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Abstract Objectives Methods Results Conclusion Deficits in executive functioning are a common consequence of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and the severity of TBI is known to predict functional outcomes. In this review, the authors examine the ability of three commonly used tests of executive functioning [The Trail Making Test (TMT-B), The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and Verbal Fluency (VF)] to predict domains of function.Seven hundred and twenty articles were identified and twenty-four met inclusion criteria (original articles published in English examining an adult TBI population). Data were subject to a study quality analysis and then meta-analyzed to assess whether tests of executive functioning (TMT-B, WCST, and VF) can predict functional, employment, and driving outcomes following a TBI.The TMT-B (r = 0.29; 95% CI 0.17–0.41) and the WCST (r = 0.20; 95% CI 0.02–0.37) were significantly associated with functional outcomes. The TMT-B was also associated with a person’s ability to return to driving (r = 0.3890; 95% CI 0.2678–0.5103). No test of executive functioning was associated with employment outcomes following a TBI.These findings are important to guide rehabilitation strategies and future planning. This review has also highlighted the scarcity of research on specific outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID‐19 pandemic has highlighted the need for further research evaluating the validity of conducting a battery of neuropsychological assessments virtually compared with face‐to‐face administration. Previous research has suggested that some neuropsychological assessments yield valid results when administered virtually, however, much of the previous research focused on older adults. To determine the validity of virtually administered neuropsychological tests, 28 healthy participants were assessed using a within‐subjects, counter‐balanced design. Participants completed a neuropsychological assessment battery covering tests of general intellectual functioning, memory and attention, executive functioning, language and information processing speed, as well as effort. There was no significant difference between face‐to‐face administration of the neuropsychological battery compared with virtual administration for the majority of the tests used. However, there were significant differences in the Colour Naming Task, with participants making fewer errors on the colour naming task and inhibition/switching task when administered virtually compared with face‐to‐face administration. There was also a significant age cohort effect in the inhibition/switching task. There was also a trending significant difference in mode of administration for the Verbal Fluency Task. Virtually administered neuropsychological assessments largely provide a valid alternative to face‐to‐face assessments; however, consideration must be given to test selection as well as the population of participants that are being assessed. Other important considerations must focus on preserving the security and integrity of test materials, as well as administration in a medico‐legal setting. Future research should focus on validating assessments with specific patient populations and developing a neuropsychological assessment battery using information technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence suggests that cognitive subtypes exist in schizophrenia that may reflect different neurobiological trajectories. We aimed to identify whether IQ-derived cognitive subtypes are present in early-phase schizophrenia-spectrum disorder and examine their relationship with brain structure and markers of neuroinflammation. Method: 161 patients with recent-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorder (<5 years) were recruited. Estimated premorbid and current IQ were calculated using the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading and a 4-subtest WAIS-III. Cognitive subtypes were identified with k-means clustering. Freesurfer was used to analyse 3.0 T MRI. Blood samples were analysed for hs-CRP, IL-1RA, IL-6 and TNF- α. Results: Three subtypes were identified indicating preserved (PIQ), deteriorated (DIQ) and compromised (CIQ) IQ. Absolute total brain volume was significantly smaller in CIQ compared to PIQ and DIQ, and intracranial volume was smaller in CIQ than PIQ (F (2, 124) = 6.407, p = 0.002) indicative of premorbid smaller brain size in the CIQ group. CIQ had higher levels of hs-CRP than PIQ (F (2, 131) = 5.01, p = 0.008). PIQ showed differentially impaired processing speed and verbal learning compared to IQ-matched healthy controls. Conclusions: The findings add validity of a neurodevelopmental subtype of schizophrenia identified by comparing estimated premorbid and current IQ and characterised by smaller premorbid brain volume and higher measures of low-grade inflammation (CRP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]