the tests conducted, it was impossible to select isolates characterised by avirulence to the OMR3 gene. In the F2 population of Bruno × Fuchs and Jumbo × Fuchs hybrids, a division was made into resistant and susceptible plants. The obtained results were verified by the 2 test; the proportion in the dispersion matching model was found to be 3 resistant plants: 1 sensitive plant both in the Bruno × Fuchs and Jumbo × Fuchs populations. Such dispersion indicated that the resistance to powdery mildew in the studied cultivars Bruno and Jumbo was conditioned by single dominant genes.

DNA markers are used not only to estimate genetic similarity and distance but also to select and identify desirable forms, to assess the adjustment of breeding material, to confirm crossbreeding efficiency, to determine seed purity, and to identify the genes which determine important functional traits. In the case of oat, DNA markers were used to construct and increase the density of genetic maps both in hexaploid and diploid species. The development of markers for some important traits provides a fast selection of genotypes containing dwarf genes as well as the resistance genes to crown rust and powdery mildew. Numerous analyses of genetic similarity between different species belonging to the genus Avena which are currently carried out may contribute to explaining the process of evolution within this genus and may also explain the development of particular species of oat.

Rdza brunatna powodowana przez grzyb Puccinia triticina oraz mączniaka prawdziwego Blumeria graminis są jednymi z najgroźniejszych chorób pszenicy zwyczajnej (Triticum aestivum L.). Najskuteczniejszą metodą kontrolowania i ograniczania skutków wywołanych przez te patogeny jest wprowadzanie do uprawy odmian charakteryzujących się zwiększoną odpornością. Celem prezentowanych badań była identyfikacja genów odporności na rdzę brunatną – Lr21 oraz mączniaka prawdziwego – Pm4b w polskich odmianach pszenicy zwyczajnej oraz opracowanie warunków multiplex PCR w celu jednoczesnej identyfikacji tych genów. Przedmiotem badań było 30 polskich odmian pszenicy zwyczajnej. Wyizolowane DNA zostało poddane jednoczesnej amplifikacji ze starterami specyficznymi dla obu analizowanych genów. Wykazano, że opracowane warunki multiplex PCR umożliwiają jednoczesną identyfikację genów Lr21 i Pm4b. Multiplex PCR może być wykorzystany w hodowli odpornościowej pszenicy zwyczajnej wspomaganej markerami do identyfikacji tych genów.

Rdza koronowa, powodowana przez grzyb Puccinia coronata, jest jedną z najpowszechniej występujących chorób grzybowych owsa w Polsce. Do tej pory u owsa zidentyfikowano ponad 100 genów odporności na ten patogen, jednak są one szybko przełamywane przez nowe patotypy Puccinia coronata. Celem pracy była ocena efektywności genów warunkujących odporność na izolaty Puccinia coronata skolekcjonowane w centralnej i południowo-wschodniej Polsce w latach 2010-2011. W badaniach wykorzystano 31 linii referencyjnych owsa z pojedynczymi genami odporności na rdzę koronową. Analizy przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem testów żywiciel-patogen w oparciu o 6 izolatów Puccinia coronata. Izolaty pochodzące z różnych rejonów uprawy owsa różniły się między sobą wirulencją w stosunku do 21 z 31 linii referencyjnych. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że najbardziej efektywne w stadium siewki są geny Pc14, Pc39, Pc51, Pc52, Pc53, Pc57, Pc60, Pc68, Pc71 i Pc91.

Celem przeprowadzonych analiz było przebadanie właściwości reologicznych glutenu otrzymanego z sześciu nowych rodów pszenicy i określenie korelacji pomiędzy tymi właściwościami. Nowe rody pszenicy charakteryzowały się dość dużym zróżnicowaniem właściwości fizykochemicznych glutenu. Gluten zachowywał się jak materiał lepkosprężysty z wartościami modułu zachowawczego kilkakrotnie większymi niż modułu stratności. Dynamiczna analiza mechaniczna wykazała, iż gluten z reologicznego punktu widzenia można zakwalifikować do słabych żeli. Stwierdzono istnienie korelacji liniowej pomiędzy wartościami modułu zachowawczego oraz siły przy rozciąganiu, co może świadczyć o tym, że ten sam czynnik jest odpowiedzialny za właściwości reologiczne glutenu w analizie reologicznej zarówno przy użyciu małych, jak i dużych odkształceń, i jest to prawdopodobnie stopień jego usieciowania.

Green biotechnology plays an important role in the modern agriculture. Recent progress in molecular biology and genetic engineering provides an opportunity of obtaining transgenic plants with improved characteristics, such as yield parameters, nutritional value, taste, biochemical composition, cold tolerance or pathogen resistance. Genetically modified plants can be used to produce a variety of recombinant proteins of biomedical or industrial significance, including enzymes, antigens, antibodies, hormones and secondary metabolites. Research on transgenic plants has been carried out in many countries. While there has been great development of green biotechnology worldwide, some significant achievements in this field can be contributed to Polish scientists. The paper presents research on genetically modified crops carried out in Polish scientific centers and its potential usage in different areas of man life.

Rdza brunatna powodowana przez grzyb Puccinia triticina jest jedną z najgroźniejszych chorób pszenicy zwyczajnej (Triticum aestivum L.). Najskuteczniejszą metodą kontrolowania i ograniczania skutków porażenia przez ten patogen jest wprowadzenie do uprawy odmian z genetycznie uwarunkowaną odpornością. Celem prezentowanych badań była identyfikacja genu Lr19 odporności na rdzę brunatną w polskich liniach hodowlanych pszenicy zwyczajnej (Triticum aestivum L.) z wykorzystaniem markerów molekularnych. Przedmiotem badań było 246 polskich linii hodowlanych pszenicy zwyczajnej. Wyizolowane DNA poddano amplifikacji z wykorzystaniem specyficznych starterów SCAR. Po wykonaniu analiz DNA spośród badanych form obecność genu odporności na rdzę brunatną Lr19 stwierdzono jedynie w 33 liniach pochodzących z Hodowli Roślin Strzelce. Przeprowadzone analizy świadczą o tym, że gen Lr19 nie jest szeroko stosowany w polskich programach pszenicy zwyczajnej.

W niniejszej pracy do oceny zróżnicowania dwóch populacji sosny zwyczajnej (Pinus sylvestris L.) z okolic Zakładów Azotowych w Puławach i Żyrzyna wykorzystano 13 starterów RAPD. Uzyskano 137 produktów amplifikacji, z czego tylko 4 były monomorficzne w obydwu grupach roślin. Dla każdej z populacji oznaczono produkty charakterystyczne tylko dla niej, niepowielane w drugiej populacji. Różnorodność genetyczna (h) wynosiła 0,1718 (Azoty) i 0,1942 (Żyrzyn), natomiast średni poziom heterozygotyczności HS = 0,1830. Ponieważ zróżnicowanie skupione było głównie wewnątrz populacji i HS stanowiło 95,6% ogólnej heterozygotyczności, obie populacje pod względem genetycznym były do siebie bardzo podobne a różnorodność między nimi wynosiła HT – HS = 0,0088. Taki stan rzeczy wytłumaczyć można niewielką odległością, jaka dzieliła obie populacje (ok. 7 km), co sprzyja wymianie pyłku między nimi.

W pracy badano linie rekombinacyjne odmiany Mercia z genami niewrażliwości na fotoperiod (Ppd-A1) oraz formy kontrolne wrażliwe na długość dnia (ppd-A1). Doświadczenie przeprowadzono w Gospodarstwie Doświadczalnym w Czesławicach. Analizowano liczbę dni od 1 maja do pełni kłoszenia, wysokość roślin, liczbę kłosków w kłosie, liczbę ziarniaków w kłosie, ciężar ziarniaków z kłosa, masę 1000 ziarniaków, płodność kłoska, plon ziarna z poletka oraz oceniono porażenie przez choroby. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że geny Ppd-A1 istotnie wpływały na przyspieszenie terminu kłoszenia roślin. W trzyletnich badaniach wykazano, że rośliny linii rekombinacyjnych, zawierających geny Ppd-A1 były niższe w porów-naniu z roślinami linii kontrolnych (ppd-A1). Wartości analizowanych cech ilościowych, a także porażenie przez choroby w liniach rekombinacyjnych oraz w formach kontrolnych były zbliżone.

W pracy określono wpływ etefonu na komponenty plonu linii izogenicznych pszenicy zwyczajnej: ‘Bezostnaja’ Rht-B1a (wysokie – kontrola), ‘Bezostnaja’ Rht-B1b, ‘Bezostnaja’ Rht-B1d i ‘Bezostnaja’ Rht-B1e. Linie te badano w latach 2000/2001–2002/2003 w Gospodarstwie Doświadczalnym w Czesławicach. Uzyskane wyniki badań poddano analizie wariancji. Na pod-stawie trzyletnich badań stwierdzono, że zastosowanie etefonu powodowało redukcję wysokości roślin w badanych liniach izogenicznych. Największą redukcję wysokości roślin obserwowano w liniach ‘Bezostnaja’ Rht-B1a i ‘Bezostnaja’ Rht-B1d, co przyczyniło się istotnie do zmniejszenia wylegania w tych liniach. W krótkosłomych liniach pszenicy zastosowanie regulatorów wzrostu zawierających etefon nie wpływało niekorzystnie na liczbę ziarniaków w kłosie. Zastosowanie preparatów zawierających ten związek w liniach ‘Bezostnaja’ Rht-B1b i ‘Bezostnaja’ Rht-B1d powodowało najczęściej wzrost wartości tej cechy. Wykazano ponadto niewielki wpływ etefonu na masę 1000 ziarniaków oraz plon ziarna z poletka analizowanych linii izogenicznych.

The aim of the present investigation was the influence of SuPm8 genes on yield components in F1 and BC1 hybrids of common wheat cultivars Jubilatka, Lama, Olma with ‘Wilga’ and ‘Disponent’. Experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm, Czesławice, using randomised blocks methods. Plant height, number of spikelets and grains in the main spike, weight of grains in the main spike, fertility of spikelets, 1000 grains weight and powdery mildew infestation were analysed. Values of investigation quantitative traits of F1 hybrids were higher than in parental cultivars. No significant differences of the analysed traits were recorded between suPm8 suPm8 and SuPm8 suPm8 genetypes in BC1 hybrids.

In order to identify a suppressor locus Pm8 in the varieties without 1BL/1RS translocation, crossings of Polish common wheat cultivars with Wilga cv. containing 1BL/1RS translocation and suPm8 genes were performed. The crossing made use of the cultivars non-resistant to isolates W2 and W17 avirulent for gene Pm8. The hybrids of the selected cultivars with cv. Wilga were tested using the powdery mildew isolates W2 and W17. It was found out that the F1 hybrids of the following cultivars: Almari, Broma, Emika, Henika, Juma, Kaja, Kamila, Kobra, Oda, Olcha, Sakwa, Santa and Wanda, were resistant to the isolates used. On the other hand, the studies performed in generation F2 resulted in a segregation into the plants resistant and susceptible to definite isolates of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. On verifying the results with test χ2 it was shown that the segregations did not differ in a significant way from the expected ratios in the proportion of 3 resistant : 1 susceptible. On this basis it was established that these cultivars did not contain SuPm8 genes. On the other hand, F1 hybrids of the cultivars: Alba, Begra, Elena, Grana, Hera, Ilawska, Izolda, Panda, Roma, Rosa with cv. Wilga were susceptible to the powdery mildew isolates W2 and W17. In generation F2 of those hybrids were obtained segregations that were not significantly different from the expected ratios in the proportion of 13 susceptible : 3 resistant. On this basis the cultivars that contained SuPm8 genes were found. The SuPm8 genes were epistatic for Pm8 gene.