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Teaching Veterinary Anatomy in a virtual world is an utmost requirement of the ongoing era of COVID-19 pandemic. Due to sudden lockdown, all the educational institutes, professional medical and veterinary colleges were closed (except emergency services) and academic activities were suspended altogether. This situation was challenging as well as thought-provoking for various academicians and professors to rethink about the means to keep the conduit of imparting education unceasing. This review focuses on the virtual reality aids that are being adopted worldwide and the initiatives taken by academicians during this era to impart best practical anatomy lessons yet being in a socially distant world. However, during the lockdown and social distancing, face-to face interactions were not feasible, and therefore, number of distant learning methods were created on virtual platforms for continuing the process of teaching veterinary anatomy closer to reality available at their doorsteps where academic staff was actively involved to reconstruct and renovate resources, upgraded their digital competencies to develop new ways to shift from one on one and merged to remote online teaching, and anatomy teaching was transformed to an abrupt 'virtual mode'. Adopting virtual reality (VR) aids such as 3D animations, software packages, virtual dissections and E-museum serves as a great saviour throughout this unprecedented pandemic in a socially distant world to continue the teaching connexion.

The present study was conducted on prenatal and postnatal development of lymphoglandular complexes (LGCs) in ileocaecal region of buffalo fetuses (n = 15) ranging from 11.5 cm curved crown rump length (CVRL) (80 days) to 100 cm CVRL (299 days) and neonatal buffalo calves (n = 10). The fetuses were categorized into three groups based on their CVRL. LGC formation was not evident in ileocaecal junction up to 32 cm CVRL (145 days). At 35 cm CVRL (152 days), diffuse lymphocytes were scattered around the base of glands that encircled them. At 54 cm CVRL (195 days), lymphoid aggregates were present in submucosa around deep submucosal glands and formed primordia of LGCs in ileocaeccal orifice region. At 100 cm CVRL (299 days), these complexes were completely visible grossly. The distinguished lymphoid nodules in submucosa were invaded by submucosal extensions of overlying mucosal glands to form a large clear complex of glands and lymphoid nodules called as "Lymphoglandular complex" at this stage. It is the first report of prenatal development of LGCs in large intestine of buffaloes. Abundant CD3

El presente estudio se llevo a cabo en seis terneros de bufalo neonatos sanos y seis terneros prepuberales para estudiar la ubicacion, morfologia macroscopica, histomorfologia e histoquimica de los complejos linfoglandulares en el colon proximal. Se observo en un area del colon proximal (AP) de los terneros de bufalo un ovalo linfoide de mucosa irregular en la parte mas proximal de este. Histologicamente, en el area proximal del colon de los terneros neonatos (3-4 semanas), se observo una invasion extensa de las glandulas mucosas hacia los nodulos linfaticos presentes en la submucosa. La estructura en su totalidad formaba un complejo conocido como complejo linfoglandular (CLG). A esta edad se observo un gran numero de estos complejos es decir, se observaron CLGs en la submucosa del colon proximal. La invasion de las glandulas mucosas en el tejido linfoide, se limita a la capa superficial de los complejos, los complejos linfoglandulares distribuidos directamente en el lumen, sin embargo otros se encontraban arraigados de manera profunda. En bufalo a los 6 meses de edad, es decir en el periodo prepuberal, se observo un numero reducido de CLGs presentes en una sola capa dentro de la submucosa del colon proximal. Por otra parte, algunos de CLGs estaban completamente encapsulados por su propia lamina muscularis mucosae. Algunos de los complejos mantenian abertura de las mucosas en el lumen, mientras que otros habian perdido su conexion con la mucosa. En analisis histoquimico, las glandulas que se observaron dentro del CLGs contenian mucosustancias, glucogeno, mucopolisacaridos y mucina. Sin embargo, se encontraron lipidos presentes alrededor de los linfocitos hacia la periferia de los CLGs.

Aim: The present study was aimed to elucidate the histomorphology of ileal and jejunal Peyer’s patches in the small intestine of buffalo calves and their structural comparison. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on neonatal (n=10) and pre-pubertal (n=10) buffalo calves. The age of the postnatal buffalo calves was estimated by their temporary and permanent dentition. Results: The study revealed that several layers of oval to elongate elliptical lymphoid follicles were observed in submucosa on the anti-mesenteric side in the ileum of early neonatal calves. However, the follicles at this age, in jejunum were of all shapes present within one layer. The interfollicular space was occupied by the interfollicular tissue, which was diffuse and wider around jejunal lymphoid follicles as compared to ileal lymphoid follicles. However, toward the pubertal stage, the number of layers of lymphoid follicles was reduced in ileum due to involution while it remained similar in number in jejunum at this stage. Conclusion: The ileal Peyer’s patches were found to have started involution more or less around reaching puberty, whereas the jejunal Peyer’s patches appear to be functional throughout the lifespan of the animal.

The histoenzymic study was conducted on ileum of neonatal buffalo calves (n=15) and their age was estimated by observing their temporary and permanent dentition. Histoenzymic distribution of different enzymes was studied on ileal peyer’s patches of neonatal buffalo calves. Strong activity of AKPase was observed at the dome and capsule of the peyer’s patch lymphoid follicles at this age. However, moderate Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and SDH activity was observed within the ileal lymphoid follicles. A strong activity of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme was observed in the follicles at their periphery and within center of few follicles. Also a strong positive activity of diaphorases was observed in peripheral region of the follicle as fine granular reaction. The activity of enzymes has been discussed with the physiological function of the tissue..

Aim: This study was designed to elucidate the histoenzymic distribution of enzymes, i.e., phosphatases, oxidoreductases, dehydrogenases, and diaphorases in cecal lymphoid tissue during its development in the prenatal period. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on cecum of 15 buffalo fetuses ranging from 16 cm curved crown-rump length (CVRL) (100 days) to 100 cm CVRL (full term). The fetuses were categorized into three groups based on their CVRL. Results: In Group I, the distribution of enzymes was uniformly weak in developing villi-like projections in cecum and completely absent from submucosa. In Group II, the enzymes showed a moderate to strong activity in epithelium lining tunica mucosa which progressively decreased as the fetus progresses toward late gestational age. However, the intense activity of enzymes was observed in developing lymphoid tissue in this group. In Group III, distribution of enzymes reduced in tunica mucosa of cecum with advancing age, whereas the intense activity was noticed in the developed lymphoid tissue complex. Conclusion: The distribution of enzymes was completely absent from submucosal region in cecum of Group I as there was no lymphoid tissue development at this age. In Group II, the enzymes showed a moderate to strong activity in epithelium lining tunica mucosa which progressively decreased toward late gestational age but an intense activity was observed in developing lymphoid tissue. In Group III, distribution of enzymes reduced in tunica mucosa with advancing age with intense activity noticed in the developed lymphoid tissue complex.

The study was carried out on ileum of 15 buffalo fetuses ranging from 14.5 cm curved crown-rump length (CVRL) (93 days) to 100 cm CVRL (299 days) to elucidate the histoenzymic distribution of enzymes i.e. alkaline phosphatase (AKPase), Glucose-6-Phosphatase (G-6-Pase), Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and Diaphorases on ileal peyer's patches during their prenatal development. The fetuses were categorized into three groups based on their CVRL. In Group upto 20 cm CVRL, weak alkaline phosphatase, SDH activity was observed and activity of LDH and Non specific esterase (NSE) was absent. In 20 to 40 cm CVRL fetuses, strong AKPase and moderate granular G-6-PD activity was observed in the villi of small intestine and developing group of lymphocytes in submucosa. In > 40 cm CVRL fetuses, strong AKPase activity was observed in dome region of the lymphoid follicle that invaded the mucosa in ileum. However, moderate SDH activity was observed at the periphery. The activity of LDH in 20 to 40 cm CVRL fetuses and also in > 40 cm CVRL fetuses was very weak. Intense activity of NADH enzyme was observed in submucosal lymphoid aggregates in group III of ileum.