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BACKGROUND The Wilkins Rate of Reading Test (WRRT) enables rapid measurement of reading speed using text passages that have no semantic content and demand minimal word recognition skills. It is suited to applications where the primary interest is in the influence of visual and ocular motor factors on reading rate. METHODS We obtained estimates of precision and reliability of WRRT from four data samples (A-D) collected independently by the authors: (A) n = 118 adults; (B) n = 90 adults; (C) n = 787 children; (D) n = 134 children. Each participant was asked to read aloud as quickly and accurately as possible, for 1 min, and results were recorded as number of words read correctly per minute (wcpm). RESULTS Estimates of precision are given by the within-subjects standard deviation sw , and reliability by the intraclass correlation coefficient for single measurements r1 . For each sample these estimates were (A) sw = 11.5 wcpm, r1 = 0.85; (B) sw = 3.8 wcpm, r1 = 0.98; (C) sw = 6.7 wcpm, r1 = 0.93; (D) sw = 6.2 wcpm, r1 = 0.94. CONCLUSION The reliability of WRRT reflects large variation in reading rate between individuals compared to within-individual variability, indicating that it is a good test for discriminating differences in reading speed between individuals. The precision of the test varies from 3.8 wcpm to 11.5 wcpm among samples, and the pooled value of 7.2 wcpm, provides a basis for setting a population-wide criterion for minimum detectable change of reading rate in individuals over time. Nevertheless, a preferable way of monitoring change in an individual would be to use a criterion determined from estimates of that individual's baseline variation in WRRT scores.

There is equivocal evidence on the presence of oculomotor deficits among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which can be an additional challenge in this population, especially with reading-related tasks. This study aimed to review the deficits in the oculomotor parameters among children with ADHD compared with age-matched controls. The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A search of original research articles on various databases was done using key terms, such as "oculomotor deficit," "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder," or related terms. We included case-control studies and excluded studies in which children received medications during the test. Twelve original research studies were considered for this review. Ten studies reported data on various types of saccades, two studies reported data on fixation, and one study reported data on pursuit. Among various oculomotor deficits, the forest-plot analysis of an antisaccade task showed that children with ADHD made more direction errors compared to controls. Although independent studies report that ADHD children have poorer performance compared to control populations during oculomotor tasks, there is a lack of evidence to draw a strong conclusion. Children with ADHD are less precise in performing eye movements and need more time to complete the oculomotor tasks than those without ADHD. The overall results provide minimal evidence regarding the presence of various oculomotor deficits in ADHD.摘要: 多动障碍缺陷 (ADHD) 儿童存在动眼神经缺陷的证据尚不明确, 尤其是阅读相关的活动, 对他们来说可能是额外的挑战。本研究旨在回顾与年龄匹配的对照组相比, ADHD儿童动眼神经参数方面的缺陷。该综述是根据系统综述和荟萃分析 (PRISMA) 的指南进行的。我们使用关键词如“动眼神经缺陷”、“注意力多动障碍缺陷”或相关术语对各种数据库中的研究文献进行了搜索 。纳入了病例对照研究, 排除了在试验间接受药物治疗的儿童研究。本综述纳入了12项原始研究。十项研究报告了各种类型的扫视数据, 两项研究报告的是注视数据, 一项研究报告是追视数据。在各种动眼神经缺陷中, 相反扫视任务的森林图分析表明, 与对照组相比, ADHD儿童出现更多的方向错误。尽管独立研究报告表明ADHD儿童在动眼神经任务中的表现比对照组差, 但缺乏证据得出强有力的结论即ADHD儿童在进行眼球运动时不太精准, 需要比正常儿童花费更多的时间完成动眼神经任务。本研究的结果提供了关于ADHD中存在各种动眼神经缺陷的微弱证据。.

Google Play Store was used to search for eye care-related applications the android simulator using various general terms related to eye care to review and categorize various interactive eye care-related applications in android platform from the details available in the application website. Data collected from application description and application developer's webpage include target audience, category of apps, estimated number of downloads, average user rating, involvement of eye care professionals in developing the application, and cost of the app. All these data were collected only from the details provided in the application website considering on online user perspective and the developers were not contacted to collect any other details. In total, 475 applications were identified and grouped into 13 categories depending on the type of service the application provide. Out of which, only 107 (22.53%) applications had mentioned about the eye care professional involvement in their design or development of the application. The applications were also stratified according to the target audience, and many had no user rating with very few downloads. The lack of evidence-based principles and standardization of application development should be taken into consideration to avoid its negative impact on the community, especially in eye care.

PURPOSE: There is a need to understand the requirement for the post-mydriatic test (PMT) among adults for the final prescription of spectacles as this test increases the cost of eye care and causes inconvenience to the patient because of the additional visit to an eye care practitioner. We aim to compare the cycloplegic subjective refraction using apertures of various sizes and PMT in an adult population. METHODS: This prospective crossover study was conducted under standard settings in an eye clinic. Adult individuals between 18 and 35 years of with emmetropia and various degrees of ametropia participated in this study. Individuals with known ocular pathology were excluded. Non-cycloplegic objective refraction was performed followed by subjective refraction. Cycloplegic objective refraction was performed followed by subjective refraction with custom designed artificial apertures. After a washout period of cycloplegic, PMT was performed. The distribution of data was tested using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Depending on the distribution of the data, either parametric or nonparametric test was done. RESULTS: Fifty-nine eyes of thirty individuals with a mean (±SD) age of 23(±4) years with a male: female ratio of 1:4 participated in this study. A comparison of measures of PMT and subjective refraction with 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mm aperture under cycloplegic effect using the Friedman test rendered a Chi square value (df = 5) of 1.92 which was not statistically different (P = 0.86). CONCLUSION: Performing subjective refraction with an appropriate spherical and cylindrical endpoint under cycloplegic effect with appropriate aperture overcomes the necessity of PMT.

Aim To determine the efficacy of a remotely operated computer-based logarithmic (logMAR) visual acuity chart. Methods Visual acuity was tested using a laptop or computer-based logMAR chart (COMPlog) for all subjects by two different methods. The methods differed by the physical presence and absence (remote) of an optometrist and in the mode of instructions provided. Remote access was obtained through the internet, using Teamviewer software to control the system linked to COMPlog and instructions were provided by telephone. The order of measurements and the eye to be tested was randomised. logMAR visual acuity and time taken were recorded. A questionnaire was used to assess the participant9s feedback. Results Intraclass correlation for visual acuity between the two methods (α=0.964, 95% CI 0.937 to 0.979). There was no statistically significant difference (p=0.648) in the median visual acuity measurement between the two methods (median difference 0.00, IQR 0.20 logMAR). The time taken between the two methods was not statistically significant (p=0.457). There was no significant difference in the responses to the questionnaire between the study methods (p=0.119). Conclusions Tele (remotely controlled) visual acuity measurement is as reliable as that measured with the physical presence of an optometrist.

Purpose: To design, construct and validate a new Tamil logMAR visual acuity chart based on current recommendations. Methods: Ten Tamil letters of equal legibility were identified experimentally and were used in the chart. Two charts, one internally illuminated and one externally illuminated, were constructed for testing at 4 m distance. The repeatability of the two charts was tested. For validation, the two charts were compared with a standard English logMAR chart (ETDRS). Results: When compared to the ETDRS chart, a difference of 0.06 ± 0.07 and 0.07 ± 0.07 logMAR was found for the internally and externally illuminated charts respectively. Limits of agreement between the internally illuminated Tamil logMAR chart and ETDRS chart were found to be (−0.08, 0.19), and (−0.07, 0.20) for the externally illuminated chart. The test – retest results showed a difference of 0.02 ± 0.04 and 0.02 ± 0.06 logMAR for the internally and externally illuminated charts respectively. Limits of agreement for repeated measurements for the internally illuminated Tamil logMAR chart were found to be (−0.06, 0.10), and (−0.10, 0.14) for the externally illuminated chart. Conclusions: The newly constructed Tamil logMAR charts have good repeatability. The difference in visual acuity scores between the newly constructed Tamil logMAR chart and the standard English logMAR chart was within acceptable limits. This new chart can be used for measuring visual acuity in the literate Tamil population.

Background: Measurement of for near point of convergence (NPC), amplitude of accommodation (AA) and phoria are important components of diagnosing nonstrabismic binocular vision anomalies. There is a huge variation in the normative data established for orthoptic parameters because of the variation in measurement technique. There are only limited studies for normative data based on nonclinical population in Indian population. Therefore, we aim estimate the normative values for NPC, AA, and phoria measurement in Indian population using techniques, which has good repeatability and reliability. Materials and Methods: Subjects between the age group 10-35 years participated in this prospective cross-sectional study. A self-administered symptom questionnaire was used to exclude patients with asthenopic symptoms. Clinical techniques which have good repeatability and reliability were used. NPC was measured using pen light red, green glass test. AA was measured using minus lens technique. Horizontal and vertical phoria at distance and near was measured using modified Thorington method. Results: One hundred and fifty subjects participated in the study. We found that NPC receded with age, which could because of the increase in horizontal phoria at near with age. The mean normative value for objective NPC, break and recovery of subjective NPC, monocular and binocular AA, horizontal and vertical phoria at distance and near for the three age groups are reported in the study. Conclusion: The data presented in this study can be used as a cut-off by eye care practitioners while diagnosing convergence, accommodation related anomalies in Indian population.

Aim: The aim was to construct a visual acuity chart and find its effectiveness at screening visual acuity deficits. Materials and Methods: Two phases were involved in this study. Construction of the screener: Ten Sloan letters (C, D, H, K, N, O, R, S, V, and Z) were selected and the letters were constructed and reduced to 0.2 logMAR acuity size (6.92 mm) for viewing at 3 m. The screener contains three lines with seven letters in each. Few combinations of the seven letter sequences were chosen based on the row legibility scores. Three seven letter combinations close to the median of all combinations were selected, such that maximum difficulty score difference between the lines are

Aim: To evaluate awareness, knowledge, and perception towards eye donation among the literate working population. Methodology: A new questionnaire on eye donation was developed from existing literature and face validation was performed among subject experts. Repeatability of the questionnaire was performed among 30 subjects. A total of 23 questions were there, out of those 6 questions for evaluating awareness, 13 questions for evaluating knowledge, and 4 questions for dertermining the subjects' perception. The questionnaire was distributed among subjects working in both the health science and non-health science fields. From their responses, knowledge, awareness, and perception towards eye donation in working literate population were assessed. A pledge form was also given along with the questionnaire to find the subjects' actual willingness. Results: Repeatability: The questions in the awareness and knowledge domain showed good repeatability (p > 0.05). More than 50 % of the parameters in the perception domain showed poor repeatability (p < 0.05). Out of 189 subjects assessed, there were 97 health science and 92 non-health science subjects with total mean age 30 ± 7 years. Good awareness was present between health science (96%) and non-health science (94%). Only 21% of the health science and 11% of the non-health science group had good knowledge about eye donation. Only 25% said ‘yes’ to willingness about eye donation. However, only 3% filled the pledge form. No-one from the non-health science population filled the pledge form. Health science professionals showed more willingness to donate eyes compared to the non-health science group after adjusting for qualification, age ,and gender (odds ratio 2.158, p = 0.031, 95% CI (1.073, 4.341)). Study participants shared willingness to donate eyes and responded against negative perceptions such as "Family members object to eye donation” (odds: 3.75, p = 0.030, 95% CI (1.14, 12.39)), “Dislike of separating eye from the body” (odds:7.02, p =0.006, 95% CI (1.73, 28.42)), and “Donating an organ is against my religious belief” (odds: 8.51,p = 0.039, 95% CI (1.11, 65.09)). Conclusion: Our study showed that education qualification and the perception like ‘eye donation is against religious beliefs’ and ‘dislike to separate eye from the body’ showed significant effect on the willingness to donate eyes. More than awareness and knowledge, perception about eye donation had more impact on the willingness to donate eyes. Therefore, more campaigns emphasizing the importance of eye donation need to be conducted to change the perceptions about eye donation rather than improving awareness or knowledge.

Introduction: The efficacy of tele-based (virtually monitored) visual acuity (VA) examination in a hospital-based multilingual population was assessed based on subjects from the Outpatient Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal University and Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India. Methods: Visual acuity measurement using a computerized VA chart (COMPlog) was done using a telemethod and face-to-face method in a randomized fashion for all subjects. Virtual (remotely operated) control of examination procedure and videoconferencing helped the optometrist positioned elsewhere (different physical location) to remotely operate the COMPlog VA chart and also interact with the subjects. The connection was facilitated using Lync software connected through local area network connections. During tele-examination, instructions were given on subject’s language preference (Kannada, Malayalam or English). Results: Mean age of 96 subjects (three language groups) was 40.3±14.1 years and a Bland–Altman plot showed good agreement with clinically acceptable limits of agreement. The mean difference in VA between the telemethod and face-to-face method was 0.00 logMAR (±0.16), p=0.844. Two methods had good intra-class correlation (0.912, 95% confidence interval 0.868–0.941) and had good agreement across the language groups (kappa>0.7). Conclusions: Visual acuity measurements using the telemethod along with native dialect was comparable to conventional face-toface method in a hospital-based multilingual population. Digital VA testing systems along with communication in native dialect can be effectively integrated into a tele-eyecare model.