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The aim of the study was to point out the importance of recognizing non-accidental injuries (NAI) and to highlight the importance of reporting such cases, as well as prosecuting the perpetrators, in order to detect potentially existing violence or prevent future violence in society. A total of 338 dogs and 54 cats were submitted for necropsy. Out of 338 dogs examined, 175 (51.8%) died due to non-natural cause of death, 122 from natural causes (36.1%), and 35 (10.3%) due to accidental injuries, and in 6 cases (1.8%) the cause and manner of death were undetermined due to advanced post-mortal changes. Out of 54 examined cats, 21 died due to non-natural causes (38.9%) and the same number of cats died due to natural causes. The prevalence of accidental injuries resulting in death were 20.4% (n = 11) and in 1.8% (n = 1) the manner of death remained indeterminate. The high number of animals confirmed to have died from unnatural causes in this study highlights the need for greater involvement from the police, prosecution, and society as a whole to reduce the number of violent animal deaths in the future.

The aim of this study is to describe new diagnostic and surgical orbital approaches using video endoscopy in canines. Four different endoscopic approaches were investigated in this study of video endoscopy in cadavers: dorsal transorbital ligament approach via incision of the orbital ligament (DTOLA), dorsal subpalpebral transconjunctival approach (DSTA), ventral subpalpebral transconjunctival approach (VSTA), and transoral orbital approach (TOA). Two additional approaches, the ventral transpalpebral approach (VTA) and dorsal caudal transmuscular approach (DCTA) along with the DTOLA and DSTA were used in clinical patients. The most technically demanding approach was DTOLA; however, it provided the best visualisation of different anterior and posterior orbital structures. Visualisation of primarily the dorsal orbital wall, dorsal portion of the eye globe, and dorsal extraconal space also was achieved by DSTA. The VSTA enabled good visualisation of the ventral orbital floor and the ventral extraconal and intraconal space. In contrast, the TOA provided relatively poor visualisation of orbital structures, limited to the ventral orbital quadrant. Meanwhile, the VTA provided visualisation similar to the VSTA, while DCTA visualisation was limited to the dorsal and caudal orbital space. Orbital endoscopy is an effective and minimally invasive procedure that can be used for diagnostic and surgical orbital procedures.

Background: Canine babesiosis, a tick-borne disease caused by Babesia canis, shows a seasonality whose relationship with local weather conditions has not been fully investigated. Objectives: Meteorological conditions can favour the tick-vector activity, and thus lead to an increased number of cases of canine babesiosis. Hence, our study looks into the link between the number of recorded cases, on the one hand, and temperature and relative humidity on the other with an aim to quantify their correlations. Material and Methods: Over 2013–2016, the data were collected in Belgrade, the capital of the Republic of Serbia. The meteorological parameters were obtained from the Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. The analysis includes correlations with a time lag, given in number of weeks, which shifts corresponding correlation pairs and shows a delayed effect of weather conditions. The time lag ranges between 0 and 52. Results: Canine babesiosis occurrence shows a pronounced maximum in the spring and a less marked one in the autumn. For the spring period, statistically significant correlation coefficients imply that over one year prior to the disease spring peak, temperature is more strongly linked with the number of cases than relative humidity. Conclusion: Temperature and relative humidity, through their influence on population of infected ticks, seem to be important meteorological drivers of the spring maximum of canine babesios in Belgrade. Further understanding of this interplay can help better contain the disease, and project its possible spread to other regions prompted by climate change.

Пироплазмоза коња представља значајно векторски преносиво обољење са великом раширеношћу и економским утицајем на коњарство широм света. Узрочници пироплазмозе коња су протозое Theileria equi и Babesia caballi. Обољење може бити присутно код коња и супклинички, али може бити праћено и озбиљном клиничком сликом. Циљ ове докторске дисертације је био опсежно клиничко- епизоотиолошко испитивање приплазмозе коња на простору централног Балкана, где би испитивали присуство паразита молекуларним методама детекције, пратили хематолошке и биохемијске параметре, параметре оксидативног стреса и на крају степен оштећења ДНК ћелија домаћина услед присуства паразита. У циљу стицања увида у преваленцију обољења спровели смо молекуларну епизоотиолошку студију која је укључивала 165 коња, са осам локалитета са простора три државе (Србија, Црна Гора, Босна и Херцеговина). Прво смо урадили PCR методу за детекцију 450 бп дугог сегмента 18S rRNК гена који је присутан код свих Theileria и Babesia врста. За дефинитивну детекцију врсте је урађен мултиплекс PCR. Да би потврдили добијене резултате урађено је секвенцирање позитивних узорака. Укупна преваленција T. equi и B. caballi на испитиваном простору износила је 32,1% и 1,8%, респективно. У Србији је установљена преваленција од 40,2% за Т. еqui и 0,6% за B. caballi, у БиХ 16,7% за Т. еqui и 4,2% за B. caballi, а у Црној Гори 8,3% за Т. еqui и 8,3% за B. caballi. Резултати секвенцирања су потврдили 100% подударност са врстама установљеним на основу методе мултиплекс PCR..., Equine piroplasmosis is a significant vector-prone disease with a high degree of widespread and economic impact on horse industry throughout the world. The causative agents of equine piroplasmosis are protozoas Theileria equi and Babesia caballi. The disease can be present subclinical in horses, but also it can be accompanied by a serious clinical picture. The goal of this doctoral dissertation was the comprehensive clinical and epizootiological examination of the equine piroplasmosis on the central Balkan region, where we would investigate the presence of parasites by molecular detection methods, to follow the haematological and biochemical parameters, the parameters of oxidative stress and at the end, the degree of host cells DNA damage due to parasites presence. In order to gain insight into the prevalence of the disease, we conducted a molecular epidemiological study involving 165 horses, from eight locations from three countries (Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina). First, we did a PCR method for the detection of a 450 bp long segment of the 18S rRNA gene which is present in all Theileria and Babesia species. For the definitive species identification, a multiplex PCR was done. In order to confirm obtained results, sequencing of positive samples was made. The overall prevalence of T. equi and B. caballi in the study area was 32.1% and 1.8% respectively. In Serbia a prevalence of 40.2% was established for T. equi and 0.6% for B. caballi, in BiH 16.7% for T. equi and 4.2% for B. caballi, and in Montenegro 8.3% for T. equi and 8.3% for B. caballi. Results of the sequence analysis demonstrated 100% correspondence to multiplex PCR diagnosed Babesia species...

Equine piroplasmosis is a significant vector-prone disease with a high degree of widespread and economic impact on horse industry throughout the world. The causative agents of equine piroplasmosis are protozoas Theileria equi and Babesia caballi. The disease can be present subclinical in horses, but also it can be accompanied by a serious clinical picture. The goal of this doctoral dissertation was the comprehensive clinical and epizootiological examination of the equine piroplasmosis on the central Balkan region, where we would investigate the presence of parasites by molecular detection methods, to follow the haematological and biochemical parameters, the parameters of oxidative stress and at the end, the degree of host cells DNA damage due to parasites presence. In order to gain insight into the prevalence of the disease, we conducted a molecular epidemiological study involving 165 horses, from eight locations from three countries (Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina). First, we did a PCR method for the detection of a 450 bp long segment of the 18S rRNA gene which is present in all Theileria and Babesia species. For the definitive species identification, a multiplex PCR was done. In order to confirm obtained results, sequencing of positive samples was made. The overall prevalence of T. equi and B. caballi in the study area was 32.1% and 1.8% respectively. In Serbia a prevalence of 40.2% was established for T. equi and 0.6% for B. caballi, in BiH 16.7% for T. equi and 4.2% for B. caballi, and in Montenegro 8.3% for T. equi and 8.3% for B. caballi. Results of the sequence analysis demonstrated 100% correspondence to multiplex PCR diagnosed Babesia species..., Piroplazmoza konja predstavlja značajno vektorski prenosivo oboljenje sa velikom raširenošću i ekonomskim uticajem na konjarstvo širom sveta. Uzročnici piroplazmoze konja su protozoe Theileria equi i Babesia caballi. Oboljenje može biti prisutno kod konja i supklinički, ali može biti praćeno i ozbiljnom kliničkom slikom. Cilj ove doktorske disertacije je bio opsežno kliničko- epizootiološko ispitivanje priplazmoze konja na prostoru centralnog Balkana, gde bi ispitivali prisustvo parazita molekularnim metodama detekcije, pratili hematološke i biohemijske parametre, parametre oksidativnog stresa i na kraju stepen oštećenja DNK ćelija domaćina usled prisustva parazita. U cilju sticanja uvida u prevalenciju oboljenja sproveli smo molekularnu epizootiološku studiju koja je uključivala 165 konja, sa osam lokaliteta sa prostora tri države (Srbija, Crna Gora, Bosna i Hercegovina). Prvo smo uradili PCR metodu za detekciju 450 bp dugog segmenta 18S rRNK gena koji je prisutan kod svih Theileria i Babesia vrsta. Za definitivnu detekciju vrste je urađen multipleks PCR. Da bi potvrdili dobijene rezultate urađeno je sekvenciranje pozitivnih uzoraka. Ukupna prevalencija T. equi i B. caballi na ispitivanom prostoru iznosila je 32,1% i 1,8%, respektivno. U Srbiji je ustanovljena prevalencija od 40,2% za T. equi i 0,6% za B. caballi, u BiH 16,7% za T. equi i 4,2% za B. caballi, a u Crnoj Gori 8,3% za T. equi i 8,3% za B. caballi. Rezultati sekvenciranja su potvrdili 100% podudarnost sa vrstama ustanovljenim na osnovu metode multipleks PCR...

Intestinal lymphangiectasia is an uncommon disease which can cause severe, chronic protein-losing enteropathy in dogs. Four dogs were presented at the Belgrade Clinic for Small Animals with clinical signs of chronic diarrhea, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting and weight loss. Abnormal physical examination findings included dehydration, signs of pain on abdominal palpation, and ascites. The most important clinicopathological findings were lymphopenia and hypoproteinemia with hypoalbuminemia. Abdominal ultrasound revealed intestinal abnormalities in all dogs. To establish an undoubted diagnosis of intestinal lymphangiectasia, endoscopy and histopathology were conducted., Crevna limfangiektazija predstavlja retko oboljenje kod pasa koje može izazvati ozbiljne, hronične enteropatije sa gubitkom proteina. Na Klinici za male životinje u Beogradu su primljena četiri psa sa simptomima hronične dijareje, letargije, anoreksije, povraćanja i gubitka na težini. Opštim pregledom su ustanovljene promene u smislu dehidratacije, bolnosti na palpaciju abdomena i ascitesa. Najznačajnije kliničko-patološke promene su bile limfopenija i hipoproteinemija sa hipoalbuminemijom. Ultrazvučnim pregledom abdomena su ustanovljene promene na crevima kod svih pasa. Da bismo postavili nesumljivu dijagnozu crevne limfangiektazije urađena je endoskopija i histopatologija.

Srĉаni mаrkеri se dеfinišu kао biomarkeri kојi sе kоristе zа dеtеkciјu оštеćеnjа miоkаrdа zbоg ishеmiје, trаumе, tоksinа i inflаmаciје. Srĉani troponin I (cTnI) je prepoznat kao najpuzdaniji i najsenzitivniju biomarker koji ukazuje na oštećenje miokarda. Zа оpštu аnеstеziјu pаsа ĉеstо sе upоtrеblјаvа kоmbinаciја mеdеtоmidinа sа prоpоfоlоm i sеvоflurаnоm. Меdеtоmidin sе tаkоĊе mоţе kоristiti i kао pојеdinаĉni аgеns zа sеdаciјu pаsа. Uticај mеdеtоmidinа kао pојеdinаĉnоg аgеnsа i u kоmbinаciјi sа prоpоfоlоm i sеvоflurаnоm nа sеrumsku kоncеntrаciјu cTn I niје pоznаt. U istraţivanje smo ukljuĉili 66 pasa, pacijenata Klinike za male ţivotinje, Fakulteta veterinarske medicine, Univerziteta u Beogradu. Pre sedacije ili anestezije raĊen je kliniĉki pregled pasa, uzorkovanje krvi za hematološke i biohemijske analize i kardiološki pregled, koji je obuhvatao auskultaciju srca i EKG.Prva grupa je obuhvatala 20 pasa (M grupa) koji su sedirani intravenskom aplikacijom medetomidina u dozi od 0,04 mg/kg.Kod ove grupe pasa je uraĊen ultrazvuĉni ili ortopedski pregled.Druga grupa je obuhvatala 20 pasa (P+S grupa) koji su pregledani gastroskopski pod opštom anestezijom sprovedenom kombinacijom propofola (6 do 8 mg/kg i.v.) i sevofluranau koncentraciji od 4,5 % u kiseoniku. Ova grupa pasa je predstavljala kontrolnu grupu, jer psima nije aplikovan medetomidin. Treća grupa je obuhvatala 26 pasa (M+P+S grupa) koji su pregledani gastroskopski pod opštom anestezijom sprovedenom kombinacijom medetomidina (0,04 mg/kg i.v.), propofola (1 do 3 mg/kg i.v.) i sevoflurana u koncentraciji od 3 % u kiseoniku. Krv za analizu serumske koncentracije cTnI smo uzorkovali pre sedacije i anestezije - poĉetna vrednost (0 h), zatim nakon 6 i 12 ĉasova i 4. dan od sedacije i anestezije. U grupi M cTnI je bio pre sedacije (0 h) ispod granice detekcije kod 11 pasa..., myocardial damage due to ischemia, trauma, toxins and inflammation. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is known as the most reliable and sensitive biomarker of myocardial cell injury. General anaesthesia with medetomidinein combination with propofol and sevoflurane is commonly usedin dogs.Medetomidine can be also used as a single agent for sedation of dogs. The effect of medetomidineas a single agent, and in combination with propofol and sevoflurane on serum cTn I concentration is not known. Sixty-sixclient-owned dogs, presented for various procedures at Small AnimalClinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, were recruited for this study. Prior to sedation or anaesthesia, a clinical examination of the dogs, blood sampling for haematological and biochemical tests and cardiology examination including heart auscultation and ECG were carried out. The first group of 20 dogs (M group), presented for ultrasound or orthopaedic examination, was sedated with an intravenous application of medetomidineata dose of 0.04 mg/kg. The second group consisted of 20 dogs (P + S group)which were examined gastroscopically under general anaesthesia. The dogs were induced to anaesthesia with propofol (6 to 8 mg/kg i.v.) and maintained with sevoflurane (vaporizer setting 4.5 %) in oxygen. This group of dogs was the control group, as in these dogs medetomidine was not administered. The third group consisted of 26 dogs (M + P + S group) examined gastroscopically under general anaesthesia. The dogs were premedicated withmedetomidine (0.04 mg/kg i.v.), induced to anaesthesia with propofol (1 to 3 mg/kg i.v.), and maintained with sevoflurane (vaporizer setting 3 %) in oxygen. Blood samples for analysis of serum cTnI concentration were sampled when sedation and anaesthesia commenced i.e. basal value (0h), at 6 and 12 hours and 4 days after sedation and anaesthesia. In group M, cTnI was below the detection limit in 11 dogsbefore sedation (0h)...

The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of oxidative stress parameters and DNA damage in horses infected by Theileria equi. Initial screening of 110 horses with duplex PCR enabled the selection of 30 infected horses with T. equi and 30 free of infection (control). Specimens from the 60 horses were further analysed by determining the following oxidative stress parameters: extent of haemolysis (EH), plasma free haemoglobin (PHb), catalase (CAT), Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), paraoxonase (PON1), nitrite (NO2-), total nitrate and nitrite (NOx), malondialdehyde (MDA) and free thiol groups (-SH). In addition, relative distribution of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH1-LDH5) activity and the DNA-damaging effects of T. equi infection were evaluated. Compared to control horses, horses infected with T. equi had significantly higher SOD1 activities (P < 0.05) and PHb (P < 0.01), NO2- (P < 0.001), NOx (P < 0.05) and MDA concentrations (P < 0.001), and significantly-lower EH (P < 0.001), CAT (P < 0.01) and PON1 (P < 0.001) activities, and thiol group concentrations (P < 0.05). The comet assay demonstrated significantly increased DNA damage in T. equi infected cells compared to non-infected cells (P < 0.001). Infected horses had significantly increased LDH5 isoenzyme activities (P < 0.05). There was higher production of ROS/RNS in T. equi-infected horses, which resulted in changes in osmotic fragility, damage to lipids, proteins and DNA, haemolysis and hepatocellular damage. Oxidative stress in horses naturally infected with T equi could contribute to the pathogenesis of the infection.

Babesiosis of domestic animals is a vector transmissible and clinically significant disease, caused by protozoa of genus Babesia and Theileria. Possible causative agents for this disease in dogs in Europe are: Babesia canis, B. gibsoni, B. vogeli and B. microti-like. Diagnostics of babesiosis of dogs was for a long time based on the visual inspection of stained blood smear under a microscope, while today there have been increasingly used molecular methods of detection in precise, species diagnostics. The objective of this work was molecular detection of the cause of babesiosis of dogs in the ticks sampled from asymptomatic dogs in the region of some Belgrade municipalities, all for better understanding of epizootiological situation. From three sites in Belgrade, there were collected 49 ticks, sampled from the dogs with no symptoms. There was carried out the determination of the ticks, and after that, DNA was isolated for molecular examination. First, theret was performed Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), for determining the species of the genus Babesia, and after that there was also carried out the determining of polymorphism in the length of restriction fragments (RFLP) for the purpose of the causative agent species determination. Out of the total number of the examined ticks, 18,34% were positive on Babesia spp. By RFLP method, in two cases (4,08%) B. Gibsoni was identified, while in 7 cases (14,92%) there were no restriction sites for the used enzymes, what suggests that most likely it was B. canis. The ticks positive on the cause of babesiosis were: Dermacentor reticulatus (4 cases), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (4 cases) i Ixodes ricinus (1 case). This work confirms the presence of Babesia spp. in the ticks sampled from asmptomatic dogs on the territory of Belgrade as well as the significance of PCR-RFLP method in diagnostics and identification of the causative agent of babesiosis in dogs. For the first time in Serbia, there was determined the presence of B. gibsoni, Babezioza domaćih životinja predstavlja vektorski prenosivo i klinički veoma značajno oboljenje, uzrokovano protozoama rodova Babesia i Theileria. Uzročnici koji mogu da izazovu oboljenje kod pasa u Evropi su: Babesia canis, B. gibsoni, B. vogeli i B. microti-like. Dijagnostika babezioze pasa se dugo vremena bazirala na vizuelizaciji uzročnika pregledom obojenog krvnog razmaza pod mikroskopom, dok se danas sve više koriste molekularne metode detekcije u preciznoj, specijskoj dijagnostici. Cilj ovog rada je bila molekularna detekcija različitih uzročnika babezioze pasa u krpeljima uzorkovanim sa asimptomatskih pasa na prostoru određenih beogradskih opština, radi boljeg razumevanja epizootiološke situacije. Sa tri lokacije u Beogradu je prikupljeno 49 krpelja, uzorkovanih sa pasa bez simptoma bolesti. Izvršena je determinacja krpelja, a nakon toga je izolovana DNK za molekularna ispitivanja. Prvo je urađena reakcija lančane polimerizacije (PCR) za utvrđivanje vrsta iz roda Babesia, a nakon toga i određivanje polimorfizma u dužini restrikcionih fragmenata (RFLP) u cilju specijske identifikacije uzročnika. Od ukupnog broja ispitanih krpelja 18,34% je bilo pozitivno na Babesia spp. RFLP metodom je u dva slučaja (4,08%) identifikovana B. gibsoni, dok u 7 slučajeva (14,92%) nije bilo restrkicionih mesta za korišćene enzime, što ukazuje da se najverovatnije radilo o B. canis. Pozitivni krpelji na uzročnike babezioze su bili Dermacentor reticulatus (4 slučaja), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (4 slučaja) i Ixodes ricinus (1 slučaj). Ovaj rad potvrđuje prisustvo Babesia spp. u krpeljima uzorkovanim sa asimptomatskih pasa na teritoriji grada Beograda, kao i značaj PCR-RFLP metode u dijagnostici i identifikaciji uzročnika babezioze pasa. Prvi put u Srbiji je utvrđeno prisustvo B. gibsoni kod krpelja (vrsta Rhipicephalus sanguineus).

Equine piroplasmosis is significant tick-borne disease with wide distribution. The prevalence of equine piroplasmosis in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina is unknown. In aim to obtain a first insight into the prevalence we performed molecular epidemiological study which included 142 horses, on seven locations in these three countries. We first performed PCR for the detection of a 450bp long section of the 18S rRNA of piroplasma-specific region. For all positive samples we have done multiplex PCR for the species detection. Species determination was further confirmed by sequencing PCR products of 10 randomly selected Theileria equi and all Babesia caballi samples. The overall prevalence rates in analysed region for T. equi and B. caballi were 22.5% and 2.1%, respectively. Possible risk factors (such as location, age, sex and activity) associated with PCR positivity were evaluated. Marked differences were found in prevalence between geographic areas. There was no significant association between positivity and age group. T. equi was more prevalent in females and farming horses. This is the first report on the molecular survey of T. equi and B. caballi in central Balkan. Further prevalence studies on definitive host and vectors in this region are necessary.

myocardial damage due to ischemia, trauma, toxins and inflammation. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is known as the most reliable and sensitive biomarker of myocardial cell injury. General anaesthesia with medetomidinein combination with propofol and sevoflurane is commonly usedin dogs.Medetomidine can be also used as a single agent for sedation of dogs. The effect of medetomidineas a single agent, and in combination with propofol and sevoflurane on serum cTn I concentration is not known. Sixty-sixclient-owned dogs, presented for various procedures at Small AnimalClinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, were recruited for this study. Prior to sedation or anaesthesia, a clinical examination of the dogs, blood sampling for haematological and biochemical tests and cardiology examination including heart auscultation and ECG were carried out. The first group of 20 dogs (M group), presented for ultrasound or orthopaedic examination, was sedated with an intravenous application of medetomidineata dose of 0.04 mg/kg. The second group consisted of 20 dogs (P + S group)which were examined gastroscopically under general anaesthesia. The dogs were induced to anaesthesia with propofol (6 to 8 mg/kg i.v.) and maintained with sevoflurane (vaporizer setting 4.5 %) in oxygen. This group of dogs was the control group, as in these dogs medetomidine was not administered. The third group consisted of 26 dogs (M + P + S group) examined gastroscopically under general anaesthesia. The dogs were premedicated withmedetomidine (0.04 mg/kg i.v.), induced to anaesthesia with propofol (1 to 3 mg/kg i.v.), and maintained with sevoflurane (vaporizer setting 3 %) in oxygen. Blood samples for analysis of serum cTnI concentration were sampled when sedation and anaesthesia commenced i.e. basal value (0h), at 6 and 12 hours and 4 days after sedation and anaesthesia. In group M, cTnI was below the detection limit in 11 dogsbefore sedation (0h)..., Srĉani markeri se definišu kao biomarkeri koji se koriste za detekciju oštećenja miokarda zbog ishemije, traume, toksina i inflamacije. Srĉani troponin I (cTnI) je prepoznat kao najpuzdaniji i najsenzitivniju biomarker koji ukazuje na oštećenje miokarda. Za opštu anesteziju pasa ĉesto se upotrebljava kombinacija medetomidina sa propofolom i sevofluranom. Medetomidin se takoĊe moţe koristiti i kao pojedinaĉni agens za sedaciju pasa. Uticaj medetomidina kao pojedinaĉnog agensa i u kombinaciji sa propofolom i sevofluranom na serumsku koncentraciju cTn I nije poznat. U istraţivanje smo ukljuĉili 66 pasa, pacijenata Klinike za male ţivotinje, Fakulteta veterinarske medicine, Univerziteta u Beogradu. Pre sedacije ili anestezije raĊen je kliniĉki pregled pasa, uzorkovanje krvi za hematološke i biohemijske analize i kardiološki pregled, koji je obuhvatao auskultaciju srca i EKG.Prva grupa je obuhvatala 20 pasa (M grupa) koji su sedirani intravenskom aplikacijom medetomidina u dozi od 0,04 mg/kg.Kod ove grupe pasa je uraĊen ultrazvuĉni ili ortopedski pregled.Druga grupa je obuhvatala 20 pasa (P+S grupa) koji su pregledani gastroskopski pod opštom anestezijom sprovedenom kombinacijom propofola (6 do 8 mg/kg i.v.) i sevofluranau koncentraciji od 4,5 % u kiseoniku. Ova grupa pasa je predstavljala kontrolnu grupu, jer psima nije aplikovan medetomidin. Treća grupa je obuhvatala 26 pasa (M+P+S grupa) koji su pregledani gastroskopski pod opštom anestezijom sprovedenom kombinacijom medetomidina (0,04 mg/kg i.v.), propofola (1 do 3 mg/kg i.v.) i sevoflurana u koncentraciji od 3 % u kiseoniku. Krv za analizu serumske koncentracije cTnI smo uzorkovali pre sedacije i anestezije - poĉetna vrednost (0 h), zatim nakon 6 i 12 ĉasova i 4. dan od sedacije i anestezije. U grupi M cTnI je bio pre sedacije (0 h) ispod granice detekcije kod 11 pasa...

Mastitis je zapaljenski proces u mlečnoj žlezdi muznih životinja, koji je najčešće prouzrokovan mikroorganizmima. Po toku mastitisi mogu biti akutni, subakutni i hronični, a po obliku klinički i subkunički. Sa aspekta higijene mleka značaj imaju subklinički mastitisi, jer se ne manifestuju vidljivim kliničkim simptomima, a dijagnoza se postavlja pregledom mleka. Mastitisi imaju višestruki značaj (higijensko-zdravstveni, tehnološki i ekonomski). Uzročnici kontagioznih mastitisa su Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalatiae i Mycoplasma spp. Kao uzročnici iz okoline se navode koliformni mikroorganizmi (E.coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp.), Streptococcus spp i Pseudomonas spp. Rod Peudomonas obuhvata gram-negativne štapiće rasprostranjene u vodi i spoljašnjoj sredini, koji mogu da izazovu mastitise i u klinički izraženom obliku. Obično se javljaju sporadično, ali mogu da izazovu ozbiljne probleme u stadu. Na krvnom agaru rastu u vidu krupnih, nepravilnih kolonija sivkaste boje, koje imaju tendenciju prerastanja podloge sa jasno izraženim tamnim centrom i providnom ivicom. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se postavi dijagnoza subkliničkog mastitisa, odredi antibiogram i na osnovu toga pravilno sprovede lečenje. Materijal su bili uzorci mleka uzeti aseptično iz četvrti krave kod koje su redovnom kontrolom-predmuznom probom, a potom i CMT testom utvđene promene u mleku. Zasejavanje uzoraka je izvršeno na krvni agar, koji je inkubisan pri 37°C 24-48h. Dijagnoza je postavljena na osnovu bakteriološkog pregleda i broja somatskih ćelija.Rezultati antibiograma su pokazali da je izolat Pseudomonas spp. osetljiv na: Excenel/Naxcel, Cephalonium, Tetracycline, Linkomicin i Sinulox. Terapija je uspešno primenjena aplikovanjem antibiotika intramamarno i parenteralno., Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland of dairy animals, which is usually caused by microorganisms. According to the stage mastitis can be acute, subacute and chronic and according to the form clinical and subclinical. Mastitis is of multiple importance (hygienic- health, technological and economic). From the view point of milk hygine subclinical mastitis is important because it does not manifest by visible clinical symptoms, and can be diagnosed by examination of the milk. Contagious mastitis pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalatiae and Mycoplasma spp. Agents from the environment referred coliform microorganisms (E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp.), Streptococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. The genus Peudomonas includes gram-negative bacilli originating from water and environment, which may cause mastitis in clinically expressed form. Usually occurs sporadically, but can cause serious problems in the herd. On the blood agar grows as large, irregular colonies of gray color, which tend to overgrow, with a clear dark center and transparent edge. The aim of this study was to diagnose subclinical mastitis in cow, detremine the antibiogram and carry out the proper therapy treatment. Material represented milk samples aseptically taken from the quarters in which the regular-control, by foremilk stripping and California Mastitis test showed changes in the milk. The samples were plated on blood agar plate, incubated at 37°C for 24-48 hours. The diagnosis was based on bacteriological examination and somatic cell count.The results showed that isolate Pseudomonas spp. was sensitive to Excenel / Naxcel, Cephalonium, Tetracycline, Lincomycin and Sinulox. The therapy was successfully applied by intramammary and parenteral administration of antibiotics.

Canine babesiosis is a frequent and clinically significant tick-borne disease. Sixty symptomatic dogs with clinical findings compatible with babesiosis were included in this study conducted in Serbia. After clinical examination, blood samples were taken for microscopic examination, complete blood count (CBC), Canine SNAP 4Dx Test, DNA analyses and sequencing. The main clinical signs included apathy, anorexia, fever, brown/red discoloration of urine, pale mucous membranes, icterus, splenomegaly, and vomiting. The main clinicopathological findings in Babesia infections were a slight to severe thrombocytopenia and a mild to very severe normocytic normochromic anaemia. Microscopic evaluation revealed 58 positive samples with the presence of large and small intraerythrocytic piroplasms in 57 and 1 sample(s), respectively. No co-infections were found using SNAP test. Two Babesia species, B. canis (58/60) and B. gibsoni (2/60), were differentiated by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Species identification was further confirmed by sequencing PCR products of B. gibsoni samples and six randomly selected B. canis samples. All dogs were treated with imidocarb dipropionate (6.6 mg/kg of body weight), given intramuscularly twice at an interval of 14 days. This report presents the first molecular evidence of the occurrence of B. gibsoni and B. canis, confirmed by DNA sequencing, in sick dogs from Serbia.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the parameters of intraoperative and postoperative pain in bitches undergoing laparoscopic or conventional ovariectomy. The study was conducted on 20 healthy, adult bitches of medium and large breeds. All the bitches were subjected to the same anesthetic protocol. Carprofen was applied preoperatively, and general anaesthesia was carried out with a combination of medetomidine, propofol and sevoflurane. The bitches were divided into two groups of 10 individuals each. The first group underwent conventional ovariectomy while the second one was subjected to the laparoscopic procedure. The intensity of intraoperative pain was estimated at different time points by measuring changes in heart and respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, and body temperature. A multifactor pain scale was used to assess the intensity of postoperative pain. Dogs in the group which was scheduled for conventional ovariectomy (COV group) responded to painful intra-operative stimuli with increased heart rate and respiratory rate. Arterial blood pressure and body temperature decrease was detected in COV group. Laparoscopic ovariectomy induced less intra- and postoperative pain when compared to conventional ovariectomy. Beside that, the total anaesthesia time and postoperative recovery were shorter in dogs that underwent laparascopic ovariectomy.

Hronična oboljenja tankih creva pasa su ređa od akutnih poremećaja i samim tim teže se dijagnostikuju. Među ova oboljenja spada idiopatsko zapaljenje tankih creva, koje se odlikuje infi ltracijom ćelija infl amacije unutar l. propriae tankih creva, tunike mukoze tankih creva. Na osnovu kliničke slike i opšteg kliničkog pregleda moguće je postaviti sumnju. Analizom krvne slike pasa zapaža se leukocitoza i limfocitoza, dok se biohemijskim analizama može utvrditi različit stepen hipoproteinemije i hipoalbuminemije. Specijalističkim pregledom creva endoskopom može se uočiti različit stepen promena na sluznici tankih creva, od blagog edema do ulceracija. Tek nakon biopsije sluznice tankih creva i histopatološkog pregleda moguće je postaviti dijagnozu limfocitno-plazmocitnog duodenitisa. Iako je dijagnoza poznata, etiologija ovog oboljenja nije u potpunosti poznata, tako da je za postavljanje defi nitivne dijagnoze potrebno isključiti sva druga oboljenja sa istim ili sličnim simptomima. Tokom ovog istraživanja sprovedenog na gastroenterološkim pacijentima ambulante Klinike za male životinje Fakulteta veterinarske medicine u Beogradu tokom oktobra, novembra i decembra 2011. godine, kod četrnaest pacijenata je dijagnostikovan hronični limfocitno-plazmocitni enteritis i limfocitni enteritis., Chronic diseases of the small intestine are less common than acute disorders and therefore they are harder to diagnose. They can easily be mistaken with the diseases which give similar or same symptoms, which are chronic diarrhea, chronic vomiting, followed by weight loss due to malabsorption or protein loss trough digestive system. One of these diseases is idiopathic infl ammatory bowel disease, which is characterized by infi ltration of infl ammatory cells within the lamina propria in tunica mucosa of small bowel. Based on clinical signs and general physical examination, it is possible to place a suspicion to this disease, but by blood analyses leukocytosis can be identifi ed, while by biochemical analysis a different degree of hypoproteinemia can be found. Endoscopy examination of digestive tube different degree of changes on small bowel mucosa, from mild edema to severe ulceration can be found. A defi nitive diagnosis of IBD can only be made based on intestinal biopsy specimen analysis. Although the diagnosis is known, etiology of this disease is unknown, so it is necessary to exclude all other diseases with the same or similar symptoms for defi nitive diagnosis. During this research we used results of gastroenterological patients from Clinic for small animals of the Faculty of Veterinary medicine in Belgrade in October, November and December of 2011, with chronic plasmocitic enteritis was diagnosed 14 patients.

The aims of this study were to define age-related histological changes in the articular cartilage of the stifle joint in non-chondrodystrophic dogs and to determine whether physical activity has a positive impact on preservation of cartilage structure during ageing. Twenty-eight German shepherd dogs were included in the study. These dogs had no evidence of joint inflammation as defined by clinical assessment, radiology and synovial fluid analysis (specifically absence of synovial fluid serum amyloid A). The dogs were grouped as young working (n = 4), young non-working (n = 5), aged working (n = 13) and aged non-working (n = 6) animals. Gross changes in the stifle joints were recorded and biopsy samples of femoral and tibial articular cartilage were evaluated for thickness; chondrocyte number, density, surface area and morphology; isogenous group morphology; tidemark integrity; subchondral bone structure; presence of proteoglycans/glycosaminoglycans; and expression of type I, II and X collagens. The major age-related changes, not related to type of physical activity, included elevated chondrocyte density and thinning of tibial cartilage and increased chondrocyte surface area in the superficial and intermediate zone of the femoral cartilage. There was also expression of type X collagen in the femoral and tibial calcified and non-calcified cartilage; however, type X collagen was not detected in the superficial zone of old working dogs. Therefore, ageing, with or without physical activity, leads to slight cartilage degeneration, while physical activity modulates the synthesis of type X collagen in the superficial cartilage zone, partially preserving the structure of hyaline cartilage.

Limfocitno – plazmocitni duodenitis (LPD) pasa je oblik inflamatorne bolesti creva. LPD predstavlja enteropatiju hroničnog toka i praćen je nespecifičnim kliničkim simptomima, od kojih su najvažniji dijareja i povraćanje. Najvažnija morfološka karakteristika imunološkog odgovora kod limfocitno - plazmocitnog duodenitisa (LPD) pasa je nalaz mononuklearnog ćelijskog infiltrata u sluznici duodenuma. Nakon dobro obavljenog kliničkog pregleda i detaljne anamneze, može se pretpostaviti moguće mesto inflamacije. Prikupljanje preciznih podataka, uzimanje sveobuhvatne anamneze i vršenje detaljnog kliničkog pregleda pasa je od neprocenjivog značaja za pravilno postavljanje dijagnoze. Klinički znaci vezani za LPD nisu specifični. Imaju cikličan karakter, reĎe progresivan klinički tok. Najčešći simptomi uključuju hroničnu ili rekurentnu dijareju, povraćanje, gubitak težine i promenu apetita. Ispitivanjem je obuhvaćeno ukupno 60 odraslih pasa, različite rase i oba pola: 54 psa sa simptomima dijareje i povraćanja, koje je trajalo duže od tri nedelje, kao i šest klinički zdravih pasa koji su služili kao kontrolna grupa. Ispitivanja su obuhvatila pse koji su bili pacijenti ambulantne klinike Fakulteta veterinarske medicine (FVM) u Beogradu. Prema anamnestičkim podacima, svi psi su pre dolaska u ambulantu FVM bili neuspešno lečeni antibioticima i svi su bili slobodni od crevnih parazita. UraĎene su hematološke i biohemijske analize krvi, zatim radiološka, ultrazvučna i endoskopska dijagnostika. Uzorci mukoze duodenuma, uzeti biopsijom, ispitani su patohistološkim i imunohistohemijskim metodama. Analizom rezultata dobijenih u ovom istraživanju, ustanovljeno je da oboleli psi, koji su u kliničkoj slici imali hroničnu dijareju, hronično povraćanje, izmenjeno ponašanje i promenjen apetit, boluju od sledećih enteropatija: kataralni duodenitis je utvrĎen kod 5 pasa, kod 3 psa je postavljena dijagnoza eozinofilnog duodenitisa dok je kod 46 pasa dijagnostikovan limfocitno – plazmocitni duod, Lymphocytic - plasmocytic duodenitis (LPD) in dogs is a form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. LPD is a chronic enteropahty accompanied with non specific clinical symptoms out of which diarrhea and vomiting are the most significant. The most important morphological feature of the immune response in this type of inflammatory bowel disease is the finding of mononuclear infiltrates in the mucosa of the duodenum. After thorough clinical examination and detailed patient’s history the inflammation site can be described. Gathering of precise data, history, and a detailed clinical examination are of the upmost importance for the diagnosis. Clinical signs of LPD are not specific. They have a cyclic character and a seldom progressive clinical course. The most common symptoms include chronic or recurrent diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, and changes in appetite. The study involved 60 adult dogs of different breeds and both sexes: 54 dogs with symptoms of diarrhea and vomiting that persisted longer than three weeks and six clinically healthy dogs that served as controls. The investigation included dogs which were patients at the ambulatory clinic at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade (Serbia). According to anamnestic data all dogs were previously unsuccessfully treated with antibiotics and were free of intestinal parasites. Hematological and biochemical blood tests, radiology, ultrasonography and endoscopy tests were carried out. Biopsy samples of the duodenal mucosa were investigated with pathohistological and immunohistochemical methods. By analysis of the results obtained in this study it was shown that dogs, which in the clinical picture had chronic diarrhea, chronic vomiting, abnormal behavior and altered appetite, suffered from the following enteropathies: catarrhal duodenitis was found in 5 dogs, 3 dogs were diagnosed with eosinophilic duodenitis and 46 dogs were diagnosed with lymphocytic - plasmocytic duodenitis (LPD)...

Diseases of the lower urinary pathways with urethral obstruction are frequent urological conditions demanding urgent treatment that lead to the occurrence of post renal azotemia due to difficult or disabled urine elimination. The aim of these investigations was to establish the most frequent causes for the occurrence of obstructions of the lower urinary pathways in cats, the most frequent clinical signs, as well as the changes in the hematological and biochemical blood and urine parameters. The obtained results indicate that the most frequent cause of urethral obstruction in cats is the presence of urethra stones, sand, and urethra plugs caused by the aggregation of struvite crystals on organic matrix. The laboratory findings showed that all animals were dehydrated, azotemia was established in half the animals, and signs of uremia were evident in 10% cats. Over 90% cats had disrupted tubular function, and only 50% had clear laboratory signs of inflammation. It can be concluded from the presented results that all cats with urethra obstruction exhibit a certain degree of disrupted kidney function, which is, in most cases, a reversible pathological change when treated with timely and adequate therapy., Oboljenja donjih mokraćnih puteva sa opstrukcijom uretre su česta urološka urgentna stanja koja dovode do pojave postrenalne azotemije zbog otežane ili onemogućene eliminacije urina. Cilj ovog ispitivanja je bio da se utvrde najčešći uzroci nastanka opstrukcije donjih mokraćnih puteva kod mačaka, najčešći klinički znaci, kao i promene u hematološkim i biohemijskim parametrima krvi i urina. Rezultati pokazuju da je najčešći uzrok opstrukcije uretre kod mačaka prisustvo uretralnog kamenja, peska i uretralnih čepova nastalih agregacijom struvitnih kristala na organski matriks. Laboratorijski nalazi su pokazali da su sve životinje dehidrirale. Azotemija je utvrđena kod polovine životinja, a znači uremije kod 10 % mačaka. Preko 90% mačaka je imalo poremećaj funkcije tubula, a svega 50% jasne znake inflamacije. Iz prikazanih rezultata se može zaključiti da sve mačke sa opstrukcijom uretre pokazuju određeni stepen poremećaja funkcije bubrega, koji je uz pravovremenu i adekvatnu terapiju, u najvećem broju slučajeva reverzibilna patološka promena.

Lymphocytic - plasmocytic duodenitis (LPD) in dogs is a form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. LPD is a chronic enteropahty accompanied with non specific clinical symptoms out of which diarrhea and vomiting are the most significant. The most important morphological feature of the immune response in this type of inflammatory bowel disease is the finding of mononuclear infiltrates in the mucosa of the duodenum. After thorough clinical examination and detailed patient’s history the inflammation site can be described. Gathering of precise data, history, and a detailed clinical examination are of the upmost importance for the diagnosis. Clinical signs of LPD are not specific. They have a cyclic character and a seldom progressive clinical course. The most common symptoms include chronic or recurrent diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, and changes in appetite. The study involved 60 adult dogs of different breeds and both sexes: 54 dogs with symptoms of diarrhea and vomiting that persisted longer than three weeks and six clinically healthy dogs that served as controls. The investigation included dogs which were patients at the ambulatory clinic at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade (Serbia). According to anamnestic data all dogs were previously unsuccessfully treated with antibiotics and were free of intestinal parasites. Hematological and biochemical blood tests, radiology, ultrasonography and endoscopy tests were carried out. Biopsy samples of the duodenal mucosa were investigated with pathohistological and immunohistochemical methods. By analysis of the results obtained in this study it was shown that dogs, which in the clinical picture had chronic diarrhea, chronic vomiting, abnormal behavior and altered appetite, suffered from the following enteropathies: catarrhal duodenitis was found in 5 dogs, 3 dogs were diagnosed with eosinophilic duodenitis and 46 dogs were diagnosed with lymphocytic - plasmocytic duodenitis (LPD)..., Limfocitno – plazmocitni duodenitis (LPD) pasa je oblik inflamatorne bolesti creva. LPD predstavlja enteropatiju hroničnog toka i praćen je nespecifičnim kliničkim simptomima, od kojih su najvažniji dijareja i povraćanje. Najvažnija morfološka karakteristika imunološkog odgovora kod limfocitno - plazmocitnog duodenitisa (LPD) pasa je nalaz mononuklearnog ćelijskog infiltrata u sluznici duodenuma. Nakon dobro obavljenog kliničkog pregleda i detaljne anamneze, može se pretpostaviti moguće mesto inflamacije. Prikupljanje preciznih podataka, uzimanje sveobuhvatne anamneze i vršenje detaljnog kliničkog pregleda pasa je od neprocenjivog značaja za pravilno postavljanje dijagnoze. Klinički znaci vezani za LPD nisu specifični. Imaju cikličan karakter, reĎe progresivan klinički tok. Najčešći simptomi uključuju hroničnu ili rekurentnu dijareju, povraćanje, gubitak težine i promenu apetita. Ispitivanjem je obuhvaćeno ukupno 60 odraslih pasa, različite rase i oba pola: 54 psa sa simptomima dijareje i povraćanja, koje je trajalo duže od tri nedelje, kao i šest klinički zdravih pasa koji su služili kao kontrolna grupa. Ispitivanja su obuhvatila pse koji su bili pacijenti ambulantne klinike Fakulteta veterinarske medicine (FVM) u Beogradu. Prema anamnestičkim podacima, svi psi su pre dolaska u ambulantu FVM bili neuspešno lečeni antibioticima i svi su bili slobodni od crevnih parazita. UraĎene su hematološke i biohemijske analize krvi, zatim radiološka, ultrazvučna i endoskopska dijagnostika. Uzorci mukoze duodenuma, uzeti biopsijom, ispitani su patohistološkim i imunohistohemijskim metodama. Analizom rezultata dobijenih u ovom istraživanju, ustanovljeno je da oboleli psi, koji su u kliničkoj slici imali hroničnu dijareju, hronično povraćanje, izmenjeno ponašanje i promenjen apetit, boluju od sledećih enteropatija: kataralni duodenitis je utvrĎen kod 5 pasa, kod 3 psa je postavljena dijagnoza eozinofilnog duodenitisa dok je kod 46 pasa dijagnostikovan limfocitno – plazmocitni duod

The most important morphological feature of the immune response in lymphocytic-plasmacytic duodenitis (LPD) in dogs is the presence of a mononuclear infiltrate in the duodenal mucosa. The ethiopatogenesis of this disease is still unknown, nor are known all the immunophenotypic characteristics of the infiltrate cells, which would be of help in the elucidation of the pathogenesis of LPD. The study involved 60 adult dogs of different breeds and both sexes: 54 dogs with symptoms of diarrhea and vomiting that lasted longer than three weeks and six clinically healthy dogs that served as controls. Hematological and biochemical analysis of blood, radiology, ultrasound and endoscopic diagnosis were carried out. Samples of duodenal mucosal biopta were examined by histopathological and immunohistochemical methods. During endoscopic examination, duodenal wall thickening, mucosal edema and hyperemia were observed in 46 dogs. Microscopic studies showed on the epithelial cells of the duodenum degenerative changes, and sometimes desquamation. Most of the intestinal crypts were dilated, irregularly shaped and filled with detritus. On immunohistochemical examination of samples of the duodenum in a number of dogs with LPD a predominant expression of CD3 + T lymphocytes was observed., Najvažnija morfološka karakteristika imunskog odgovora kod limfocitnoplazmocitnog duodenitisa (LPD) pasa je nalaz infiltrata mononuklearnih ćelija krvi u sluzokoži duodenuma. Do danas etiopatogeneza ove bolesti pasa nije u svemu poznata, a nisu poznate ni sve imunofenotipske karakteristike ćelija u infiltratu, koje bi bile značajne za razumevanje etiopatogeneze LPD. Ispitivanjem je bilo obuhvaćeno ukupno 60 odraslih pasa, različitih rasa i oba pola: 54 psa sa simptomima dijareje i povraćanja koje je trajalo duže od tri nedelje i šest klinički zdravih pasa koji su služili kao kontrola. Urađene su hematološke i biohemijske analize krvi, a zatim je sprovedena radiološka, ultrazvučna i endoskopska dijagnostika. Uzorci mukoze duodenuma, uzeti biopsijom, ispitani su histopatološkim i imunohistohemijskim metodama. Pri endoskopskom pregledu, kod 46 pasa je zapažen zadebljali zid duodenuma, hiperemičnost i edem sluznice. Mikroskopskim ispitivanjima, na epitelnim ćelijama duodenuma uočene su degenerativne promene, a nekada i deskvamacija. Većina crevnih kripti je bila dilatirana, nepravilnog oblika i ispunjena detritusom. Imunohistohemijskim ispitivanjem uzoraka duodenuma kod većine pasa sa LPD uočena je dominacija CD3+T limfocita.

Tumors occur in all domestic and wild animals. They are most often diagnosed in dogs and cats, and their numbers increase from year to year. In the recent years, cancer is believed to be the most frequent cause of pet deaths. A speedy and reliable diagnosis is of paramount importance because it enables the veterinarian to begin therapy and make a prognosis. The objective of an early diagnosis is to enable the detection of neoplastic diseases before the tumor spreads throughout the organism, consequently enabling the timely administration of therapy and providing greater chances for curing the animal. A tumor is diagnosed on the grounds of the anamnesis, clinical picture, and special diagnostic procedures. The most frequently applied diagnostic procedures are laboratory diagnostics, cytology, biopsy and pathohistology, imaging diagnostics (roentgenography and roentgenoscopy, ultrasound diagnostics, endoscopy, computer tomography, magnetic resonance, and scintigraphy) and molecular diagnostics. Each of these methods has its advantages and faults in connection with costs, availability, sensitivity, specificity and quality of anatomic vs functional pictures. Every one of these techniques has its own field of implementation and each one provides different and additional information in connection with the nature and position of the primary lesion and the presence of metastases., Tumori se javljaju kod svih domaćih i divljih životinja. Najčešće se dijagnostikuju kod pasa i mačaka, a njihov broj raste iz godine u godinu. Poslednjih godina se smatra da je kancer najčešći uzrok uginuća kućnih ljubimaca. Brza i pouzdana dijagnoza je od velike važnosti jer omogućava doktoru veterinarske medicine da započne terapiju i da da prognozu. Rana dijagnostika ima za cilj da omogući otkrivanje neoplastičnih oboljenja pre nego što dođe do širenja tumora i tako omogući pravovremenu terapiju i poveća šanse za izlečenje životinje. Dijagnoza tumora se postavlja na osnovu anamneze, kliničke slike i specijalnih dijagnostičkih procedura. Od dijagnostičkih procedura najčešće se koriste laboratorijska dijagnostika, citologija, biopsija i patohistologija, imidžing dijagnostika (rendgenografija i rendgenoskopija, ultrazvučna dijagnostika, endoskopija, kompjuterska tomografija, magnetna rezonanca i scintigrafija) i molekularna dijagnostika. Svaka od ovih metoda ima svoje prednosti i nedostatke, koji se tiču cene, dostupnosti, osetljivosti, specifičnosti i kvaliteta anatomskih u odnosu na funkcionalne slike. Svaka od ovih tehnika ima svoje polje primene i svaka od njih donosi drugačije i dopunske informacije s obzirom na prirodu i položaj primarne lezije i postojanje metastaza.

Speedy and reliable diagnostics of a malignant disease is of great importance as it enables the veterinarian to begin administering therapy and to provide the corresponding prognosis. Once the diagnosis is made, the necessary therapeutic procedure is administered. Depending on the form and type of malignant process, the following therapeutic measures can be applied: surgical therapy, radiotherapy (radiation therapy), chemotherapy, immuno therapy, molecular-gene targetted therapy, electrochemotherapy and electrogenic therapy, cryo therapy - cryo surgery, hyperthermia, photodynamic therapy, and supportive therapy. It is quite frequent that two or more therapeutic methods are used in the treatment of malignant diseases in dogs and cats. Each of these methods has its advantages and faults in connection with costs, availability, sensitivity, specificity, and quality. Every one of them has its area of implementation and yields different information depending on the nature and position of the primary lesion, the presence of metastases, as well as possible complications that are frequent in oncology patients., Brza i pouzdana dijagnoza malignog oboljenja je od velike važnosti jer omogućava doktoru veterinarske medicine da započne adekvatnu terapiju i da odgovarajuću prognozu. U zavisnosti od forme i tipa malignog procesa mogu se primeniti sledeće terapijske metode: hirurška terapija, radioterapija (terapija zračenjem), hemoterapija, imunoterapija, molekularna-genska ciljna terapija, elektrohemoterpija i elektrogenska terapija, krio terapija - krio hirurgija, hipertermija, fotodinamska terapija i potporna terapija. Vrlo često u terapiji malignih oboljenja kod pasa i mačaka koristimo dve ili više terapijskih metoda. Prednosti i nedostaci ovih metoda tiču se cene, dostupnosti, osetljivosti, specifičnosti i kvaliteta. Svaka od njih ima svoje polje primene i pruža drugačije informacije s obzirom na prirodu i položaj primarne lezije, postojanje metastaza kao i mogućih komplikacija koje su česte kod onkoloških pacijenata.

Cranial mesenteric arteries of 18 sacrificed necropsied horses of both sexes and different age groups were described in this paper. After macroscopic examination tissue samples for pathohistological examinations were routinely processed and stained with hematoxylin eosine (HE), Weigert van Gieson and Periodic-Acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on selected sections using avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique for ásmooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Enlarged, thickened cranial mesenteric arteries with a hardelastic consistency and narrowed lumen, were macroscopically evident in all examined sick horses. Live larvae of Strongylus vulgaris, situated free in the lumen, or attached to the intima of the blood vessel or incorporated in the thrombus were noted macroscopically in 37.5% examined sick horses. Inflammatory and fibrous changes were noticed and were present in the intima, media and adventitia of the blood vessel. The inflammatory infiltrate in the intima of the cranial mesenteric artery consisted of eosinophils, macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes and rare multinucleated giant cells and was situated mostly close to the Strongylus vulgaris larvae. Beside inflammatory changes, intimal fibrosis and extension, characterized by increased proliferation of α-SMA positive cells, was notable. Lesions of the internal elastic lamina consequently led to an inflammatory and fibrotic reaction in the tunica media. Fibrosis of the media characterized by the presence of connective tissue cells and fibers, as well as smoothmuscle cells, was present in 93.75% examined sick horses. Inflammation and fibrosis were mildest in the adventitia. Lesions of vasa vasorum were present in 81.25% examined sick animals were characterized by fibrosis, obliteration, perivascular cellular infiltration, mostly with eosinophils and findings of intimal bodies. All described changes are characteristic for cranial mesenteric artery verminous arteritis., U ovom radu su ispitane kranijalne mezeneterijalne arterije 18 obdukovanih žrtvovanih konja različitog pola i starosti. Arterije su makroskopski pregledane i uzimani su tkivni isečci za patohistološka ispitivanja. Materijal za histološka ispitivanja fiksiran je u 10% puferizovanom formalinu i posle uobičajene procedure ukalupljen u parafinske blokove. Patohistološki preparati bojeni su hematoksilinom i eozinom (HE), Vajgert van Gison metodom i PAS metodom. Odabrani isečci imunohistohemijski su bojeni avidin-biotin-peroksidaza tehnikom za α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Makroskopski, kranijalne mezenterijalne arterije svih ispitanih konja bile su uvećane, zadebljale, čvrsto-elastične konzistencije i suženog lumena. Žive larve Strongylus vulgaris slobodne u lumenu ili pričvršćene za intimu krvnog suda ili inkorporisane u trombnu masu uočene su makroskopski kod 37,5% obolelih konja. Mikroskopski su uočene promene inflamatornog do fibroznog karaktera i bile su zastupljene u intimi, mediji i adventiciji krvnog suda. Inflamatorni infiltrat u intimi su činili eozinofilni granulociti, makrofage, plazma ćelije, limfociti i višejedarne džinovske ćelije i ovaj infiltrat bio je prisutan uglavnom u blizini larve Strongylus vulgaris. Pored inflamatornih promena uočeno je zadebljavanje sa fibrozom intime koja se karakterisala proliferacijom vezivno-tkivnih ćelija i vlakana, kao i glatko-mišićnih ćelija. Lezije na unutrašnjoj elastičnoj lamini posledično su dovodile do inflamacije i fibroze tunike medije. Fibroza medije se karakterisala prisustvom vezivno-tkivnih ćelija i vlakana, kao i glatko-mišićnih ćelija i bila je prisutna kod 93,75% obolelih konja. Inflamacija i fibroza su najslabije bile izražene u adventiciji, a lezije vasa vasorum su bile prisutne kod 81,25% pregledanih obolelih životinja i karakterisale su se fibrozom, obliteracijom, perivaskularnom ćelijskom infiltracijom, uglavnom sa eozinofilima, kao i nalazom intimalnih tela. Sve opisane promene su karakteristične za v

In order to broaden the range of diagnostic methods for determining stomach diseases and to make these methods a greater part of the daily clinical practice, the procedures of radiological, ultrasound and endoscopic examinations should be worked out in more detail, their limits and possibilities should be established, the topographic-anatomical and morphological status of the stomach should be described in a radiological, ultrasound and endoscopic picture, and the most represented stomach diseases should be defined as well. The paper presents the results of six-month investigations of stomach diseases in dogs of different breeds and ages. A total of 20 animals were examined: seven German Shepherds, four golden retrievers, three rottweilers, two dobermans, two big schauzers, and two mixed-breed dogs. Cases of acute gastritis, chronic ulcerous gastritis, foreign body cases, and stomach tumors have been described., Da bi se spektar dijagnostičkih metoda oboljenja želuca proširio i bio prisutniji u svakodnevnoj kliničkoj praksi, poželjno je da se detaljnije razradi postupak radiološkog, ultrazvučnog i endoskopskog pregleda, utvrde njihove granice i mogućnosti, opiše topografsko-anatomski i morfološki status želuca u radiološkoj, ultrazvučnoj i endoskopskoj slici i da se utvrdi koja su to najzastupljenija oboljenja ovog organa. U radu su prikazani rezultati šetomesečnih ispitivanja oboljenja želuca na psima različitih rasa i uzrasta. Ukupno je pregledano dvadeset jedinki i to: sedam nemačkih ovčara, četiri zlatna retrivera, tri rotvajlera, dva dobermana, dva velika šnaucera i dva mešanca. Opisani su slučajevi akutnog gastritisa, hroničnog ulceroznog gastritisa, stranog tela i tumora želuca.

This paper includes 50 dogs, differing in breed and sex, from 3 months to 12 years of age: 26 samples of endoscopic stomach biopsies were taken from ill animals which displayed chronic vomiting, 12 endoscopic biopsy samples of healthy dogs and 12 stomach samples of autopsied dogs. Helicobacter spp. and Gastrospirillum hominis findings were confirmed in 20 of the 26 ill dogs, 8 of the 12 autopsied animals, and 2 of the 12 healthy animals by histopathology and direct gastric tissue smears. In 26 endoscopic biopsies various clinical and endoscopic findings (7 cases of erosive and 4 of ulcerous gastritis, 12 cases of chronic gastritis and 2 of gastric reflux) were previously determined. Histopathological examination of stomach mucosa of 5 autopsied and Helicobacter positive dogs determined focal lymphocyte infiltrations, mainly located in the subglandular region. Along with such lymphocyte accumulations, in certain cases a diffuse infiltrate consisting of eosinophilic granulocytes and plasma cells was also present. In most biopsied samples, stained with hematoxylin-eosin, histopathological changes were not observed, except in 5 dogs where diffuse lymphocyte infiltration of the mucosa was noted and in two dogs with signs of chronic gastritis, that is hypertrophy and stratification of the mucosa epithelium, and with lymphocyte and plasmocyte infiltration. By modified Giemsa staining of 20 of the endoscopically biopsied animals, spiral microorganisms with varying numbers of spiral curves were observed, which were similar to the necropsy stomach mucosa samples, belong to various types of Helicobacter spp, and some of them morphologically correspond to Gastrospirillum hominis., U ovom radu su izneti rezultati ispitivanja izvršenih na 50 pasa, različite rase i pola, starosti od 3 meseca do 12 godina. Od tog broja, 26 uzoraka endoskopskih biopsija želuca je bilo uzeto od obolelih jedinki sa simptomima hroničnog povrać anja, 12 uzoraka je uzeto od zdravih pasa i 12 isečaka želuca je bilo poreklom od obdukovanih pasa. Nalaz Helicobacter spp. i Gastrospirillum hominis potvrđen je histopatološki i direktno na gastričnom tkivnom isečku kod 20 od 26 obolelih pasa, kod 8 od 12 obdukovanih jedinki i kod 2 od 12 klinički zdravih životinja. Kod 26 endoskopski uzetih biopsija prethodno su ustanovljeni različiti klinički i endoskopski nalazi (7 erozivnih i 4 ulcerozna gastritisa, 13 hroničnih gastritisa i 2 refluks gastritisa). Histopatološkim ispitivanjem sluznice želuca kod 5 obdukovanih i Helicobacter pozitivnih pasa ustanovljeni su fokalni limfocitni infiltrati pretežno smešteni u subglandularnoj regiji. Uz ovakve limfocitne nakupine nalazi se u nekim slučajevima i difuzni infiltrat sastavljen od eozinofilnih granulocita i plazma ćelija. U većini biopsijskih uzoraka obojenih hematoksilin-eozinom nisu ustanovljene histopatološke promene, izuzev kod 5 pasa kod kojih je uočena difuzna limfocitna infiltracija mukoze. Kod dva psa sa znacima hroničnog gastritisa uočena je hipertrofija i stratifikacija epitela sluznice uz limfocitnu i plazmocitnu infiltraciju. Bojenjem modifikovanom Gimsa metodom, kod ukupno 20 uzorka dobijenih endoskopskom biopsijom, uočeni su spiralni mikroorganizmi sa različitim brojem spiralnih zavoja, koji slično uzorcima sluznice želuca dobijenim nakon obdukcije pripadaju različitim vrstama Helicobacter spp, a neke od njih morfološki odgovaraju Gastrospirillum hominis.

In order to expand the range of diagnostic methods for determining diseases of the esophagus and to make them more present in everyday practise, it is desirable to work out in more detail the procedure of endoscopic and radiological examinations, determine their limitations and possibilities, describe the topographic-anatomical and morphological status of the esophagus in an endoscopic and radiological picture, as well as to define which diseases of this organ are most represented. The paper presents the results of six-month investigations of esophagus diseases in dogs of different breeds and ages. A total of 15 animals were examined: 2 golden retrievers, 2 rottweilers, 5 German shepherds, 3 giant schnauzers, 2 cross-breeds, and 1 dalmatian. Cases of chronic esophagitis were described, as well as the presence of a foreign body and megaesophagus, and the prescribed therapy for all these diseases., Da bi se spektar dijagnostičkih metoda oboljenja jednjaka proširio i bio prisutniji u svakodnevnoj kliničkoj praksi, poželjno je da se detaljnije razradi postupak endoskopskog i radiološkog pregleda, utvrde njihove granice i mogućnosti, opiše topografsko-anatomski i morfološki status jednjaka u endoskopskoj i radiološkoj slici i da se definiše koja su to najzastupljenija oboljenja ovog organa. U radu su prikazani rezultati šestomesečnih ispitivanja oboljenja jednjaka na psima različitih rasa i uzrasta. Ukupno je pregledano petnaest jedinki od kojih su: dva zlatna retrivera, dva rotvajlera, pet nemačkih ovčara, tri velika šnaucera, dva mešanca i jedan dalmatinac. Opisani su slučajevi hroničnog ezofagitisa, prisustva stranog tela u jednjaku i megaezofagusa.

Evaluation of biomaterials as safe and effective therapies needs preclinical models to estimate their biologic potential. This paper investigates biocompatibility by the in vivo assessment of the muscle tissue reaction after implantation of the hidrothermally produced calciumhydroxyapatite. Specific attention has to be given to the synthesis technique which influences the stereology of the material and the behavior of the material in living tissues. The synthesized powders of hydroxyapatite are preferentially carbonated hydroxyapatite of the B type in the form of agglomerates that accommodate two-modal size pores of 1.5-10 nm and 50-200 nm. The particles are built from crystallites of 8-22 nm in size, bind inside of the prime particles sized is between 10 and 63 nm. They form agglomerates of 200 nm in size and these were further clustered building up the biggest agglomerates of 5- 20 _m. Biocompatibility assessment revealed that only mild to moderate inflammatory reaction was seen around the calciumhydroxyapatite implants. Calciumhydroxyapatite failed to show any substantional toxicity., Evaluacija biomaterijala kao bezbednog i efikasnog materijala u terapiji zahteva prekliničke modele da bi se ocenio njihov biološki potencijal. U ovom radu je in vivo ocenjivana biokompatibilnost hidrotermalno sintetizovanog kalcijumhidroksiapatita metodom implantacije u mišićno tkivo životinja. Posebnu pažnju treba obratiti na tehniku sinteze jer ona utiče na stereologiju materijala i ima uticaj na ponašanje materijala u živom organizmu. Sintetizovani prah hidroksiapatita je uglavnom ugljenični B tip hidroksiapatita u formi aglomerata koji stvaraju dva modela veličine pora od 1,5-10 nm i 50-200 nm. Čestice su izgrađene od kristalita veličine od 8-22 nm, povezani unutar primarne čestice čija je veličina između 10 i 63 nm. Oni formiraju aglomerate od 200 nm veličine a oni dalje grade veće aglomerate od 5-20 µm. Ocenjivanjem biokompatibilnosti uočena je blaga do umerena inflamatorna reakcija u mišićnom tkivu oko implantiranih uzoraka. Kalcijum hidroksiapatit nije ispoljio značajniju toksičnost.

The visualization of pathological processes in the dog stomach determines a correct diagnosis or differential diagnosis, which presents the basic prerequisite for rational therapy. In addition to the conventional type of clinical examination which covers the taking of anamnestic data, observation of the patient and laboratory tests, there are also certain computerized diagnostic methods (magnetic resonance and scanner) which are the most precise and most reliable in the verification of stomach diseases. However, the listed approaches are either insufficiently relevant in making the diagnosis or are too expensive and demanding for the everyday clinical practice. These are the reasons why veterinary medicine today increasingly resorts to the use of other forms of imaging diagnostics, and, as its representatives, the video endoscopic, ultrasound and X-ray examination of the digestive tract., Vizualizacija patoloških procesa na želucu pasa i postavljanje pravilne dijagnoze ili diferencijalne dijagnoze predstavlja osnovni preduslov za racionalnu terapiju. Pored klasičnog načina kliničkog pregleda koji obuhvata uzimanje anamnestičkih podataka, opservaciju pacijenta i labaratorijske analize, postoje i određene kompjuterizovane dijagnostičke metode (magnetna rezonanca i skener) koje su najpreciznije i najpouzdanije u verifikovanju oboljenja želuca. Međutim, navedeni pristupi su previse skupi i zahtevni za svakodnevnu kliničku praksu. Iz tih razloga danas se u savremenoj veterinarskoj medicini sve vise koriste drugi vidovi „imidžing" dijagnostike, a kao njeni reprezenti video-endoskopski, ultrazvučni i rendgenski pregled digestivnog trakta.