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Two experiments (experiment 1 - conventional feeding and experiment 2 - feeding of the sows, starting at 109 days of pregnancy and during lactation, and the lactating piglets, with rations without soybean meal) were conducted to evaluate the effects of sources of protein (soybean meal-SBM, extruded semi-integral soybean-ESISB, and milk products-MP) on the intestinal morphology of piglets slaughtered at the 0, 5 and 15 days later at weaning. Twenty-seven piglets weaned with 25 days of age were used, being nine piglets slaughter in each slaughtering age. A 3 x 3 factorial (3 diets x 3 slaughtering ages) was studied, according to a randomized block design. The results showed that animals receiving SBM, presented lower values of villi height and villus:crypt ratio when compared to those that received ESISB or MP. The villi height and the villus:crypt ratio were not affected by the differential feeding of the sows and of the piglets before the weaning. The depth of the crypt was not affected by diets or slaughtering ages in none of the segments studied being, however, smaller in the duodenum and bigger in the jejunum and ileo of the animals of exp. 2. It was concluded that the SBM was the affected the height of the villi and the relationship villi:crypt negatively after it weans. The intestinal morphology was more affected at five days, showing signals of recovering at 15 days after weaning and that the feeding of the sows did not affect the morphology of the segments of the thin intestine. Foram realizados dois experimentos (experimento 1 - alimentação convencional e experimento 2 - alimentação das matrizes, a partir de 109 dias de gestação, na lactação e dos leitões lactentes com ração sem farelo de soja), com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de fontes proteicas (farelo de soja - FS, soja semi-integral extrusada - SSIE e produtos lácteos - PL) sobre a morfologia intestinal de leitões abatidos aos 0,5 e 15 dias após a desmama. Foram utilizados 27 leitões, desmamados aos 25 dias de idade, sendo que em cada idade, nove leitões foram abatidos. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 (três dietas x três idades de abate). Os resultados demonstraram que os animais recebendo FS apresentaram menores alturas das vilosidades e relação vilosidade:cripta, quando comparados àqueles que receberam SSIE ou PL, não havendo, entretanto, diferenças entre estes. A altura da vilosidade e a relação vilosidade:cripta não foram afetadas pela alimentação diferenciada das matrizes e dos leitões antes da desmama. A profundidade das criptas não foi afetada pelas dietas ou idades de abate, dentro de cada experimento, em nenhum dos segmentos estudados, sendo, no entanto, menor no duodeno e maior no jejuno e íleo dos animais do exp. 2, quando comparados àqueles do exp. 1. Concluiu-se que o FS afetou negativamente a altura das vilosidades e a relação vilosidade:cripta após a desmama; que a morfologia intestinal foi mais afetada aos cinco dias, mostrando sinais de recuperação aos 15 dias após a desmama e que a alimentação das matrizes não afetou a morfologia dos segmentos do intestino delgado.

This experiment used forty-four piglets weaned at 21 days, fed with five diets (T1 – basal diet; T2 – basal diet + antibiotic; T3 – basal diet + probiotic; T4 – basal diet + prebiotic; T5 – basal diet + synbiotic) and slaughtered at three different ages (at the weaning, 7 and 14 days post-weaning). Immediately after slaughter, samples of the small intestine were collected for enzyme determination. Blood samples of the piglets were collected in the same moments after weaning for hemogram analysis. The results showed that the products added in the diet did not alter the intestinal mucosa enzymes activity; even so, an increase (P

40 piglets were used to evaluate the zootecnic and bioeconomical performance which contained differente levels of crude protein (CP) in21 to 42 days old piglet ration. The experiment was designed in aleatory blocks with four treatments and five repetitions. The experimental unit consisted of two animals (female or male). The treatments used were 17, 19, 21 and 23% CP inclusion diet. The rations were in the same quantity of lysine (1.4%) and metabolizable energy (3.265 kcal/kg). According to the obtained results, there were linear effect for average daily gain, food conversion, utilization and daily crude protein intake. However, the best experiment response was in the group 23% of CP. The crude protein diet bioeconomical performance addition reduced the piglet kilogram cost. Foram utilizados 40 leitões para avaliar o desempenho zootécnico e bioeconômico, recebendo diferentes níveis de proteína bruta (PB) nas rações dos 21 aos 42 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. A unidade experimental foi constituída por dois animais (fêmea ou macho). Os tratamentos utilizados foram de 17%, 19%, 21% e 23% de PB, todos isolisínicos (1,4%) e isoenergéticos (3.265kcal/kg de energia metabolizável). Ocorreu efeito linear entre os níveis de PB para ganho médio de peso diário, conversão alimentar, utilização e consumo diário de proteína bruta, com melhor resposta para o nível de 23%. No desempenho bioeconômico, evidenciou-se redução no índice do custo do quilograma do leitão à medida que o nível protéico aumentou, e constatou-se que, para a fase em questão, o nível de 23% de PB foi o que melhor satisfez os parâmetros avaliados.

In the Experiment 1, 50 pigs weaned at the 21 days were fed with either of five diets: T1 - basal diet; T2 - basal diet + antibiotic; T3 - basal diet + probiotic; T4 - basal diet + prebiotic; T5 - basal diet + simbiotic. The variables studied were body weight, feed intake and feed conversion in the Phase 1 (21 to 43 days), Phase 2 (44 to 57 days), Phase 3 (58 to 70 days) and Total Phase (21 to 70 days). During the performance experiment, a fecal survey score was conducted to verify diarrhea incidence. In the Experiment 2, 44 pigs weaned at 21 days were fed with the same diets of Experiment 1. Pigs were slaughtered at three differents ages (at weaning, at seven and 14 days after weaning). A segment of the small intestine was collected for analisys of total coliformes. The results showed that the best performance was obtained with the utilization of prebiotic and simbiotic. There were not differences in relation to diarrhea incidence among the treatments studied. The addition of probiotic and/or prebiotic in the diet prevented increase of colonization by pathogenic bacterias from seven to 14 days after weaning. No Experimento 1 foram utilizados 50 leitões desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, alimentados com cinco dietas: T1 - Dieta Basal; T2 - Dieta Basal + Antibiótico; T3 - Dieta Basal + Probiótico; T4 - Dieta Basal + Prebiótico; T5 - Dieta Basal + Simbiótico. As variáveis estudadas foram ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar na Fase 1 (21 a 43 dias de idade), Fase 2 (44 a 57 dias de idade) , Fase 3 (58 a 70 dias de idade) e Fase Total (21 a 70 dias de idade). Durante o período do experimento de desempenho foi conduzido um levantamento de escores fecais, com o objetivo de se verificar a incidência de diarréia. No Experimento 2, foram utilizados 44 leitões, desmamados aos 21 dias, submetidos às mesmas dietas do Experimento 1. Os leitões foram abatidos em três idades diferentes (dia do desmame, sete e 14 dias pós-desmame). Foi coletado um segmento do intestino delgado para análise de coliformes totais. Melhores resultados de desempenho foram obtidos com a utilização do prebiótico e simbiótico. Não houve diferenças em relação à incidência de diarréia entre os tratamentos estudados. A adição de probiótico e/ou prebiótico na dieta preveniu o aumento na colonização por bactérias patogênicas dos sete para os 14 dias pós-desmame.

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da suplementação de probiótico em dietas de suínos: Experimento1: incidência de diarréia e desempenho; Experimento 2: consumo e digestibilidade das rações. No experimento1, foram utilizados 40 leitões recém desmamados, distribuídos em quatro tratamentos: T0-Dieta basal; T100-Dieta basal+100ppm do probiótico; T200-Dieta basal+200ppm e T300-Dieta basal+300ppm. O experimento 2 foi um ensaio de digestibilidade, onde se utilizou oito suínos machos castrados (23 kg), distribuídos em dois tratamentos: T1-dieta basal e T2-dieta basal+200 ppm do mesmo probiótico utilizado no Experimento1. No período1 os animais do T0 e T100 apresentaram maior incidência de diarréia (P;0,05) entre os tratamentos. Concluiu-se que a adição de 200 e 300 ppm de probiótico em dietas de suínos no período1 reduziu a incidência de diarréia. No entanto, no Período total do Experimento1, o desempenho dos animais foi semelhante. No Experimento 2, foi observado melhor adaptação dos animais que receberam probiótico às gaiolas, o que se manifestou pelo maior consumo de ração. Two trials were conducted aiming to of evaluate the effect of probiotic supplementation in pig´s diet: Trial 1: diarrhea incidence and performance; Trial 2: feed intake and digestibility. In the Trial 1, forty weaning barrow piglets were distributed in four treatments: T0-basal diet; T100-basal diet +100ppm of probiotic; T200-basal diet +200ppm e T300-basal diet +300ppm. The trial 2 was a digestibility trial, where eight barrow pigs were used, distributed in two treatments: T1-basal diet and T2-basal diet + 200 ppm of same probiotic used in the Experiment 1. In the Period 1 the animals of T0 and T100 groups showed higher diarrhea incidence (P

Um experimento foi realizado visando avaliar o fornecimento de rações úmidas e de água de consumo e rações com edulcorante para leitões desmamados e seus efeitos sobre o desempenho até o 90kg de peso vivo. Foram utilizados 32 leitões Large White x Landrace, desmamados aos 21 dias, submetidos, durante a fase inicial I (21 a 42 dias de idade), a 8 tratamentos correspondentes à combinação dos fatores: forma de apresentação da ração (seca e úmida), tipo de ração (sem e com edulcorante) e água de consumo (sem e com edulcorante). Foram avaliados a ocorrência de diarréia até o 10º dia pós-desmame, o ganho diário de peso (GDP), o consumo diário de ração (CDR) e a conversão alimentar (CA) até os 90kg de peso vivo. O consumo diário de água (CDA) foi avaliado na fase inicial I. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial 2³, com quatro repetições, sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey e a incidência de diarréia pelo teste de qui-quadrado. Foram observadas diferenças (P0,05). O experimento demonstrou que os tratamentos dirigidos na fase pós-desmame são insuficientes para melhorar os resultados até os 90kg de peso vivo. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the wet feeding and water and rations with sweetener for piglets weaned and its effects on performance at 50kg live weight. Thirty two Large white x Landrace, castrated male piglets weaned at 21 days and allocated during the initital phase 1 (21 to 42 days of age) were used in 8 treatments that were combinations with different types of diet (dry and wet), sweetener in the diet (with and without) and two types of drinking water (with and without sweetener). Diarrhea incidence at 10 days after weaning, daily weight gain, daily ration intake and feed convertion up to 90kg were evaluated. Daily water intake was evaluated during the initial phase I. A randomized block design to study the factorial 2³ arrangement was used, with four replications. Means were compared by the Tukey test and diarrhea incidence by the chi-square test. The results showed significant differences (P0.05) between factors up to 90kg live weight. The experiment indicated that the treatments applied to weaned piglets were insufficient to improve the performance at 90kg live weight.

Um experimento foi realizado com leitões desmamados visando avaliar os efeitos de oito tratamentos, correspondentes à combinação dos fatores, apresentações de ração (seca e úmida), tipos de ração (sem e com edulcorante) e tipos de água de consumo (sem e com edulcorante) sobre o desenvolvimento morfológico e enzimático intestinal. Foram avaliadas a altura das vilosidades (V), a profundidade das criptas (C) e a relação altura das vilosidades e profundidade das criptas (V:C) do duodeno e do jejuno, o conteúdo de proteína na mucosa do jejuno, e as atividades enzimáticas (UA) da maltase, sacarase e dipeptidase. Utilizaram-se 32 leitões machos castrados, Large White x Landrace, desmamados aos 21 dias, submetidos aos tratamentos durante oito dias. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com oito tratamentos, fatorial 2 x 2 x 2, com quatro repetições. Foram observadas diferenças para a altura das vilosidades do duodeno para os grupos tratados com dieta úmida e ração com edulcorante e para a relação V:C do duodeno para os animais que receberam ração com edulcorante. Houve diferença para a UA da sacarase e da maltase para os grupos que receberam água sem edulcorante. As características histológicas foram favorecidas pelas dietas úmidas, o que pode sugerir que esta apresentação foi menos agressiva ao trato digestivo. Para os demais fatores os resultados contrariaram as expectativas de que o tratamento água com edulcorante melhoraria a qualidade do epitélio intestinal. A fase crítica pela qual os leitões foram submetidos, possivelmente, comprometeu os resultados. An experiment was conducted with piglets allocated in eight treatments combinations with different types of diet (dry and wet), rations (with and without sweetener) and two types of drinking water (with and without sweetener), offered after weaning to study the effects on histology and intestine enzymatic development. Intestinal villi height, crypt depth, and relation between villi height and crypt depth of duodenum and jejunum, jejunum protein content and enzyme activity of maltase, sucrase and dipeptidase were evaluated. Thirty two Large White x Landrace castrated male piglets weaned at 21 days were utilized. At weaning the piglets were allocated to the treatments during 8 days. It was used a randomized block to study a factorial 2 x 2 x 2 with four replications. The results showed differences in duodenum height of villi for wet diet and ration with sweetener. Probably, the wet diet was better than dry diet, improving the quality of the intestinal tract. Also significant differences were found in the relationship between duodenum villi height and crypt depth for ration with sweetener. There were differences in enzyme activity of sucrase and maltase for water without sweetener. These results were different from initial hipothesis, where the water with sweetener would be better to improve the intestinal development. The experiment was conducted during a critical phase after weaning. It is possible that the results were influenced by this period.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:18:06Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:33:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-2142770203.pdf: 159994 bytes, checksum: d7eeb3388a9021fb05cc497955ba4eba (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:18:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1996-09-01 Thirty piglets, weaned at an average age of 28 days, were used in experiment one. After weaning, 24 animals were transferred to the nursery in groups of two to each pen and fed simple or semi-complex diets ad libitum. On weaning day (day 0), six pigs were slaughtered. On days 7 and 21 post-weaning, one animal from each nursery pen was slaughtered to study mucosal thickness (MTD and MTJ) and villi heights (VHD and VHJ) in the duodenum and jejunum. The average values observed for MTD, VHD, MTJ, and VHJ were not influenced by type of diet. MTD, MTJ, and VHJ increased from days 7 to 21 post-weaning. Polynomial regression spanning days 0, 7, and 21 showed a linear effect for MTJ and a quadratic effect for VHD and VHJ. In experiment two, 16 piglets weaned at an average age of 28 days were used in two metabolic trials carried out during two periods of the initial phase (days 5 to 14 and days 19 to 28 postweaning), to determine the nutritional value of simple and semi-complex diets. There were no differences among treatments in apparent digestibility of crude protein and dry matter and the values for digestible or metabolizable energy of the diets. It was concluded that composition of the starter diet did not influence the intestinal morphology of piglets, the digestibilities of dry matter and crude protein, or the digestible and metabolizable energy contents of the diets. FMVZ UNESP, 18618-000-Botucatu/SP FCAV UNESP, 14870-000-Jaboticabal/SP FMVZ UNESP, 18618-000-Botucatu/SP FCAV UNESP, 14870-000-Jaboticabal/SP

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:18:06Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:28:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-0030520614.pdf: 148804 bytes, checksum: 8a9528059a088876c5c73667c381d5ea (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:18:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1996-07-01 One hundred and twenty crossbred pigs (Large White x Landrace) weaned at an average age of 28 days, were used. Pigs were alloted to five dietary treatments according to weight, sex and litter as follows: T1- Simple diet (SD) during whole Starter phase (SP) (28-63 days); T2- Semi-complex diet (SCD) for the first seven days followed by a SD during 28 days of SP; T3- SCD for the first 14 days followed by SD during 21 days of SP; T4- SCD for the first 21 days followed by SD during 14 days of SP; T5- SCD during the entire SP. A completely randomized block design was used with six replications. At the end of the SP one castrated male and one female, weighing closest to the average live weight of the group, were transferred to growing-finishing pens and fed growing-finishing diets ad libitum until they reached approximately 90kg live weight. Increasing the period of feeding the semi-complex diet resulted in a linear increase in average daily feed intake and average daily gain during the first 28 days of the initial phase. However, when the entire initial phase was considered there was a linear increase only in daily feed intake. There were no differences in incidence and severity of diarrhea in SP or in the performance of pigs during the growing-finishing phases. There were was no differences in average daily gain among diets from weaning to 90 kg body weight. It was concluded that the advantage of the semi-complex starter diet tended to disappear as age increased. Faculdade de Med. Vet. e Zootecnia UNESP, 18618-000-Botucatu, SP Faculdade Cie. Agrarias Veterinarias UNESP, 14870-000-Jaboticabal, SP Faculdade de Med. Vet. e Zootecnia UNESP, 18618-000-Botucatu, SP Faculdade Cie. Agrarias Veterinarias UNESP, 14870-000-Jaboticabal, SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-10-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:44:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fraga_al_dr_jabo.pdf: 1252051 bytes, checksum: 75f4c6278341a031dac8c25b6910afd0 (MD5) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar níveis de restrição alimentar qualitativa para suínos machos castrados pesados. Foram utilizados 60 suínos (89,1 l 4,2 kg), alojados em baias individuais de 2,55 m2. Os animais receberam dietas com níveis de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20% de restrição qualitativa - 3400, 3240, 3060, 2890 e 2720 kcal de energia digestível / kg de ração - obtidas com a inclusão de casca de arroz, sendo mantidos os teores de lisina digestível, cálcio e fósforo disponível. Dez animais foram abatidos no início do experimento, e os demais foram alimentados com as dietas experimentais até atingirem o peso médio de 128 kg, quando foram abatidos. Suínos mais pesados (128 kg) apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça e quantidade de carne, porém, pior índice de bonificação, devido à redução na porcentagem de carne magra. A restrição qualitativa reduziu a digestibilidade energética, levando à piora no desempenho e melhor eficiência energética, sem alterar o ganho diário em carne magra, de forma a proporcionar melhores carcaças, com maior valor e sem depreciar a qualidade da carne, inclusive reduzindo seu teor de colesterol e levando à máxima concentração de ácido oléico a 12,5% de restrição, enquanto a máxima hipertrofia das células musculares foi obtida ao redor do nível de 12%. A viabilidade econômica da restrição qualitativa foi dependente principalmente do preço do milho. A inclusão de casca de arroz aumentou a área de lavoura de milho a ser adubada com as fezes, apresentando melhor relação N - P- K entre 5 e 15%. Portanto, a restrição qualitativa foi eficiente em melhorar a carcaça dos suínos, agregando valor a um resíduo agrícola. The objective of this work was to evaluate levels of qualitative feed restriction for heavy barrow pigs. Sixty pigs (89.1 l 4.2 kg) were allotted to individual pens with 2.55 m2. The animals were fed diets with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% levels of qualitative restriction - 3400, 3240, 3060, 2890 e 2720 kcal of digestible energy / kg of ration - obtained by rice hulls inclusion, and the contents of digestible lysine, calcium and available phosphorus were kept. Ten animals were slaughtered at the begin of the experiment and the others were fed with the experimental diets until they reach the average weight of 128 kg when they were slaughtered. Heavy pigs (128 kg) show higher carcass holding and lean meat content, but worse payment index because of the reduction in the lean meat percentage. Qualitative feed restriction reduced energetic digestibility, resulting in worse performance and better energetic efficiency without changing the daily lean meat gain, so as to obtain better carcasses with high value and without depreciating the meat quality. Qualitative feed restriction reduced cholesterol levels and gave the greatest level of oleic acid of the meat at the level of 12.5% and maximum muscle cell hypertrophy at the level of 12% of restriction. The economic viability of qualitative restriction was dependent on corn price. The rice hulls inclusion increased the area of the corn agriculture to be fertilized with the feces, showing the best N - P - K ratio between 5 and 15% levels. So, qualitative feed restriction was efficiency to improve pig carcass quality adding value to an agricultural residue.