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Source at https://www.hi.no/en/hi/nettrapporter/toktrapport-en-2022-7. Cruise no.: 2022703 : The 2022 survey of harp and hooded seal pup production in the Greenland Sea was carried out to obtain updated estimates to be used to assess current status of these two seal stocks. Since a similar survey in 2018 indicated a 40% reduction in harp seal pup production since the 2012 survey, and the continued lack of increase in pup production of the severely depleted hooded seal stock despite its protection from hunting since 2007, a new survey after a period of only 4 years was urgent. The survey was carried out using well established methodologies for these species, including 1) reconnaissance of the drift ice breeding habitat from a helicopter based on the research icebreaker R/V Kronprins Haakon and a fixed-wing aircraft stationed at Constable Pynt in East Greenland, 2) deploying GPS beacons around the identified breeding areas to monitor its displacement in the East Greenland Current, 3) carrying out staging surveys to monitor the pup age structure and estimate the optimal day of pup counting as well as correction factors accounting for pups not present on the ice at the time of counting, and 4) conducting aerial photographic surveys using the fixed-wing aircraft. Ice conditions in the Greenland Sea were similar as those experienced in 2018, with a relatively narrow band of pack ice over the shelf break near the coast of East Greenland. Seal whelping patches were initially discovered on March 21 & 22nd, within an area stretching from 72°53’N / 16°42’W in the north to 71°51’N / 17°30’W in the south. Five GPS beacons were deployed at the main whelping patches within this area, allowing us to track the continuous drift due to strong northerly winds during the period between initial reconnaissance and the final pup counting. Pup staging surveys were carried out on March 22nd, 23rd, 25th, 28th and 30th, providing us with a solid dataset with which to assess the development of pup age dynamics, determine the optimal day for photographic surveys, and to estimate correction factors to account for pups absent from the ice during the photographic surveys. The final photographic surveys were carried out on March 28th in a relatively narrow (20-30 nm) N/S band stretching from 71°00’N / 20°00’W in the NE to 69°34’N / 20°36’W in the SW. In total, 2,463 images were obtained during the aerial photographic survey, and following pre-processing (georeferencing and ortorectification), these will be analysed both manually and using dedicated machine learning systems, to determine the number of pups present in images. Results will be used to estimate the total 2022 pup production for each species and will also be combined with estimates from previous years to estimate the population sizes using the dedicated population dynamics model. The entire updated dataset will be made available to the upcoming ICES benchmarking meeting for harp and hooded seal population modelling, and results will finally be evaluated at the upcoming meeting of the ICES WGHARP working group in 2023.

Bakgrunn: Det er flere forskjellige typer styrketrening, og hver type har forskjellig hensikt. For folk som vil øke muskelmasse, vil hypertrofisk trening være det selvsagte valget. Muskel tretthet er et begrep som ofte er assosiert med hypertrofisk trening. Dette studiet skal etterforske muskeltretthets bidrag til muskelhypertrofi blant trente unge menn, grunnet den økte populariteten til styrketrening, og den manglende spesifikke forskningen på temaet. Metoder: Studiene ble funnet ved å bruke Pubmed og Google Scholar som søkebaser. Inkluderingskriterier bestod av at subjektene var i alderskategorien 18-35 og at de skulle helst være aktive før starten av studien. Enkelte av studiene som ble funnet studerte muskeltretthet, og muskelhypertrofi, men ble ekskludert fordi de ikke så på korrelasjonen mellom de to. Resultat: Fem studier ble inkludert i dette litteraturstudiet. De fem artiklene studerte de forskjellige økningene i hypertrofisk økning og en-repetisjon maks (1RM), når forskjellige treningsvariasjoner ble utnyttet. Konklusjon: Resultatene fra denne litteraturstudien ble ikke sett på som tilstrekkelig nok til å konkludere med muskeltretthets bidrag til muskelhypertrofi blant trente unge menn. Background: There are several different types of resistance training (RT), and each type serves a different purpose. For people who are looking to gain muscle mass, hypertrophic training would be the obvious choice. Muscle fatigue is a term often associated with hypertrophic training. This study will investigate muscle fatigue's contribution to muscle hypertrophy in trained young men, due to the increased popularity of RT and the lack of specific research on the subject. Methods: Studies were found by using Pubmed and Google Scholar as search bases. Inclusion criterias consisted of the subjects being in the age range of 18-35 and preferably recreational trained. Some of the found articles studied muscle fatigue, and muscle hypertrophy, but were excluded because they did not look into the correlation between the two. Results: Five studies were included in this literature study. The five articles studied the different increases in hypertrophic gain and one-repetition maximum (1RM), when utilizing different training variations. Conclusion: Results from this literature study were not deemed sufficient enough to produce a reliable conclusion on muscle fatigues contribution to muscle hypertrophy in trained young men.

This thesis investigates abnormal returns in initial public offerings (IPOs) at the Oslo Stock Exchange during the time period of 2007 to 2018. By utilising four liquidity measures, we aim to identify the relationships between aftermarket liquidity and abnormal returns, both initially and long-run. Through our sample of 125 observations, we confirm the existence of the underpricing phenomenon and the long-run underperformance of IPOs in the Norwegian market. We find aftermarket liquidity to be positively related to underpricing. When sorting the issues by sentiment, based on the previous two-month returns, the positive relationship solidifies for hot sentiment markets. Hence, underpricing positively affecting aftermarket liquidity seems to be amplified during bullish trends. We find indications of a positive relationship between liquidity and long-run abnormal returns, the more illiquid the stock, the worse the performance, and vice versa. This contradicts the riskreturn trade-off, which states illiquidity as an attribute of risk. Therefore, we further examine the long-run issue returns by separating between marketplaces. Thus, we discover Oslo Axess, the junior exchange, to be the driver of the counter-intuitive results. We suggest this is a consequence of the speculative nature of Oslo Axess. For the Oslo Stock Exchange, the relationship subsides.

This diary study contributes to the leadership literature by examining the daily effect of empowering leadership behaviours (autonomy- and development support) on follower’s daily level of work engagement. Contrary to previous research on the topic, this study distinguished between the relative contribution of each dimension of the empowering leadership concept. In addition, it was examined how and why each dimension contributes to work engagement by including a mediator variable for each relationship. The study is based on data collected in cooperation with the Royal Norwegian Naval Academy. While traveling by sail ship, 87 cadets filled out a daily diary questionnaire over the course of 30 days. As predicted, multilevel analyses revealed that the cadets were more engaged in their work on days when their leader showed more empowering leadership behaviours, both in the form of autonomy- and development support. Furthermore, psychological empowerment was found to partially mediate the relationship between autonomy support and work engagement, while self-goal-setting partially mediated the relationship between development support and work engagement. Thus, this study highlights how different empowering leader behaviours have the potential to create motivational states in the employees, making them become more engaged in their work on these days Denne dagbokstudien bidrar til lederskaps litteraturen ved å undersøke den daglige effekten av empowermentbasert ledelse (autonomi- og utviklingsstøtte) på følgere sitt daglige nivå av arbeidsengasjement. I motsetning til tidligere forskning på området skiller denne studien mellom de ulike bidragene fra hver av dimensjonene av empowermentbasert ledelse. I tillegg ble det undersøkt hvordan og hvorfor hver av dimensjonene bidrar til arbeidsengasjement ved å inkludere en mediator variabel for hvert forhold. Studien er basert på data samlet inn i samarbeid med Sjøkrigsskolen. Samtidig som de reiste med seilskip fylte 87 kadetter ut et daglig spørreskjema over en periode på 30 dager. Som antatt viste flernivåanalyser at kadettene var mer engasjert i arbeidet sitt på de dagene hvor deres leder viste flere empowermentbaserte ledelsesatferder, både i form av autonomi- og utviklingsstøtte. Videre ble det funnet at psykologisk empowerment delvis medierte forholdet mellom autonomistøtte og arbeidsengasjement, mens selv-målsetting delvis medierte forholdet mellom utviklingsstøtte og arbeidsengasjement. Denne studien fremhever følgelig hvordan ulike empowermentbaserte ledelsesatferder har potensiale til å skape motivasjon hos ansatte, noe som gjør at de blir mer engasjert i arbeidet sitt på disse dagene. Nøkkelord: Dagbokstudie, empowermentbasert ledelse, autonomistøtte, Masteroppgave i psykologi MAPSYK360 MAPS-PSYK

This paper was presented at the 15th Wind Integration Workshop and published in the workshop’s proceedings

The way energy is used and acquired are fundamental questions in animal biology and figure greatly into conservation of a species. Accurate estimates of energy expenditure are critical in understanding how successful animals are throughout their lifespan and in quantifying population energy budgets and their role and impact on an ecosystem. Two methods have been commonly used to estimate daily energy expenditure (DEE) of free ranging animals: the doubly labeled water (DLW) method and the heart rate method. A third, less invasive method uses activity data captured by accelerometers. The recent development of miniature accelerometer data loggers have made it possible to use this method on small free-ranging animals; however, the method needs to be validated on the species of interest. Believed to be the most numerous gull species, the black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) is well studied in the Arctic and therefore a valuable candidate for elucidating alternative methods of energy expenditure. We deployed miniature accelerometer data loggers on eight breeding kittiwakes in Kongsfjord, Svalbard, and recorded body acceleration continuously over a three day period. From recorded acceleration in three axes, overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) was calculated for each bird. To validate accelerometry, we estimated the birds’ energy expenditure using the DLW method. In addition, a control group of twelve birds was only treated with the DLW method to determine if the deployment of the loggers had an effect on the energy expenditure of the birds. Using the DLW method, we found the mean DEE for birds with and without loggers was 1147 kJ/day (±217 SD) and 974 kJ/day (±219 SD), respectively. The loggers were not found to have an effect on DEE (t18 = 1.733, p = 0.1), nor was there any correlation between calculated ODBA and estimated DEE (r= -0.174, t6= -0.432, p= 0.681) for the kittiwakes studied. With the removal of an apparent outlier, the correlation between the ODBA and estimated DEE was strengthened and evidence of a significant effect of loggers on DEE was revealed. The question that remains unanswered is if kittiwakes have a correlation between ODBA and DEE. It is possible that locomotion does perhaps not constitute a large enough part of EE in kittiwakes to be reflected accurately by ODBA. However methodical errors should not stand in the way of the promise of accelerometry as an accurate method of measuring energy expenditure in free-ranging seabirds.

Development of mobile software is Surrounded by much uncertainty. Immature software platforms on mobile clients, a highly competitive market calling for innovation, efficiency and effectiveness in the development life cycle, and lacking end-user adoption are just some of the realities facing development teams in the mobile software industry. By taking a process view on development of mobile systems we seek to explore the strengths and limitations of eXtreme Programming (XP) in the context of mobile software development. Following an experimental approach a mobile systems development project running for four months is conducted. Experiences from the project are used for analysis and discussion of the fit of XP in mobile systems development. First, requirements for mobile systems development projects are proposed. Second, these are analysed and compared to the prescribed principles suggested in XP. In general, we find XP well-suited for mobile systems development projects. However, based on our experiences and an analytical comparison we propose the following modifications to XP: Make an essential design to avoid the worst time waste during refactoring. For faster development, reuse code components whenever possible. Test regularly oil real devices, since the difference between emulators and real devices are significant. Take advantage of spikes. Do not use pair programming when spiking, and remember to write unit tests for production code that was initially created during spikes. Monitor the user during acceptance tests.