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The study was conducted to determine the effect of elevated concentrations of copper in the medium on the regeneration of androgenetic embryos of the carrot cultivar ‘Kazan F1’ obtained in anther cultures and to determine the level of soluble phenols produced in the regenerates under copper stress. Green embryos were laid out on 4 regeneration media based on B5 medium (G a m b o r g et al. 1968) without hormones, containing 0.1 – control, 1, 10, and 100 μM CuSO4×5H2O. The plant material was passaged 3 times, after 4, 9 and 15 weeks. During these passages the emerging structures were examined; they were classified in terms of growth and development in vitro, weighed and counted. The levels of soluble phenols in the freeze-dried regenerates were determined. The elevated concentrations of copper in the regeneration media affected positively the formation of complete plants (rooted rosettes) and secondary embryos during the first 4 weeks of culture. After a longer regeneration time (9, 15 weeks), the elevated concentrations of copper caused negative effects: deformation of rosettes. After 15 weeks, the number of rooted rosettes decreased. The 9-week culture subjected to copper stress brought about an increase in the amounts of soluble phenols. The highest values were recorded in the rosettes treated with 10 μM CuSO4. Prolonged exposure to media containing elevated concentrations of CuSO4 caused a reduction in the accumulation of phenolic compounds in the rosettes.

The paper describes the assumptions of modern methods of teaching foreign languages, and this description includes the proposals of their creators regarding the knowledge that the student must acquire and the competences that he/she is to form. The results of the test checking sociocultural knowledge and sociolinguistic competences of Russian Studies students is also discussed. The low global result of the test (57% of correct answers) showed a poor record of students in terms of the examined issues. Knowledge about Russia is very superficial among the study participants. They are also not good in dealing with contacts on the level of official relations (formal records of statements).

The survey research described in this paper was conducted in recent years among students of German philology at the University of Szczecin (55 individuals). The survey concerned the cognitive sphere of personality, taking into account the intellectual predispositions of the subjects, and the affective sphere related to the level of feelings and emotions accompanying the process of language education. The research shows that most of the individual characteristics of students are conducive to success in studying a foreign language. In the cognitive sphere, there are factors that support the development of spoken (e.g. linguistic intelligence) and written language (e.g. reflective style). German philology students are characterised by grammatical sensitivity as well as great independence in undertaking communication activities. In the affective sphere, studying the foreign language is supported by personality features (e.g. optimistic character) and positive, instrumental-integrating motivation. The only concern is the low assessment of one’s own language abilities related to the lack of auto-valorisation skills.

Abstract  Red cabbage is a source of health beneficial substances with antioxidant and antigenotoxic properties. HPLC analysis specifying the content of the investigated extract indicated that mainly anthocyanins (ATH) were responsible for its abilities. Cytological research was conducted with two experimental models: plant tissues—meristematic cells of Vicia faba, and animal tissue elements—human lymphocytes. Positive influence of ATH extract on mitotic activity of Vicia cells exposed to Cu2+ stress, and inhibitory effect of ATH on cytotoxic actions of Cu2+ on lymphocytes were demonstrated. In all experimental series with ATH application in combinations with Cu2+, mitotic index (MI) were higher than those obtained for only Cu2+ stressed tissues. Preincubation in ATH before Cu2+ stress had the best effect. Similarly, after ATH applications in all tested series decrease in frequency of micronuclei (MN) appearance was noticed in comparison with only Cu2+ stressed material. In the case of Vicia cells ATH acted effectively even applied after Cu2+ stress. It suggests that this ATH mixture not only prevents and limits but also heals the cytological injury caused by Cu2+ stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with individual qualities of students who achieve very good results in foreign language learning. A survey conducted among students of modern languages at Szczecin University has shown that certain capacities contribute to successful language learning. These capacities include: linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligence, extrovert personality features, a strong temperament, courage to apply communicative strategies, strong internal motivation and the ability to handle difficult situations.