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In the present study, we hypothesised whetherin vitrodigestion of salmon oil would release different amounts of PUFA depending on the origin of the lipolytic enzymes used. For this purpose,in vitrodigestion of salmon oil (SO) was performed using human duodenal juice (HDJ) or a commercial enzyme preparation consisting of porcine pancreatin and bile (PB). The lipolytic effect was determined by measuring the release of fatty acids (FA) using solid-phase extraction and GC–flame ionisation detection, withdrawing samples every 20 min during digestion. The amount of FA released indicated that a plateau was reached after 80 min with approximately similar amounts of FA detected using both HDJ and PB (379 (sd18) and 352 (sd23) mg/g SO, respectively). However, the release of 18 : 2, EPA (20 : 5) and DHA (22 : 6) was significantly different duringin vitrodigestion. At 80 min, HDJ and PB released 43 and 33 % of 18 : 2, 14 and 9 % of EPA and 11 and 9 % of DHA, respectively. Both enzyme preparations released approximately the same amounts of the other FA analysed. The effect of the addition of bile salts (BS) was significantly different in the two enzyme systems, where porcine pancreatin highly responded to the increase in BS concentration, in contrast to HDJ.

In the small intestine the nature of the environment leads to a highly heterogeneous mucus layer primarily composed of the MUC2 mucin. We set out to investigate whether the soluble dietary fibre sodium alginate could alter the permeability of the mucus layer. The alginate was shown to freely diffuse into the mucus and to have minimal effect on the bulk rheology when added at concentrations below 0.1%. Despite this lack of interaction between the mucin and alginate, the addition of alginate had a marked effect on the diffusion of 500 nm probe particles, which decreased as a function of increasing alginate concentration. Finally, we passed a protein stabilised emulsion through a simulation of oral, gastric and small intestinal digestion. We subsequently showed that the addition of 0.1% alginate to porcine intestinal mucus decreased the diffusion of fluorescently labelled lipid present in the emulsion digesta. This reduction may be sufficient to reduce problems associated with high rates of lipid absorption such as hyperlipidaemia., Graphical abstract, Highlights • There are no specific interactions between alginate and intestinal mucus. • Mucus rheology was hardly altered by small additions of alginate. • Alginate freely diffused into mucus and reduced diffusion of 500 nm beads. • Intestinal mucus permeability was decreased by a factor of two.

The aim of the present work was to study the effect of a broccoli phytochemical extract (Br-ex) on the release of fatty acids (FA) from salmon muscle (SM) and salmon oil (SO) during in vitro digestion. The hypothesis of the study was that Br-ex contains polyphenols which might act as pancreatic lipase inhibitors. The effect on the release of specific FA, in particular the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), EPA (C20:5 n-3) and DHA (C22:6 n-3), was recorded, and the impact of the SM matrix was studied by comparing the release of FA from SM and SO. In vitro digestion was performed and lipolytic activity, measured as the release of fatty acids (FFA) by solid phase extraction and GC-FID, was recorded at 20, 40, 80 and 140 minutes in the intestinal phase. The results showed, unexpectedly, that Br-ex stimulated the release of FA during digestion of SO and SM, showing the highest increases in FFA, 67% and 64%, respectively, at 20 min. No difference in the release of FA from SO compared to SM was observed, suggesting that the SM matrix had minor influence on the lipolytic activity. The results also demonstrated that the increase in lipolytic activity caused by Br-ex was not affected by the SM matrix. However, addition of Br-ex resulted in a lower percentage of EPA and DHA in the FFA fraction, suggesting that the lipase sn-position preference was altered. Whether this affects the bioaccessibility of EPA and DHA needs further investigation.

We hypothesize that the rate of release of lipids from salmon muscle during in vitro digestion is altered by additional meal components. In vitro digestion of salmon was performed using a mixture of porcine gastrointestinal enzymes and bile salts. Broccoli and barley were also added to the digestion simulating a meal. The extent of lipolysis was determined by measuring the release of fatty acids (FAs) during sampling at the simulated gastric phase endpoint (60 minutes) and 20, 40, 60, 80, 110 and 140 minutes simulated small intestinal phase, using solid phase extraction and GC-FID. Adding barley resulted in a lower overall release of FA from salmon, whereas broccoli caused an initial delay followed by increased release from 80–140 min when lipid digestion of salmon alone plateaued. The impact of broccoli and barley on the release of peptides and digesta viscosity were also measured. The effect of different components in the meal shown by this in vitro study suggests that it would be possible to make dietary changes affecting the lipolysis, further triggering specific responses in the gastrointestinal tract. However, these observations need to be validated in vivo, and the mechanisms need to be further examined.