Search

The issue of adapting to climate change through the expansion of crop types has sparked interest in winter peas, which can be introduced into crop rotations to stabilise the yield of legumes, positively affect soil fertility, and increase arable land productivity, but the nutrition system of winter peas needs to be investigated and optimised, especially considering the rising cost of mineral fertilisers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of liquid organic-mineral fertilisers on the yield and quality of pea grain of winter sowing. To complete the objectives of the study, a field trial was conducted in the Odesa Oblast of Ukraine in 2021-2023. The replication of the experiment was fourfold, and the arrangement of variants was systematic. Liquid organo-mineral fertilisers were used in the experiment, which were applied once during the restoration of spring vegetation, in the budding phase and twice (restoration of spring vegetation+budding); the control variant did not involve the application of preparations. It was found that the use of liquid organo-mineral fertilisers on winter pea crops helps to increase its yield, but the growth rate is unstable, depends on weather conditions, and ranged within 0-30.4% over the years of research. The studied fertilisers had a substantial effect on the protein concentration in pea grain, the yield of which per unit area increased by an average of 22.4%, the thousand-kernel weight increased, but within the limits of statistical significance. The obtained findings suggested the possibility of using liquid organic-mineral fertilisers for growing winter peas using resource-saving or organic technology in the zone of high meteorological risks, but it should be considered that their effectiveness is determined by the composition and frequency of application. The practical value of the study lies in the development of elements of the nutrition system, which provides an increase in the yield of peas of winter sowing by 0.24-0.41 t/ha, high protein content and the level of profitability of its production - 117-152%, while the use of liquid organic-mineral fertilisers contributes to the biologisation of pea growing technology, reduces the cost of mineral fertilisers, and mitigates the chemical load on soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of biological preparations to reduce the harmfulness of pathogenic fungi and insects on agricultural crops is a promising direction in the global dimension of scientific research. Maize is the main grain crop of Ukraine, and one of the main factors of grain yield reduction is damage by fungi Ustilago zeae Beckm. (bubble slag), Fusarium moniliforme Scheld. (fusarium) and corn moth (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner). In connection with the destruction of the main massifs of irrigated land (more than 800 thousand ha) as a result of russian aggression, the main areas of maize are concentrated on non-irrigated lands, where damage by harmful organisms increases in an arid climate. Determining the effectiveness of the use of biological protection against the main harmful organisms on crops of maize hybrids of different FAO groups in the agro-ecological conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine was the goal of our research. Based on the results of the research, it was established that the specific genotypic features of maize hybrids and the FAO group did not significantly affect the damage caused by the fungi Ustilago zeae Beckm., Fusarium moniliforme Scheldt. and insect damage by Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner. The use of biological means of protection showed the effectiveness of Biplan M and Biospectr BT (microbiological preparations with insecticidal and growth-stimulating action). The level of damage by harmful organisms, the technical efficiency of the drugs depended significantly on the active basis of the biological preparation. Maize grain yield mainly depended on the FAO group and genotypic characteristics. The 'Oleshkivsky' hybrid had the maximum yield increase when using Biospectr BT biological preparation-0.79 t/ha (10.2%). The obtained results can be used by farms engaged in the cultivation of grain corn under organic farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to develop agrobiological fundamentals for intensifying the cultivation of innovative varieties of winter wheat in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, considering soil-climatic conditions and agrotechnical factors. The goal is to implement competitive innovative cultivation technologies for high-quality seed production of new environmentally adaptable soft winter wheat varieties with high genetic potential. Research methods include field evaluations of competitive winter wheat varieties, laboratory analysis to determine seed similarity and germination rates, and statistical data analysis. The variability of seed quality depends on various environmental factors and the complex of genetic traits of the variety. Decreased seed viability due to low temperatures, excessive rainfall during maturation, and non-compliance with technological elements can be explained by changes in the Nitrogen content of seeds, especially protein nitrogen, which disrupts metabolic processes in embryo cells. Intensive cultivation technologies have led to the highest seed and yield qualities of soft winter wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article establishes the effectiveness of three foliar feeding of chickpea plants with various organo-mineral biopreparations without the application of mineral fertilizers, as well as along with the application of N30 at sowing and N30 for fertilization. Such organo-mineral biopreparations are created on the basis of beneficial microorganisms and provide destruction of phytopathogens, as well as have a positive effect on the formation of legume-rhizobial symbiosis and productivity of chickpea, especially in climate change. It was found that fertilization of chickpea crops with Fulvo TE, Anti-stress, Polymicrostim, Extra and Root Most biopreparations on an unfertilized background provide 0,23-0,27 t/ha of yield increase. Against the background of mineral nitrogen application, when using Fulvo TE and Polymicrostim biopreparations, the maximum increase in chickpea grain yield was 0,34-0,30 t/ha, and when using Anti-stress biopreparation - 0,25 t/ha. The largest mass of 1000 grains of chickpea on an unfertilized background, which was 249,3 g, was obtained using Polymicrostim and Anti-stress biopreparations. In these variants, the protein content ranged from 25,17-25,53%, which is 0,84-1,20% more than the control variant. With the combined application of mineral nitrogen and the use of Anti-stress biopreparation, the protein content increased to 29,10%, and with the combined application of mineral nitrogen and the use of Seed Treatment and Root Most biopreparations, received the largest mass of 1000 grains of chickpeas, which was 258,3 g. Coefficient of utilization of chickpea plants introduced mineral nitrogen depended on weather conditions and the introduction of biopreparations. In particular, in 2019 with the use Amino and Anti-stress biopreparations it was 22,3-22,6% and increased with the use of Seed Treatment and Fulvo TE biopreparations to 46,8-50,4%. In 2020, when using the Amino biopreparation, the coefficient of utilization of chickpea plants introduced mineral nitrogen was 18,7%, which when using Polymicrostim and Fulvo TE biopreparations increased to 63,8-71,3%. On average, over the years of research, along with the application of mineral nitrogen, we can highlight the positive effects of Fulvo TE, Antistress and Polymicrostim biopreparations, which significantly improved plant growth and development, as well as the yield and grain quality of chickpea. These drugs are recommended for use in chickpea cultivation technologies as elements of biologization, especially in the arid Southern Steppe of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific work highlights the importance of legumes in the agricultural sector of the world and Ukraine. The role of soybeans as an important protein crop in solving the world's food problem is shown. The narrow genetic base of existing soybean varieties requires the involvement of new source material in hybridization, especially one that has high adaptive properties. The study of a large volume of collection material over many years, numbering more than 6,000 samples, has identified donors and sources of such economically valuable traits as precocity, increased productivity, drought resistance, high attachment of lower beans, increased protein and fat content in seeds. It was found that ultra-early accessions of soybeans originate mainly from Sweden, Canada, Poland, Germany, and the Far East of Russia. Late-maturing genotypes are concentrated in the United States, Argentina, Brazil, Japan, India, Korea, Morocco, Australia, and Colombia. Such varieties as Arcadia Odeska, Khersonska 2, Prikos №5, Swift, Hodgeson, Evans are distinguished by high adaptive potential in the conditions of the South of Ukraine. Increased soybean yield is not due to one economically valuable feature, but the optimal combination of a number of indicators. High combination ability is characterized by soybean varieties from the USA Amsoy 71, Beeson, Corsoy, Evans, Swift, Harrison, as well as domestic origin – VNIIMK 9186, Kirovogradskaya 4, Belosneshka, Peremoga, Arcadia Odeska, Iskra. At the present stage to hybridization is necessary to involve new varieties Amethyst, Krasa Podillya, Alma, and Anthracite. The data of general and specific combination ability which need to be considered in breeding work are resulted. Highly adaptive varieties of soybeans have an increased growth rate in the initial stages of development, deeply penetrating into the soil root system, able to use moisture from deeper horizons. At the beginning of the growing season, the leaf surface of such genotypes grows rapidly before flowering, and then remains at the same level. They are characterized by small, upright leaves, especially in the upper and middle parts of the bush, which promotes better penetration of light into the lower sections of the canopy. In the process of research in the period 1979-2020, 36 soybean varieties were created, which are entered in the state register and recommended for cultivation in all areas of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the fifth and sixth rotations (2007–2020) of a long-term stationary experiment to study the effectiveness of various mineral fertilizer systems for growing winter wheat in the field crop rotation are summarized. The stationary experiment was established in 1971 on the southern low-humus heavy loam chernozem on forests. The natural and climatic zone is the Steppe; the agro-soil province is the dry Black Sea Steppe. Alternation of crops in the field crop rotation: black pair – winter wheat – winter rapeseed – winter wheat – sideral pair – winter wheat – winter wheat. The weighted average indicators of fertilizer efficiency in winter wheat crops were determined: N60P30–60K30–60 – yield gave increase of 1,52 t/ha; energy efficiency coefficient was of 3,63; net profit was of 0,98 $/ha; N120P30–60K30–60 – yield gave increase of 2,04 t/ha; energy efficiency coefficient was of 2,41; net profit was of 0,79 $/ha; N180P30–60K30–60 – yield gave increase of 2,22 t/ha; energy efficiency coefficient was of 2,09; net profit was of 0,69 $/ha. For the zone of the Black Sea Steppe of Ukraine, the parameters of the payback of a unit of the active substance of mineral fertilizers are determined by the increments of the protein content in winter wheat grain, which on average amount to (mg/kg a. s.): 202 NPK kg/ha and the ratio N:P:K = 2,5:1:1 – 10,68, N60 – 28,20, N120– 28,20 and N180 – 21,48. It is shown that the systematic use of a complete mineral fertilizer with a total rate of 202 NPK kg/ha and a ratio of N:P:K = 2,5:1:1 for black and sideral pairs provides winter wheat grain with a protein content of 14,18%; winter rapeseed – 13,21% and 12,40% – for a stubble precursor. It is noted that at high and very high level of availability of available phosphorus and potassium in the southern chernozem, which was created in a stationary experiment during the years preceding the presented period (37 years), the maximum protein content in wheat grain is noted when N180 is applied: for black pairs – 14,84%, for sidereal – 15,25%, for winter rapeseed – 14,38% and for stubble predecessor – 13,86%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article summarizes the characteristics of economically valuable features of a large set of chickpea samples in arid conditions of the steppe of Ukraine. The data on the spread of culture on our planet shows the positive impact of food made from its seeds on human health. A number of genotypes have been identified and described, which combine a significant number of important agronomic traits that are of significant value for breeding. Special attention in the research was paid to the identification of genotypes tolerant to elevated air temperatures and insufficient moisture in the soil. A brief description of the varieties created with the participation of exotic genetic plasma is given. As a result of many years of study of accessions of chickpea, sources of increased seed productivity, large seeds, high protein content, tolerance against pathogens, improved technological qualities of seeds have been identified. Individual genotypes have been identified in which several economically valuable indicators have been improved. It is shown that the combination of traits of samples of different ecological and geographical origin in one genotype has a high probability of obtaining valuable recombinant forms by accumulating positive adaptive genes. A particularly wide variation of breeding material is needed to prevent disease outbreaks and the widespread of pests, the danger of which increases significantly with the homogeneity of the gene pool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]