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Objective: To compare short-term release of fluoride ions from ion-releasing dental restorative materials. Material and methods: Seven experimental groups were prepared using the following six different materials: alkasite (Cention Forte), resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Fuji II LC), bioactive composite (ACTIVA BioACTIVE-RESTORATIVE), fluoride-containing nano-hybrid composite (Luminos UN), coat-free glass hybrid (EQUIA Forte HT), coat-applied glass hybrid (EQUIA Forte HT), and glass ionomer cement (Fuji IX). A total of 40 samples for each group (n=40) were prepared in Teflon molds (8 mm x 2 mm) and placed in polyethylene vials with 5 ml of deionized water. Fluoride release was measured after 6, 24, 48 hours, and after 5 weeks using an ion-selective electrode. The results were expressed in mg/l and the data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA. Results: Significant differences in fluoride release were observed within the first 6 hours (ANOVA p<0.001). EQUIA Forte HT had the highest release, while the other materials showed no significant differences. After 24 hours, EQUIA Forte HT (p<0.001) and Luminos UN (p<0.05) exhibited significantly higher releases, compared to other tested materials. EQUIA Forte HT maintained the highest release at 48 hours (p<0.001), followed by Cention Forte (p<0.05) and Luminos UN (p<0.05). All material pairs showed significant differences in fluoride release at 5 weeks (p<0.001). Conclusion: Coat-free EQUIA Forte HT had the overall highest fluoride release, while Cention Forte demonstrated the greatest increase over time. ACTIVA BioACTIVE-RESTORATIVE exhibited the lowest fluoride release in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Forces formed during root canal instrumentation could cause the crack formation in dentinal walls. Their propagation may result in vertical root fracture and eventually tooth loss. The aim of the study was to explore microcrack formation after root canal preparation with Self-adjusting File (SAF), Reciproc Blue (RB), and ProTaper Next (PTN) instruments on young premolars by means of micro-computed tomography (micro CT). Methods and Materials: Forty-five upper premolars with two canals, were extracted due to orthodontic reasons from patients aged 16 to 20 years and stored for up to two months. The teeth were scanned with a micro-CT (Nikon XT H 225, Tring, UK) at structural resolution of 20.2 µm and randomly divided into three groups: SAF, RB, and PTN. Specimens were instrumented and irrigation was performed with 12 mL of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 4 mL of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) per root canal. Subsequently, the specimens were scanned under the same conditions as before, in wet condition and 24 h after drying. The presence of microcracks in dentinal walls was evaluated using the image-processing software Volume Graphics VGStudio Max 3. Results: No dentinal defect was found in any evaluated specimen, neither in pre-nor post-operative scans in wet and dry condition. Conclusion: Under the circumstances of this in vitro study instruments with improved design and metallurgy do not cause dentinal microcracks in young premolar teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Endodontic treatment of mandibular second molars is challenging considering its complex morphology. The aim of this study is to analyze variations of root canal systems within mesial root of second mandibular molars and to classify them according to Vertucci. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted on CBCT scans from the archives of two radiology centers in the city of Zagreb. Out of a total 1,982 CBCT scans, 364 scans were analyzed showing second mandibular molars with completed growth and root development that were not endodontically treated and did not have external or internal root resorption. Also, teeth with anomalies such as radix entomolaris, paramolaris and C-shaped canals were excluded from the analysis. In addition to the age and gender of the patients, the number of root canals in the mesial root was recorded and they were classified according to Vertucci. Results: Out of total 364 scans, 402 second mandibular molars were found. According to the Vertucci classification, 12.19% of mesial roots of second mandibular molars belonged to type I, type II 39.80%, type III 1.24%, type IV 45.7%, type V 0.75%, type VI 0.50%, type VIII 0.25%.Mesial root morphology in second mandibular molar that would belong to type VII was not found. Morphology of mesial root in second mandibular molars showed considerable diversity, and most commonly found forms are type II and type IV. Conclusion: Given the numerous morphological features, characteristics and large percentage of roots whose canals merge in apical part, a thorough analysis of the endodontic space itself is required before starting endodontic treatment so that the outcome of the treatment is as predictable and successful as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Acta Stomatologica Croatica is the property of Acta Stomatologica Croatica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Stomatologica Croatica is the property of Acta Stomatologica Croatica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: In autogenous tooth transplantation, the lost tooth is replaced with an impacted or erupted tooth from the same patient. Materials and Methods: The first molar is most often affected by severe caries or failed endodontic treatment, which may lead to its extraction at a young age. This usually coincides with the development of the wisdom tooth, which is a good candidate for replacing the extracted molar. A 20-year-old female patient was referred to the Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry for treatment of tooth 36. The patient had previously undergone endodontic treatment 5 years ago, but recently experienced severe pain and swelling. Clinical examination revealed sensitivity to percussion and swelling of the left side of the mandible with painful lymph nodes. Results: Radiographic examination revealed periapical radiolucency around the mesial and distal roots of tooth 36 with the presence of a separated fragment of instrument in the lower third of the mesial root protruding through the apical foramen. The patient underwent multiple endodontic treatments with additional antibiotic therapy, but the symptoms did not resolve. Since there was a wisdom tooth with incomplete root development, it was decided to perform autogenous transplantation to the site of tooth 36. At the four-month follow-up, the patient was symptom-free, the vitality test was positive, and the radiograph showed a well-integrated wisdom tooth. Conclusion: This case suggests that while the indications for autogenous transplantation may be limited, careful patient selection and the use of suitable techniques can result in positive functional and aesthetic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Knowledge of usual internal anatomy of tooth and its variations, is a key point for successful endodontic treatment. The aim of this study is to analyze anatomical shapes of mandibular second molars and the occurrence of „C" shape in root canals using threedimensional computed tomography with conical rays, CBCT. This research is based on the Zagreb population. Materials and methods: Out of a total 3211 CBCT images from archives of two private radiological centers (based in Zagreb), the analyze was based on those who had both lower molars. Considering age and sex of patients, the following was recorded: number of roots and root canals, the occurrence of C-shaped canals, radix entomolaris and paramolaris. In the „C" shape, the canal is divided into three thirds. Each third was evaluated and assigned with category according to Melton's classification. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Fisher's exact test (p<0.05). Results: 219 patients were found with both second lower molars, of which 29 of them (6.6%) had lower second "C" canal shaped molars. The "C" shape of the canal appeared bilaterally in 13 cases and unilaterally in 3. Two canals were found in the mesial root on 353 molars, while one canal was found in 56 molars. In the distal root, one canal was found in 394 molars, and two canals were found in 15 of them. Radix entomolaris and paramolaris were found in 9 (0.02%) second lower molars. Conclusion: Second lower molars in the Zagreb population show significant diversity in internal anatomy, and most often have 2 roots and 3 canals, with two canals in the mesial root and one canal in the distal root. The "C" form occurs in 6.6% of cases, while radix entomolaris or paramolaris are found in 0.02% of cases. In order for the outcome to be predictable, prior to endodontic treatment, thorough analysis of their anatomy needs to be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Endodontic treatment of teeth with morphological anomalies is complicated and often requires individual approach to each case. The upper lateral incisor is the tooth that appears with the most anomalies, followed by the wisdom teeth, and the type of anomaly is often difficult to determine with precision. Case report: A 23-year-old female patient comes to the Department of Endodontics as a referral of an oral surgeon for the treatment of tooth 22. The medical history states that the access cavity was made four years ago and since then it has been open. Clinical examination reveals an open cavity with carious masses around it. CBCT analysis indicates that it is a tooth with three canals and an existing periapical lesion. Despite the successful initial analgesia after the application of anesthesia, the patient was still feeling pain during the rotary instrumentation of two of the three canals. This suggested that there was a third canal outside of the access cavity and it was vital. It was decided to fill the treated canals without including the third, distal canal to the endodontic treatment. At the follow-up after four months, the patient was symptom-free, vitality test was positive, and the x-ray showed healing of the periapical lesion. Conclusion: Based on this case, it can be concluded that every endodontic treatment is specific and allows variations depending on the tissue condition within the endodontic system. However, the importance of preserving the vitality of teeth when possible can be recognized from this case. The fact that the tooth is relatively slightly destroyed by caries despite having been open for four years can be associated with the defensive role of the vital pulp in the part of the tooth that was not affected by the lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Paediatria Croatica is the property of Paediatria Croatica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Stomatologica Croatica is the property of Acta Stomatologica Croatica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The aim of the present pilot- study was to evaluate the influence of oral intake of Ekolostrum (bovine colostrum) on concentration of salivary IgA( sIgA) in saliva. Materials and Methods: Twenty healthy participants between 23 and 54 years of age were randomly selected for the test and control group (n= 10). The test group took 60 capsules of Ecolostrum. The entire amount of the unstimulated saliva was collected before treatment from all participants. The procedure was repeated after 30 days at the end of the experiment. The concentration of sIgA in saliva was determined using ELISA (enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay). Intra- group comparisons were performed by paired sample T-test and inter- group differences were compared by ANOVA (p= 0.05) Results: Participants who were taking Ecolostrum had statistically significant (p=0.026) lower concentrations of sIgA after the treatment than before. The control group showed no statistically significant difference. There were statistically significant differences ( p=0.047) of mean concentrations of sIgA between the test group and control group at the end of the experiment (464 ±59.89µg/mL and 620.16± 42.26µg/mL). Conclusions: The results of this pilot- study show that after one month of orally administrated Ekolostrum, the amount of sIgA was lower than before treatment. Some more extensive and detailed studies are needed to obtain more reliable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of fluorides in tap water in northern Croatian town Čazma and commercially available bottled drinks. Materials and Methods: Fluoride content was assessed by fluoride-selective electrode in tap water and commercial drinks from public supply. The pH was assessed by hydrogen ion-selective electrode. Results: Fluoride content in tap water was 0.313 mg F-/L. In commercially available bottled drinks fluoride concentration was the highest in carbonated mineral water (0.34 -- 1.5 mg F-/L), followed by some ice tea drinks (0.06 -- 0.74 mg F-/L). Non-carbonated waters, carbonated soft drinks and noncarbonated soft drinks had very low fluoride concentration and it amounted to <0.01 mg F-/L, 0.02 mg F-/L and 0.06 -- 0.15 mg F-/L, respectively. The pH in carbonated drinks was 2.36 -- 2.68 and 3.08 -- 3.64 in juices. Conclusion: Low concentration of fluorides in soft drinks and low pH in combination with added sugars could be cariogenic. The results obtained in this investigation could be used in planning preventive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objectives: To compare oral status of the fourth-year students of the School of Dental Medicine, and other fourth year students from the University of Zagreb. Materials and methods: Research included 78 dental students and 78 students of other colleges of the University of Zagreb. A standard dental check-up was performed following the WHO-prescribed methodology and criteria, and by using a dental mirror and community periodontal index (CPI) probe. Results: Mean DMFT of all examined subjects was 7.97 (s.d. = 4.48), with a higher value for males than females (p =0.043). The dental students had a mean DMFT of 6.96 (s.d. =4.82) and the non-dental students group DMFT of 8.97 (s.d. =3.88). This difference was statistically significant (p =0.005). Average CPI indices difference of the examined groups (dental students - 1.91, s.d. =2.40; non-dental students - 2.99, s.d. =2.23) was also statistically significant (p=0.001). The majority of non-dental students (66%) needed, in addition to preventive measures, a conservative dental treatment, in contrast to the dental-students group, where 83% required only preventive or no dental treatment at all. Conclusions: Although the incidence of dental caries, periodontal diseases and treatment need is lower in dental students, the relatively high value of DMFT indices in both groups indicates the need for better preventive measures. Due to an inherent increased awareness of oral health and preventive measures, the dental students could set a good example to their fellowstudents of other colleges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of root-end filling materials, MTA and amalgam, by agar diffusion test. Materials and methods: Blood agar plates were inoculated with bacteria Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Staph-ylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis each, and a polymicrobial suspension consisting of all the tested bacteria. Material samples were divided among the inoculated plates, and after 48 hours of incubation, the diameters of the inhibition zone (IZ) were recorded. Results: The strongest antibacterial effect of MTA was against Streptococcus mutans (IZ = 7.6 mm, sd 1.0), followed by Streptococcus mitis and Lactobacillus acidophilus (IZ = 7.3 mm, sd 0.5). The inhibition zone (IZ) for Enterococcus faecalis was 5.6 mm (sd 0.7), and for the polymicrobial suspension 5.3 mm (sd 1.0). Staphylococcus aureus was the only bacteria MTA did not show any antibacterial effect against. Amalgam showed no antibacterial effect against any of the bacteria tested. Conclusion: MTA showed antibacterial effect against 4 of 5 tested bacteria and the polymicrobial suspension, while amalgam did not inhibit the growth of any of the bacteria tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Collegium Antropologicum is the property of Croatian Anthropological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT Objectives Methods Results Conclusion Clinical Significance This web‐based survey, conducted across multiple countries, sought to explore the factors that impact the decision‐making of clinicians when it comes to managing defective direct restorations.A survey consisting of 14 questions was sent out to dentists in 21 countries through various online platforms. The survey consisted of two sections. The first contained five questions about demographic information, while the second involved eight clinical scenarios. In the second part, participants were tasked with deciding whether to repair or replace defective composite and amalgam restorations.Three thousand six hundred eighty dental practitioners completed the survey. For composite restorations, repair was preferred in scenarios like partial loss or fracture (RR:0.72; 95% CI: 0.58, 0.89; p = 0.002), whereas replacement was favored for secondary caries (RR:2.43; 95% CI: 1.87, 3.16; p < 0.001) and open/defective margins (RR:3.93; 95% CI: 2.68, 5.76;p < 0.001). Amalgam restorations were mostly replaced across all scenarios. The main factors influencing decision‐making were caries risk, restoration size, and patient oral hygiene. Substantial heterogeneity was observed across countries.This study underscores the complexity of the decision‐making process and the need for evidence‐based guidelines to inform clinicians' decisions regarding restoration management. Patient‐level factors predominantly influence decision‐making, emphasizing the need for individualized approaches.The study reveals that the material type in the original restoration is a critical determinant, with composite restorations being repaired in specific scenarios, while amalgam restorations are consistently replaced across different countries. Key patient and tooth‐level factors, such as high caries risk, poor oral hygiene, and restoration size, significantly impact clinicians' decisions, often favoring replacement over repair. These findings underscore the necessity for evidence‐based guidelines to assist clinicians in making informed choices, ultimately enhancing the quality of patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: The objective of the study, which consisted of a motivational lecture and hands-on training, was to evaluate the role of oral hygiene education for adolescents.Methods: The study population included sixty-two high school students between fourteen and fifteen years of age (thirty males and thirty-two females). The response rate was 76.5%. The measurement of oral hygiene level was performed using the modified Green Vermilion Index (GVI). The values were recorded at baseline, one week, three months, and six months after education through motivational lecture and hands-on training was performed. Descriptive and nonparametric statistical methods were used in statistical analysis. Level of significance was 0.05.Results: At the beginning of the study, the GVI of all examined subjects was 3.52 (SD = 0.70). One week after the motivational lecture and training, it decreased to 2.64 (SD = 0.69). Three months later, the level of plaque index had the lowest value (1.44; SD = 0.66). At the end of the study the level of plaque index increased to 2.52 (SD = 0.86).Conclusions: A significant oral hygiene improvement in adolescents as a result of education was presented. However, due to a decline in oral hygiene level six months after the education, there is a need for educational programmes continuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bacterial resistance is considered a consequence of misuse or overuse of antibiotics. Dentistry significantly contributes to this increasing public health problem. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the pattern of antibiotics prescribed by Croatian dentists in Zagreb area.Methods: Out of 220 Doctors of Dental Medicine (DMDs) from Zagreb 110 responded to survey. Prior to the research an ethical approval was obtained. Participants were directly contacted. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: general data on DMDs and the part concerning indications, duration, type and dosage of antibiotic therapy. Data were processed using MS Excel and SPSS for Windows, Version 17.0. Statistical significance was tested by Fisher's exact test, chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's rank correlation at the level of statistical significance p<0.05.Results: During the period of two months, the doctors prescribed antibiotics to 1,500 patients, 690 (46%) were men and 810 (54%) women. The most often prescribed antibiotics were penicillin (72.5% of patients), represented mostly by amoxicillin in combination with clavulanic acid (57.6%). The most common indication for the prescribed antibiotics was periapical or periodontal abscess (44%). Definite clinical indication (71.2%) was stated as the most common reason for antibiotic prescription. Antibiotic therapy usually lasted 7 days (62.9%). The doctors prescribed daily doses of antibiotics according to the instructions for the use of specific drugs.Conclusion: The examined subjects prescribe antibiotics according to the curriculum taught at the School of Dental Medicine for majority of types, doses and duration of the treatments, although antibiotics over-prescription in cases without medical indication was observed. The national guidelines on antibiotic regimens are required in order to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Aim: Epidemiologic studies in many countries show uneven distribution of oral diseases (primarily caries) within the population. This is why more studies are oriented towards specific regions or subpopulations instead of large scale national surveys. The major purpose of this cross sectional study was to obtain relevant data about the oral status of the population of Knin and its surroundings according to the WHO criteria., Subjects and Methods: The study included 414 participants aged between 18 and 65. The recorded variables included general anamnestic data, extraoral status, oral mucosa status, temporomandibular joint status, dental, periodontal and prosthetic status, and the need for dental restoration. The comparison between different groups regarding age, gender, educational level and origin was made., Results: DMFT index was 17.3 - with on average 1.7 caries, 6.2 fillings, and 9.4 teeth extracted. SiC index equaled 26.4. The difference was significant regarding the level of education and age (p<0.001). The percentages of individuals with the highest CPI scores from 0-4 were 27.3, 16.9, 36.5, 16.4 and 2.9%, respectively. The difference between the age groups in CPI scores was statistically significant, while the differences according to the gender and origin were not significant (p=0.001)., Conclusion: The population of Knin and the surrounding area exhibited very bad oral status which can be attributed to the consequences of the war in the 1990-ies, the economic transition, and the lack of national program for oral health promotion., Competing Interests: No declare

Objectives: to compare the level of anxiety reported by patients and assessed by dentists. Also, the expected and actual pain during the treatment perceived by the patient and dentist were assessed., Methods: sixty six endodontic patients filled in two questionnaires, prior to and after the treatment, so did their therapists. The first set of questions for patients was regarding demographics, the frequency of dental visits, the level of anxiety and expectations about the level of pain. Before the treatment, dentists estimated the level of patients' anxiety and the expected intensity of pain. After the treatment, the patients evaluated the level of experienced pain and dentists' empathy during the treatment, while dentists reassessed the intensity of patients' pain.The data were statistically analysed by t-test for paired samples and by Spearmans's Rho correlation coefficient at level of significance set at 0.05., Results: Patients' expectation of pain intensity was higher than the actual pain during the treatment (t-test=3.540, p=0.001). There was no difference in the level of pain which dentists expected and their perception of pain during the procedure. There was a statistically significant correlation between the patients' level of anxiety and recognition of it by dentists (Spearman Rho=0.460, p<0.001). A higher level of anxiety increased the expected intensity of pain (Spearman Rho=0.401, p=0.001). Actual intensity of pain was not significantly associated with dental anxiety (Spearman Rho=0.080, p=0.524)., Conclusion: Since the level of dental anxiety was associated with the increased intensity of expected pain, a vicious cycle of pain and anxiety may be terminated by giving positive information to the patient before and during endodontic procedures.