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6. The Quality of Response Time Data Inference: A Blinded, Collaborative Assessment of the Validity of Cognitive Models

Author

Dutilh, Gilles, Annis, Jeffrey, Brown, Scott D, Cassey, Peter, Evans, Nathan J, Grasman, Raoul PPP, Hawkins, Guy E, Heathcote, Andrew, Holmes, William R, Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, Kupitz, Colin N, Leite, Fábio P, Lerche, Veronika, Lin, Yi-Shin, Logan, Gordon D, Palmeri, Thomas J, Starns, Jeffrey J, Trueblood, Jennifer S, van Maanen, Leendert, van Ravenzwaaij, Don, Vandekerckhove, Joachim, Visser, Ingmar, Voss, Andreas, White, Corey N, Wiecki, Thomas V, Rieskamp, Jörg, and Donkin, Chris

Subjects
Adult, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Models, Statistical, Reaction Time, Reproducibility of Results, Single-Blind Method, Validity, Cognitive modeling, Response Times, Diffusion Model, LBA, Psychology, Cognitive Sciences, Experimental Psychology
Abstract

Most data analyses rely on models. To complement statistical models, psychologists have developed cognitive models, which translate observed variables into psychologically interesting constructs. Response time models, in particular, assume that response time and accuracy are the observed expression of latent variables including 1) ease of processing, 2) response caution, 3) response bias, and 4) non-decision time. Inferences about these psychological factors, hinge upon the validity of the models' parameters. Here, we use a blinded, collaborative approach to assess the validity of such model-based inferences. Seventeen teams of researchers analyzed the same 14 data sets. In each of these two-condition data sets, we manipulated properties of participants' behavior in a two-alternative forced choice task. The contributing teams were blind to the manipulations, and had to infer what aspect of behavior was changed using their method of choice. The contributors chose to employ a variety of models, estimation methods, and inference procedures. Our results show that, although conclusions were similar across different methods, these "modeler's degrees of freedom" did affect their inferences. Interestingly, many of the simpler approaches yielded as robust and accurate inferences as the more complex methods. We recommend that, in general, cognitive models become a typical analysis tool for response time data. In particular, we argue that the simpler models and procedures are sufficient for standard experimental designs. We finish by outlining situations in which more complicated models and methods may be necessary, and discuss potential pitfalls when interpreting the output from response time models.

Published
2019

13. Same data, different conclusions: Radical dispersion in empirical results when independent analysts operationalize and test the same hypothesis

Author

Schweinsberg, Martin, Feldman, Michael, Staub, Nicola, van den Akker, Olmo R., van Aert, Robbie C.M., van Assen, Marcel A.L.M., Liu, Yang, Althoff, Tim, Heer, Jeffrey, Kale, Alex, Mohamed, Zainab, Amireh, Hashem, Venkatesh Prasad, Vaishali, Bernstein, Abraham, Robinson, Emily, Snellman, Kaisa, Amy Sommer, S., Otner, Sarah M.G., Robinson, David, Madan, Nikhil, Silberzahn, Raphael, Goldstein, Pavel, Tierney, Warren, Murase, Toshio, Mandl, Benjamin, Viganola, Domenico, Strobl, Carolin, Schaumans, Catherine B.C., Kelchtermans, Stijn, Naseeb, Chan, Mason Garrison, S., Yarkoni, Tal, Richard Chan, C.S., Adie, Prestone, Alaburda, Paulius, Albers, Casper, Alspaugh, Sara, Alstott, Jeff, Nelson, Andrew A., Ariño de la Rubia, Eduardo, Arzi, Adbi, Bahník, Štěpán, Baik, Jason, Winther Balling, Laura, Banker, Sachin, AA Baranger, David, Barr, Dale J., Barros-Rivera, Brenda, Bauer, Matt, Blaise, Enuh, Boelen, Lisa, Bohle Carbonell, Katerina, Briers, Robert A., Burkhard, Oliver, Canela, Miguel-Angel, Castrillo, Laura, Catlett, Timothy, Chen, Olivia, Clark, Michael, Cohn, Brent, Coppock, Alex, Cugueró-Escofet, Natàlia, Curran, Paul G., Cyrus-Lai, Wilson, Dai, David, Valentino Dalla Riva, Giulio, Danielsson, Henrik, Russo, Rosaria de F.S.M., de Silva, Niko, Derungs, Curdin, Dondelinger, Frank, Duarte de Souza, Carolina, Tyson Dube, B., Dubova, Marina, Mark Dunn, Ben, Adriaan Edelsbrunner, Peter, Finley, Sara, Fox, Nick, Gnambs, Timo, Gong, Yuanyuan, Grand, Erin, Greenawalt, Brandon, Han, Dan, Hanel, Paul H.P., Hong, Antony B., Hood, David, Hsueh, Justin, Huang, Lilian, Hui, Kent N., Hultman, Keith A., Javaid, Azka, Ji Jiang, Lily, Jong, Jonathan, Kamdar, Jash, Kane, David, Kappler, Gregor, Kaszubowski, Erikson, Kavanagh, Christopher M., Khabsa, Madian, Kleinberg, Bennett, Kouros, Jens, Krause, Heather, Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, Lavbič, Dejan, Ling Lee, Rui, Leffel, Timothy, Yang Lim, Wei, Liverani, Silvia, Loh, Bianca, Lønsmann, Dorte, Wei Low, Jia, Lu, Alton, MacDonald, Kyle, Madan, Christopher R., Hjorth Madsen, Lasse, Maimone, Christina, Mangold, Alexandra, Marshall, Adrienne, Ester Matskewich, Helena, Mavon, Kimia, McLain, Katherine L., McNamara, Amelia A., McNeill, Mhairi, Mertens, Ulf, Miller, David, Moore, Ben, Moore, Andrew, Nantz, Eric, Nasrullah, Ziauddin, Nejkovic, Valentina, Nell, Colleen S, Arthur Nelson, Andrew, Nilsonne, Gustav, Nolan, Rory, O'Brien, Christopher E., O'Neill, Patrick, O'Shea, Kieran, Olita, Toto, Otterbacher, Jahna, Palsetia, Diana, Pereira, Bianca, Pozdniakov, Ivan, Protzko, John, Reyt, Jean-Nicolas, Riddle, Travis, (Akmal) Ridhwan Omar Ali, Amal, Ropovik, Ivan, Rosenberg, Joshua M., Rothen, Stephane, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael, Sharma, Nirek, Shotwell, Gordon, Skarzynski, Martin, Stedden, William, Stodden, Victoria, Stoffel, Martin A., Stoltzman, Scott, Subbaiah, Subashini, Tatman, Rachael, Thibodeau, Paul H., Tomkins, Sabina, Valdivia, Ana, Druijff-van de Woestijne, Gerrieke B., Viana, Laura, Villesèche, Florence, Duncan Wadsworth, W., Wanders, Florian, Watts, Krista, Wells, Jason D, Whelpley, Christopher E., Won, Andy, Wu, Lawrence, Yip, Arthur, Youngflesh, Casey, Yu, Ju-Chi, Zandian, Arash, Zhang, Leilei, Zibman, Chava, and Luis Uhlmann, Eric

Published
2021
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16. Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer in individuals with chronic pain

Author

Krypotos, Angelos Miltiadis, Sjouwerman, Rachel, Teppers, Mathijs, Vlaeyen, Johan W.S., Krypotos, Angelos Miltiadis, Sjouwerman, Rachel, Teppers, Mathijs, and Vlaeyen, Johan W.S.

Abstract

Avoidance of pain has been argued to be key factor leading pain events to chronic disability. In this respect, research has focused on investigating the working mechanisms of avoidance's acquisition. Avoidance of painful stimuli has been traditionally studied using a combination of Pavlovian and Instrumental procedures. However, such approach seems to go against real-life scenarios where avoidance is commonly acquired more readily. Using a novel pain avoidance paradigm, we tested whether pain avoidance can be installed in absence of associations between a cue and pain omission, and whether such avoidance differs between pain patients and healthy controls. Participants first learned to avoid painful stimuli by pressing a grip bar. Then, they passively encountered pairings of one geometrical shape with pain and of another geometrical shape without pain. Lastly, participants encountered the geometrical shapes while being able to use the grip bar. Results showed that participants pressed the bar more vigorously when encountering the previously pain-related shape compared to the pain-unrelated shape. This effect did not seem to differ between pain patients and healthy control. Our study could inspire a new way in measuring avoidance in pain, possibly paving the way to better understanding how avoidance is installed in chronic pain.

Published
2024

17. Replication studies in the Netherlands:Lessons learned and recommendations for funders, publishers and editors, and universities

Author

Derksen, Maarten, Meirmans, Stephanie, Brenninkmeijer, Jonna, Pols, Jeannette, de Boer, Annemarijn, van Eyghen, Hans, Gayet, Surya, Groenwold, Rolf, Hernaus, Dennis, Huijnen, Pim, Jonker, Nienke, de Kleijn, Renske, Kroll, Charlotte F., Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, van der Laan, Nynke, Luijken, Kim, Meijer, Ewout, Pear, Rachel S. A., Peels, Rik, Peeters, Robin, Rulkens, Charlotte C. S., Scholz, Christin, Smit, Nienke, Stapel, Rombert, de Winter, Joost, Derksen, Maarten, Meirmans, Stephanie, Brenninkmeijer, Jonna, Pols, Jeannette, de Boer, Annemarijn, van Eyghen, Hans, Gayet, Surya, Groenwold, Rolf, Hernaus, Dennis, Huijnen, Pim, Jonker, Nienke, de Kleijn, Renske, Kroll, Charlotte F., Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, van der Laan, Nynke, Luijken, Kim, Meijer, Ewout, Pear, Rachel S. A., Peels, Rik, Peeters, Robin, Rulkens, Charlotte C. S., Scholz, Christin, Smit, Nienke, Stapel, Rombert, and de Winter, Joost

Abstract

Drawing on our experiences conducting replications we describe the lessons we learned about replication studies and formulate recommendations for researchers, policy makers, and funders about the role of replication in science and how it should be supported and funded. We first identify a variety of benefits of doing replication studies. Next, we argue that it is often necessary to improve aspects of the original study, even if that means deviating from the original protocol. Thirdly, we argue that replication studies highlight the importance of and need for more transparency of the research process, but also make clear how difficult that is. Fourthly, we underline that it is worth trying out replication in the humanities. We finish by formulating recommendations regarding reproduction and replication research, aimed specifically at funders, editors and publishers, and universities and other research institutes.

Published
2024

18. Replication studies in the Netherlands: Lessons learned and recommendations for funders, publishers and editors, and universities

Author

Leerstoel van Tartwijk, Education and Learning: Development in Interaction, Leerstoel Stigchel, LS Cultuurgeschiedenis, Derksen, Maarten, Meirmans, Stephanie, Brenninkmeijer, Jonna, Pols, Jeannette, de Boer, Annemarijn, van Eyghen, Hans, Gayet, Surya, Groenwold, Rolf, Hernaus, Dennis, Huijnen, Pim, Jonker, Nienke, de Kleijn, Renske, Kroll, Charolotte, Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, van der Laan, Nynke, Luijken, Kim, Meijer, Ewout, Pear, Rachel, Peels, Rik, Peeters, Robin, Rulkens, Charlott C.S., Scholz, Christin, Smit, Nienke, Stapel, Rombert, de Winter, Joost, Leerstoel van Tartwijk, Education and Learning: Development in Interaction, Leerstoel Stigchel, LS Cultuurgeschiedenis, Derksen, Maarten, Meirmans, Stephanie, Brenninkmeijer, Jonna, Pols, Jeannette, de Boer, Annemarijn, van Eyghen, Hans, Gayet, Surya, Groenwold, Rolf, Hernaus, Dennis, Huijnen, Pim, Jonker, Nienke, de Kleijn, Renske, Kroll, Charolotte, Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, van der Laan, Nynke, Luijken, Kim, Meijer, Ewout, Pear, Rachel, Peels, Rik, Peeters, Robin, Rulkens, Charlott C.S., Scholz, Christin, Smit, Nienke, Stapel, Rombert, and de Winter, Joost

Published
2024

19. Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer in individuals with chronic pain

Author

Leerstoel Engelhard, Experimental psychopathology, Krypotos, Angelos Miltiadis, Sjouwerman, Rachel, Teppers, Mathijs, Vlaeyen, Johan W.S., Leerstoel Engelhard, Experimental psychopathology, Krypotos, Angelos Miltiadis, Sjouwerman, Rachel, Teppers, Mathijs, and Vlaeyen, Johan W.S.

Published
2024

22. Replication studies in the Netherlands: Lessons learned and recommendations for funders, publishers and editors, and universities

Author

Derksen, Maarten, primary, Meirmans, Stephanie, additional, Brenninkmeijer, Jonna, additional, Pols, Jeannette, additional, de Boer, Annemarijn, additional, Van Eyghen, Hans, additional, Gayet, Surya, additional, Groenwold, Rolf H.H., additional, Hernaus, Dennis, additional, Huijnen, Pim, additional, Jonker, Nienke, additional, de Kleijn, Renske, additional, Kroll, Charlotte Felicia, additional, Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, additional, van der Laan, Laura Nynke, additional, Luijken, Kim, additional, Meijer, Ewout, additional, Pear, Rachel S. A., additional, Peels, Rik, additional, Peeters, Robin, additional, Rulkens, Charlotte Claire Sophie, additional, Scholz, Christin, additional, Smit, Nienke, additional, Stapel, Rombert, additional, and de Winter, Joost, additional

Published
2024
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23. A Principled Method to Identify Individual Differences and Behavioral Shifts in Signaled Active Avoidance

Author

Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, Moscarello, Justin M., Sears, Robert M., LeDoux, Joseph E., and Galatzer-Levy, Isaac

Abstract

Signaled active avoidance (SigAA) is the key experimental procedure for studying the acquisition of instrumental responses toward conditioned threat cues. Traditional analytic approaches (e.g., general linear model) often obfuscate important individual differences, although individual differences in learned responses characterize both animal and human learning data. However, individual differences models (e.g., latent growth curve modeling) typically require large samples and onerous computational methods. Here, we present an analytic methodology that enables the detection of individual differences in SigAA performance at a high accuracy, even when a single animal is included in the data set (i.e., n = 1 level). We further show an online software that enables the easy application of our method to any SigAA data set.

Published
2018
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24. Estimating across-trial variability parameters of the Diffusion Decision Model: Expert advice and recommendations

Author

Boehm, Udo, Annis, Jeffrey, Frank, Michael J., Hawkins, Guy E., Heathcote, Andrew, Kellen, David, Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, Lerche, Veronika, Logan, Gordon D., Palmeri, Thomas J., van Ravenzwaaij, Don, Servant, Mathieu, Singmann, Henrik, Starns, Jeffrey J., Voss, Andreas, Wiecki, Thomas V., Matzke, Dora, and Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan

Published
2018
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28. The exploration-exploitation dilemma in pain: an experimental investigation

Author

Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, Crombez, Geert, Alves, Maryna, Claes, Nathalie, Vlaeyen, Johan W.S., Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, Crombez, Geert, Alves, Maryna, Claes, Nathalie, and Vlaeyen, Johan W.S.

Abstract

ABSTRACT: Daily life consists of a chain of decisions. Typically, individuals may choose to pursue what they already know (exploitation), or to search for other options (exploration). This exploration-exploitation dilemma is a topic of interest across multiple scientific fields. Here we propose that investigating how individuals solve this dilemma may improve our understanding of how individuals make behavioral decisions (e.g., avoidance) when facing pain. To this end, we present the data of three experiments in which healthy individuals were given the opportunity to choose between four different movements, with each movement being associated with different probabilities of receiving a painful outcome only (Experiment 1), or pain and/or a reward (Experiment 2). We also investigated whether participants stuck to their decisions when the contingencies between each movement and the painful/rewarding outcome changed during the task (Experiment 3). The key findings across all experiments are the following: First, after initial exploration, participants most often exploited the safest option. Second, participants weighted rewards more heavily than receiving pain. Lastly, after receiving a painful outcome, participants were more inclined to explore than to exploit a rewarding movement. We argue that by focusing more on how individuals in pain solve the exploration-exploitation dilemma is helpful in understanding behavioral decision-making in pain.

Published
2022

29. A many-analysts approach to the relation between religiosity and well-being

Author

Hoogeveen, Suzanne, Sarafoglou, Alexandra, Aczel, Balazs, Aditya, Yonathan, Alayan, Alexandra J., Allen, Peter J., Altay, Sacha, Alzahawi, Shilaan, Amir, Yulmaida, Anthony, Francis-Vincent, Appiah, Obed Kwame, Atkinson, Quentin D., Baimel, Adam, Balkaya-Ince, Merve, Balsamo, Michela, Banker, Sachin, Bartos, Frantisek, Becerra, Mario, Beffara, Bertrand, Beitner, Julia, Bendixen, Theiss, Berkessel, Jana B., Berniunas, Renatas, Billet, Matthew, Billingsley, Joseph, Bortolini, Tiago, Breitsohl, Heiko, Bret, Amelie, Brown, Faith L., Brown, Jennifer, Brumbaugh, Claudia C., Buczny, Jacek, Bulbulia, Joseph, Caballero, Saul, Carlucci, Leonardo, Carmichael, Cheryl L., Cattaneo, Marco E. G., Charles, Sarah J., Claessens, Scott, Panagopoulos, Maxinne C., Costa, Angelo Brandelli, Crone, Damien L., Czoschke, Stefan, Czymara, Christian, D'Urso, E. Damiano, Dahlstrom, Orjan, Dalla Rosa, Anna, Danielsson, Henrik, De Ron, Jill, de Vries, Ymkje Anna, Dean, Kristy K., Dik, Bryan J., Disabato, David J., Doherty, Jaclyn K., Draws, Tim, Drouhot, Lucas, Dujmovic, Marin, Dunham, Yarrow, Ebert, Tobias, Edelsbrunner, Peter A., Eerland, Anita, Elbaek, Christian T., Farahmand, Shole, Farahmand, Hooman, Farias, Miguel, Feliccia, Abrey A., Fischer, Kyle, Fischer, Ronald, Fisher-Thompson, Donna, Francis, Zoe, Frick, Susanne, Frisch, Lisa K., Geraldes, Diogo, Gerdin, Emily, Geven, Linda, Ghasemi, Omid, Gielens, Erwin, Gligoric, Vukasin, Hagel, Kristin, Hajdu, Nandor, Hamilton, Hannah R., Hamzah, Imaduddin, Hanel, Paul H. P., Hawk, Christopher E., Himawan, Karel K., Holding, Benjamin C., Homman, Lina E., Ingendahl, Moritz, Inkila, Hilla, Inman, Mary L., Islam, Chris-Gabriel, Isler, Ozan, Izydorczyk, David, Jaeger, Bastian, Johnson, Kathryn A., Jong, Jonathan, Karl, Johannes A., Kaszubowski, Erikson, Katz, Benjamin A., Keefer, Lucas A., Kelchtermans, Stijn, Kelly, John M., Klein, Richard A., Kleinberg, Bennett, Knowles, Megan L., Kolczynska, Marta, Koller, Dave, Krasko, Julia, Kritzler, Sarah, Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, Kyritsis, Thanos, Landes, Todd L., Laukenmann, Ruben, Forsyth, Guy A. Lavender, Lazar, Aryeh, Lehman, Barbara J., Levy, Neil, Lo, Ronda F., Lodder, Paul, Lorenz, Jennifer, Lowicki, Pawel, Ly, Albert L., Maassen, Esther, Magyar-Russell, Gina M., Maier, Maximilian, Marsh, Dylan R., Martinez, Nuria, Martinie, Marcellin, Martoyo, Ihan, Mason, Susan E., Mauritsen, Anne Lundahl, McAleer, Phil, McCauley, Thomas, McCullough, Michael, McKay, Ryan, McMahon, Camilla M., McNamara, Amelia A., Means, Kira K., Mercier, Brett, Mitkidis, Panagiotis, Monin, Benoit, Moon, Jordan W., Moreau, David, Morgan, Jonathan, Murphy, James, Muscatt, George, Nagel, Christof, Nagy, Tamas, Nalborczyk, Ladislas, Nilsonne, Gustav, Noack, Pamina, Norenzayan, Ara, Nuijten, Michele B., Olsson-Collentine, Anton, Oviedo, Lluis, Pavlov, Yuri G., Pawelski, James O., Pearson, Hannah, Pedder, Hugo, Peetz, Hannah K., Pinus, Michael, Pirutinsky, Steven, Polito, Vince, Porubanova, Michaela, Poulin, Michael J., Prenoveau, Jason M., Prince, Mark A., Protzko, John, Pryor, Campbell, Purzycki, Benjamin G., Qiu, Lin, Putter, Julian Quevedo, Rabelo, Andre, Radell, Milen L., Ramsay, Jonathan E., Reid, Graham, Roberts, Andrew J., Luna, Lindsey M. Root, Ross, Robert M., Roszak, Piotr, Roy, Nirmal, Saarelainen, Suvi-Maria K., Sasaki, Joni Y., Schaumans, Catherine, Schivinski, Bruno, Schmitt, Marcel C., Schnitker, Sarah A., Schnuerch, Martin, Schreiner, Marcel R., Schuttengruber, Victoria, Sebben, Simone, Segerstrom, Suzanne C., Seryczynska, Berenika, Shjoedt, Uffe, Simsek, Muge, Sleegers, Willem W. A., Smith, Eliot R., Sowden, Walter J., Spath, Marion, Sporlein, Christoph, Stedden, William, Stoevenbelt, Andrea H., Stuber, Simon, Sulik, Justin, Suwartono, Christiany, Syropoulos, Stylianos, Szaszi, Barnabas, Szecsi, Peter, Tappin, Ben M., Tay, Louis, Thibault, Robert T., Thompson, Burt, Thurn, Christian M., Torralba, Josefa, Tuthill, Shelby D., Ullein, Ann-Marie, Van Aert, Robbie C. M., van Assen, Marcel A. L. M., Van Cappellen, Patty, van den Akker, Olmo R., Van der Cruyssen, Ine, Van der Noll, Jolanda, van Dongen, Noah N. N., Van Lissa, Caspar J., van Mulukom, Valerie, van Ravenzwaaij, Don, van Zyl, Casper J. J., Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Verschuere, Bruno, Vianello, Michelangelo, Vilanova, Felipe, Vishkin, Allon, Vogel, Vera, Vogelsmeier, Leonie V. D. E., Watanabe, Shoko, White, Cindel J. M., Wiebels, Kristina, Wiechert, Sera, Willett, Zachary Z., Witkowiak, Maciej, Witvliet, Charlotte V. O., Wiwad, Dylan, Wuyts, Robin, Xygalatas, Dimitris, Yang, Xin, Yeo, Darren J., Yilmaz, Onurcan, Zarzeczna, Natalia, Zhao, Yitong, Zijlmans, Josjan, van Elk, Michiel, Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan, Hoogeveen, Suzanne, Sarafoglou, Alexandra, Aczel, Balazs, Aditya, Yonathan, Alayan, Alexandra J., Allen, Peter J., Altay, Sacha, Alzahawi, Shilaan, Amir, Yulmaida, Anthony, Francis-Vincent, Appiah, Obed Kwame, Atkinson, Quentin D., Baimel, Adam, Balkaya-Ince, Merve, Balsamo, Michela, Banker, Sachin, Bartos, Frantisek, Becerra, Mario, Beffara, Bertrand, Beitner, Julia, Bendixen, Theiss, Berkessel, Jana B., Berniunas, Renatas, Billet, Matthew, Billingsley, Joseph, Bortolini, Tiago, Breitsohl, Heiko, Bret, Amelie, Brown, Faith L., Brown, Jennifer, Brumbaugh, Claudia C., Buczny, Jacek, Bulbulia, Joseph, Caballero, Saul, Carlucci, Leonardo, Carmichael, Cheryl L., Cattaneo, Marco E. G., Charles, Sarah J., Claessens, Scott, Panagopoulos, Maxinne C., Costa, Angelo Brandelli, Crone, Damien L., Czoschke, Stefan, Czymara, Christian, D'Urso, E. Damiano, Dahlstrom, Orjan, Dalla Rosa, Anna, Danielsson, Henrik, De Ron, Jill, de Vries, Ymkje Anna, Dean, Kristy K., Dik, Bryan J., Disabato, David J., Doherty, Jaclyn K., Draws, Tim, Drouhot, Lucas, Dujmovic, Marin, Dunham, Yarrow, Ebert, Tobias, Edelsbrunner, Peter A., Eerland, Anita, Elbaek, Christian T., Farahmand, Shole, Farahmand, Hooman, Farias, Miguel, Feliccia, Abrey A., Fischer, Kyle, Fischer, Ronald, Fisher-Thompson, Donna, Francis, Zoe, Frick, Susanne, Frisch, Lisa K., Geraldes, Diogo, Gerdin, Emily, Geven, Linda, Ghasemi, Omid, Gielens, Erwin, Gligoric, Vukasin, Hagel, Kristin, Hajdu, Nandor, Hamilton, Hannah R., Hamzah, Imaduddin, Hanel, Paul H. P., Hawk, Christopher E., Himawan, Karel K., Holding, Benjamin C., Homman, Lina E., Ingendahl, Moritz, Inkila, Hilla, Inman, Mary L., Islam, Chris-Gabriel, Isler, Ozan, Izydorczyk, David, Jaeger, Bastian, Johnson, Kathryn A., Jong, Jonathan, Karl, Johannes A., Kaszubowski, Erikson, Katz, Benjamin A., Keefer, Lucas A., Kelchtermans, Stijn, Kelly, John M., Klein, Richard A., Kleinberg, Bennett, Knowles, Megan L., Kolczynska, Marta, Koller, Dave, Krasko, Julia, Kritzler, Sarah, Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, Kyritsis, Thanos, Landes, Todd L., Laukenmann, Ruben, Forsyth, Guy A. Lavender, Lazar, Aryeh, Lehman, Barbara J., Levy, Neil, Lo, Ronda F., Lodder, Paul, Lorenz, Jennifer, Lowicki, Pawel, Ly, Albert L., Maassen, Esther, Magyar-Russell, Gina M., Maier, Maximilian, Marsh, Dylan R., Martinez, Nuria, Martinie, Marcellin, Martoyo, Ihan, Mason, Susan E., Mauritsen, Anne Lundahl, McAleer, Phil, McCauley, Thomas, McCullough, Michael, McKay, Ryan, McMahon, Camilla M., McNamara, Amelia A., Means, Kira K., Mercier, Brett, Mitkidis, Panagiotis, Monin, Benoit, Moon, Jordan W., Moreau, David, Morgan, Jonathan, Murphy, James, Muscatt, George, Nagel, Christof, Nagy, Tamas, Nalborczyk, Ladislas, Nilsonne, Gustav, Noack, Pamina, Norenzayan, Ara, Nuijten, Michele B., Olsson-Collentine, Anton, Oviedo, Lluis, Pavlov, Yuri G., Pawelski, James O., Pearson, Hannah, Pedder, Hugo, Peetz, Hannah K., Pinus, Michael, Pirutinsky, Steven, Polito, Vince, Porubanova, Michaela, Poulin, Michael J., Prenoveau, Jason M., Prince, Mark A., Protzko, John, Pryor, Campbell, Purzycki, Benjamin G., Qiu, Lin, Putter, Julian Quevedo, Rabelo, Andre, Radell, Milen L., Ramsay, Jonathan E., Reid, Graham, Roberts, Andrew J., Luna, Lindsey M. Root, Ross, Robert M., Roszak, Piotr, Roy, Nirmal, Saarelainen, Suvi-Maria K., Sasaki, Joni Y., Schaumans, Catherine, Schivinski, Bruno, Schmitt, Marcel C., Schnitker, Sarah A., Schnuerch, Martin, Schreiner, Marcel R., Schuttengruber, Victoria, Sebben, Simone, Segerstrom, Suzanne C., Seryczynska, Berenika, Shjoedt, Uffe, Simsek, Muge, Sleegers, Willem W. A., Smith, Eliot R., Sowden, Walter J., Spath, Marion, Sporlein, Christoph, Stedden, William, Stoevenbelt, Andrea H., Stuber, Simon, Sulik, Justin, Suwartono, Christiany, Syropoulos, Stylianos, Szaszi, Barnabas, Szecsi, Peter, Tappin, Ben M., Tay, Louis, Thibault, Robert T., Thompson, Burt, Thurn, Christian M., Torralba, Josefa, Tuthill, Shelby D., Ullein, Ann-Marie, Van Aert, Robbie C. M., van Assen, Marcel A. L. M., Van Cappellen, Patty, van den Akker, Olmo R., Van der Cruyssen, Ine, Van der Noll, Jolanda, van Dongen, Noah N. N., Van Lissa, Caspar J., van Mulukom, Valerie, van Ravenzwaaij, Don, van Zyl, Casper J. J., Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Verschuere, Bruno, Vianello, Michelangelo, Vilanova, Felipe, Vishkin, Allon, Vogel, Vera, Vogelsmeier, Leonie V. D. E., Watanabe, Shoko, White, Cindel J. M., Wiebels, Kristina, Wiechert, Sera, Willett, Zachary Z., Witkowiak, Maciej, Witvliet, Charlotte V. O., Wiwad, Dylan, Wuyts, Robin, Xygalatas, Dimitris, Yang, Xin, Yeo, Darren J., Yilmaz, Onurcan, Zarzeczna, Natalia, Zhao, Yitong, Zijlmans, Josjan, van Elk, Michiel, and Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan

Abstract

The relation between religiosity and well-being is one of the most researched topics in the psychology of religion, yet the directionality and robustness of the effect remains debated. Here, we adopted a many-analysts approach to assess the robustness of this relation based on a new cross-cultural dataset (N = 10, 535 participants from 24 countries). We recruited 120 analysis teams to investigate (1) whether religious people self-report higher well-being, and (2) whether the relation between religiosity and self-reported well-being depends on perceived cultural norms of religion (i.e., whether it is considered normal and desirable to be religious in a given country). In a two-stage procedure, the teams first created an analysis plan and then executed their planned analysis on the data. For the first research question, all but 3 teams reported positive effect sizes with credible/confidence intervals excluding zero (median reported beta = 0.120). For the second research question, this was the case for 65% of the teams (median reported beta = 0.039). While most teams applied (multilevel) linear regression models, there was considerable variability in the choice of items used to construct the independent variables, the dependent variable, and the included covariates.

Published
2023

33. Is exploitation associated with missing out on opportunity? Studying the exploration-exploitation dilemma in pain

Author

Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, Vlaeyen, Johannes, Crombez, Geert, and Alves, Maryna

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, Computational Neuroscience, Health Psychology, Neuroscience and Neurobiology, Psychology, Life Sciences, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Abstract

Despite being unpleasant, acute pain has a functional role in our lives. Pain serves as a warning signal that pushes to actions preventing additional harm (e.g., instantly lifting the foot after stepping on a thorn). Pain becomes problematic when it becomes chronic. Chronic pain is associated with reduced quality of life for patients and elevated monetary costs for individuals and society in general (Dagenais, Caro, & Haldeman, 2008; Yong et al., 2022). One way to better understand the transition between acute to chronic pain is to look into decision-making, and more specifically into the exploration-exploitation dilemma (EED). The EED is a dilemma that opposes the choice of familiar options (i.e., exploitation) with known outcomes to new ones with their risks (i.e., exploration). In a pain context, over-exploring could lead to unnecessary pain (e.g., worsening an injury in the ankle by running a marathon). On the other hand, overexploiting alternatives leading to the least pain (e.g., stopping running definitively) could create a cycle of pain-related avoidance as exploration is needed to correct wrong threat beliefs about pain (e.g., the ankle pain is no more present) (Vlaeyen, Crombez, & Linton, 2016) Investigating how people decide to explore or exploit and how individual differences influence these decisions can help understanding better chronic pain. In the current study, we propose studying behavioral persistence during the EED in the control and clinical group (i.e., healthy individuals and individuals experiencing chronic pain) and the role of individual differences in this trade-off. This study has been approved by Ethics Committee of KU Leuven (#G 2023-6568-R4-(MIN)).

Published
2023
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41. A Meta-Analysis of Conditioned Fear Generalization in Anxiety-Related Disorders

Author

Cooper, Samuel, Hennings, Augustin, Keller, Nicole, van Dis, Evi-Anne, Engelhard, Iris, Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, Hagenaars, Muriel, Dunsmoor, Joseph, and Lissek, Shmuel

Subjects
meta-analysis, anxiety disorders, OCD, fMRI, PTSD, fear generalization, psychophysiology, anxiety, associative learning, fear conditioning
Abstract

Manuscript for this project is under review

Published
2022
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42. The effect of trait anxiety on generalization of extinction

Author

Endhoven, Bart, Harbers, Pieterjan, Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, and Engelhard, Iris

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Psychology, conditioning, extinction, learning, generalization, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Abstract

In this project we will test whether individuals with high trait anxiety scores show less generalization of extinction learning, compared to individuals with low trait anxiety scores.

Published
2022
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44. Material for the project : Testing a Novelty-based Extinction Procedure for the Reduction of Conditioned Avoidance

Author

Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis and Engelhard, Iris

Abstract

Here, we provide the full data set and the analyses script for the Project "Testing a Novelty-based Extinction Procedure for the Reduction of Conditioned Avoidance". Please note that at this stage the material are provided for facilitating the peer review process. Any other use of the data is prohibited. The data will be available for any non-commercial use upon the acceptance of the final paper.

Published
2022
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45. Preregistration template: Preregistration of analyses of preexisting data

Author

Mertens, Gaëtan and Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis

Subjects
reproducability, preregistration, replicability, preexisting data, archival data
Abstract

This project provides a Word and PDF document for a preregistration template based on the following published article: Mertens, G., & Krypotos, A. M. (2019). Preregistration of analyses of preexisting data. Psychologica Belgica, 59(1), 338-352. http://doi.org/10.5334/pb.493

Published
2022
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46. Fear generalization: a direct replication of Lissek et al. (2010)

Author

de Niet, Rosalie, Engelhard, Iris, Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, and Dinkelberg, Elodie

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, Clinical Psychology, conditioning, Psychology, fear, panic, fear generalization, panic disorder, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Abstract

Panic disorder is a prevalent and chronic anxiety disorder characterized by reoccurring panic attacks (Kessler et al., 2006). Panic attacks are sudden, often unexpected periods of intense fear, that can be accompanied by physical symptoms like sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, or others (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Fear is often caused by anxiety or the anticipation of danger. However, prior research has shown that such fear may not always be associated with only the stimuli that had been previously associated with a panic attack (e.g. getting a panic attack while being in the gym, so now the gym is predictive of a panic attack), but generalized to similar stimuli (e.g. all types of gyms). Lissek et al. (2010) have researched this fear generalisation and found that individuals diagnosed with panic disorder generalise fear more readily than healthy controls. Their findings led to numerous experimental and clinical studies, but no direct replication of this study has been done yet. However, replication of Lissek et al. (2010) is urgently needed for at least three reasons. First, an unpublished direct replication of the initial study design was unsuccessful. Second, Lissek et al.’s (2010) results are already being used in research that attempts to block or reduce fear generalization. Because of this, it is important to determine whether generalization has a role in panic disorder indeed and consequently whether relevant intervention studies may be useful for reducing panic symptomatology. Third, since a single lab replication is often not sufficient to assess the replicability of a study, the current research will replicate the study across multiple labs. In accordance with Lissek et al. (2010), we predict that participants with panic disorder will show more generalized avoidance compared to control subjects. Objective: The main goal of this research is to test whether individuals with a panic disorder diagnosis differ in the level of fear generalization compared to matched controls. This would be a direct replication of the seminal study by Lissek et al. (2010). Study design: This study will be a blinded between-subject study employing individuals with a panic diagnosis and healthy matched controls. Study population: Per clinic 25 individuals aged 18-65 with a prior diagnosis of a panic disorder and matched controls with no history of a mental disorder will be recruited, making a total of 50 individuals per clinic. Intervention: This study uses a fear generalization procedure consisting of three phases: pre-acquisition, fear acquisition, and a generalization test. In the pre-acquisition phase participants will see a small and a large circle, which will serve as the conditioned stimuli (CS). During the acquisition phase, the smallest and largest circles will serve as CS+ (the danger cue) and CS- (the safety cue), counterbalanced. One of these circles will be followed by shock administration (CS+), and the other circle is not followed by a shock (CS-). In the generalization test phase, participants see both CSs, as well as eight intermediate circles (generalization stimuli; GSs). Fear responses will be measured primarily by measuring startle responses, via electromyography (EMG), to a loud noise during the CS and GS presentations. Additionally, risk ratings as well as the accompanying reaction times (RT) will be collected by asking participants to estimate the level of risk during the experiment, with the available answers being 1 = no risk, 2 = moderate risk, and 3 = high risk. Main study parameters/endpoints: Electromyography (EMG) responses and reported risk ratings for each CS and GS. Online risk ratings and reaction time for the risk ratings. Both electromyograph responses and risk ratings will be used to test between-group differences in the course of learning. A self-report of anxiety levels after the main experiment will be used for testing between group differences. The Panic Disorder Severity Scale (Shear et al. 1997), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger et al. 1983) and Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al. 1996) will be used to test for between group differences before the beginning of the study.

Published
2022
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49. EMHFC2019_Bayes_Workshop

Author

Kuhn, Manuel and Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis

Abstract

Teaching Material for the Bayes Workshop at the European Meeting on Human Fear Conditioning 2019 (Würzburg, Germany)

Published
2022
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