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In scientific publications, plagiarism is an ethical breach that can lead to article retractions and damage the reputations of scientists. In academia, when students begin their scientific careers and are learning the norms of scientific research, teaching the concepts of plagiarism is critical. However, a lack of clarity exists regarding the nuances of plagiarism and how universities should address instances of plagiarism committed by students. This study was conducted at the University of The Bahamas with students of scientific research methods classes to assess the effectiveness of plagiarism instruction on student attitudes. Over five semesters, a total of 110 students attended a lesson on plagiarism and completed at-home assignments to support the information learned in class. Students were provided questionnaires, which were administered before and after the plagiarism class, to assess their understanding, attitudes, and opinions regarding plagiarism at the University. Following the class, students indicated a greater understanding of plagiarism, more agreement with strict punishments for plagiarism, and less agreement on the acceptability of reusing past assignments. Students also reported a lack of clarity of the University policy on plagiarism. These results suggest that the university would benefit from providing additional learning opportunities pertaining to plagiarism, as well as a revision of the plagiarism policy, which could assist students as they embark on their scientific careers.

The Mesoamerican and Caribbean (MAC) region is characterized by tropical cyclones (TCs), strong El Niño-Southern Oscillation events, and climate variability that bring unique hazards to socio-ecological systems. Here we report the first characterization of the isotopic evolution of a TC (Hurricane Otto, 2016) in the MAC region. We use long-term daily rainfall isotopes from Costa Rica and event-based sampling of Hurricanes Irma and Maria (2017), to underpin the dynamical drivers of TC isotope ratios. During Hurricane Otto, rainfall exhibited a large isotopic range, comparable to the annual isotopic cycle. As Hurricane Otto organized into a Category 3, rapid isotopic depletion coupled with a decrease in d-excess indicates efficient isotopic fractionation within ~200 km SW of the warm core. Our results shed light on key processes governing rainfall isotope ratios in the MAC region during continental and maritime TC tracks, with applications to the interpretation of paleo-hydroclimate across the tropics., “Reconstruction of precipitation variability from oxygen isotopes in the Mesoamerican and Caribbean region is made difficult by the occurrence of tropical cyclones. Here, the isotopic evolution of a tropical cyclone is studied in detail which helps disentangle the key processes governing rainfall isotope variability in the region.”

Tropical regions cover approximately 36% of the Earth’s landmass. These regions are home to 40% of the world’s population, which is projected to increase to over 50% by 2030 under a remarkable climate variability scenario often exacerbated by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and other climate teleconnections. In the tropics,ecohydrological conditions are typically under the influence of complex land-oceanatmosphere interactions that produce a dynamic cycling of mass and energy reflected in a clear partition of water fluxes. Here, we present a review of 7 years of a concerted and continuous water stable isotope monitoring across Costa Rica, including key insights learned, main methodological advances and limitations (both in experimental designs and data analysis), potential data gaps, and future research opportunities with a humid tropical perspective. The uniqueness of the geographic location of Costa Rica within the mountainous Central America Isthmus, receiving moisture inputs from the Caribbean Sea (windward) and the Pacific Ocean (complex leeward topography), and experiencing strong ENSO events, poses a clear advantage for the use of isotopic variations to underpin key driver in ecohydrological responses. In a sequential approach, isotopic variations are analyzed from moisture transport, rainfall generation, and groundwater/surface connectivity to Bayesian and rainfall-runoff modeling. The overarching goal of this review is to provide a robust humid tropical example with a progressive escalation from common water isotope observations to more complex modeling outputs and applications to enhance water resource management in the tropics. Las regiones tropicales cubren aproximadamente el 36% de la masa terrestre de la Tierra. Estas regiones albergan al 40% de la población mundial, que se prevé que aumente a más del 50% para 2030 en un escenario de variabilidad climática notable, a menudo exacerbada por El Niño Oscilación del Sur (ENSO) y otras teleconexiones climáticas. En los trópicos, las condiciones ecohidrológicas están típicamente bajo la influencia de complejas interacciones tierra-océano-atmósfera que producen un ciclo dinámico de masa y energía reflejado en una clara partición de los flujos de agua. Aquí, presentamos una revisión de 7 años de un monitoreo de isótopos estables de agua concertado y continuo en todo Costa Rica, que incluye conocimientos clave aprendidos, principales avances metodológicos y limitaciones (tanto en diseños experimentales como en análisis de datos), posibles brechas de datos y oportunidades de investigación futuras. con una perspectiva tropical húmeda. La singularidad de la ubicación geográfica de Costa Rica dentro del Istmo montañoso de Centroamérica, que recibe aportes de humedad del Mar Caribe (barlovento) y del Océano Pacífico (topografía compleja a sotavento), y experimenta fuertes eventos ENOS, plantea una clara ventaja para el uso de variaciones isotópicas para sustentar el factor clave en las respuestas ecohidrológicas. En un enfoque secuencial, las variaciones isotópicas se analizan desde el transporte de humedad, la generación de lluvia y la conectividad de agua subterránea / superficie hasta modelos bayesianos y de lluvia-escorrentía. El objetivo general de esta revisión es proporcionar un sólido ejemplo tropical húmedo con una escalada progresiva de observaciones de isótopos de agua comunes a resultados y aplicaciones de modelos más complejos para mejorar la gestión de los recursos hídricos en los trópicos. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Escuela de Química

In the management of natural resources, scale mismatch occurs when resources are not managed at the spatial or temporal scale at which they are provisioned. Issues of scale mismatch abound in social–ecological systems and can hinder efforts to effectively manage resources, threaten the resilience of the larger ecosystem, and affect societal well-being and livelihoods. Here, we provide a brief overview of the scale mismatch literature and discuss potential opportunities to address scale mismatches in drinking water management. We present a case study of spring water management in rural communities in the Cartago province of Costa Rica, where community groups face issues of both spatial and temporal mismatch in providing drinking water to their users. Through this case study, we observed that issues of scale mismatch are often overlooked because of a lack of understanding of the scale at which resources are sustained. We argue that highlighting examples of scale mismatch will help others to identify and understand their own systems and be better prepared to reconfigure operations to govern and manage social–ecological systems. Given the dynamic, adaptive nature of social–ecological systems, scale dependencies can change in a system. Thus, we recommend periodic scale mismatch analysis in these systems.

Plastic substances, unlike organic materials, disintegrate over long periods of time. After degradation, larger plastic materials that are broken down into smaller pieces ranging in sizes of less than 5 mm are known as microplastics. To investigate microplastics on Bahamian beaches, this reconnaissance study was conducted on a total of three beaches in New Providence: Cabbage Beach, Goodman’s Bay, and Montague Beach. A total of 30 samples were collected, including 10 samples from each beach along the high tide line, and assessed for microplastics. The microplastics were then visualized using a dissecting microscope with a magnification of 25x or greater. In the 30 samples, an average of 13.5 microplastics were identified at Cabbage Beach; an average of 15.8 were identified at Goodman’s Bay, and an average of 16.3 were identified at Montague Beach. Fibres were the most prevalent type of microplastic observed, but film, pellets, and fragments were also identified. As the concern for the environments of Small Island Developing States grows tremendously, the need for research on the behavior and accumulation of microplastics is crucial.

Huit ans de travaux de recherche sur les services écosystémiques dans une grande ferme caféière du Costa Rica (observatoire collaboratif Coffee-Flux, en système agroforestier à base de caféiers sous de grands arbres d'Erythrina poeppigiana, surface projetée de couronne de l'ordre de 16 %) ont suggéré plusieurs applications pour les agriculteurs et les décideurs. Il est apparu que de nombreux services écosystémiques dépendaient des propriétés du sol (ici des Andisols), en particulier de l'érosion, de l'infiltration, de la capacité de stockage de l'eau et des éléments nutritifs. Nous confirmons qu'il est essentiel de lier les services hydrologiques et de conservation au type de sol en présence. Une densité adéquate d'arbres d'ombrage (plutôt faible ici) permet de réduire la sévérité des maladies foliaires avec, en perspective, une réduction de l'usage de pesticides-fongicides. Un simple inventaire de la surface basale au collet des caféiers permet d'estimer la biomasse souterraine et la moyenne d'âge d'une plantation de caféiers, ce qui permet d'évaluer sa valeur marchande ou de planifier son remplacement. Le protocole de calcul actuel pour la neutralité carbone des systèmes agroforestiers ne prend en compte que les arbres d'ombrage, pas la culture intercalaire. Dans la réalité, si on inclut les caféiers, on se rapproche très probablement de la neutralité. Des évaluations plus complètes, incluant les arbres, les caféiers, la litière, le sol et les racines dans le bilan en carbone du système agroforestier sont proposées. Les arbres d'ombrage offrent de nombreux servies écosystémiques s'ils sont gérés de manière adéquate dans le contexte local. Par rapport aux parcelles en plein soleil, nous montrons qu'ils réduisent l'érosion laminaire d'un facteur 2, augmentent la fixation de l'azote (N2) atmosphérique et le pourcentage d'azote recyclé dans le système, réduisant ainsi les besoins en engrais. Ils réduisent aussi la sévérité des maladies foliaires, augmentent la séquestration de carbone, améliorent le microclimat et atténuent substantiellement les effets des changements climatiques. Dans notre étude de cas, aucun effet négatif sur le rendement n'a été enregistré., Eight years of studying coffee ecophysiology and monitoring ecosystem services (ES) in a large coffee farm in Costa Rica revealed several practical recommendations for farmers and policy makers. The cropping system studied within our collaborative observatory (Coffee-Flux) corresponds to a coffee-based agroforestry system (AFS) under the shade of large trees of Erythrina poeppigiana (16 % of canopy cover). A lot of ES and disservices depend on local soil properties (here Andisols), especially erosion/infiltration, water/carbon and nutrient storage capacity. Therefore, for ES assessment, the type of soil is crucial. An adequate density of shade trees (rather low here) reduced the severity of leaf diseases with the prospect of reducing pesticide-fungicide use. A simple inventory of the basal area at collar of the coffee plants allowed estimating the belowground biomass and the average age of the plantation, to judge of its market value and to decide when to replace it. Coffee farms are probably much closer to C neutrality than predicted by the current C-Neutral protocol, which only considers shade trees. More comprehensive assessments, including trees, coffee, litter, soil, and roots in the C balance of the AFS are proposed. Shade trees offer many ES if they are adequately managed in the local context. As compared to full sun conditions, shade trees may (i) reduce laminar erosion by a factor of 2, (ii) increase N2 fixation and the % of N recycled into the system, thus reducing fertilizer requirements, (iii) reduce the severity of leaf diseases, (iv) increase C sequestration, (v) improve the microclimate, and (vi) substantially reduce the effects of climate change. In our case study, no negative effect on coffee yield was found.

Necrotizing enterocolitis is a life-threatening condition in preterm neonates that is associated with severe morbidity and mortality. Several studies have suggested that probiotics can potentially decrease the risk of developing necrotizing enterocolitis via several proposed mechanisms of action, including increasing diversity of the intestinal flora. However, due to a lack of standardized study designs, including variability in product selection, dose, time of initiation, and duration, as well as a concern for safety in this vulnerable population, the use of probiotics in this population remains controversial. Regulations for testing of products and well-validated dosing regimens are needed before considering routine use of probiotics in these high-risk patients.

2013-2017: International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, Project CRP 17947: Stable isotopes in precipitation and paleoclimatic archives in tropical areas to improve regional hydrological and climatic impact models Costa Rica is located on the Central American Isthmus, which receives moisture inputs directly from the Caribbean Sea and the Eastern Pacific Ocean. This location includes unique mountainous and lowland microclimates, but only limited knowledge exists about the impact of relief and regional atmospheric circulation patterns on precipitation origin, transport, and isotopic composition. Therefore, the main scope of this project is to identify the key drivers controlling stable isotope variations in daily-scale precipitation of Costa Rica. The monitoring sites comprise three strategic locations across Costa Rica: Heredia (Central Valley), Turrialba (Caribbean slope), and Caño Seco (South Pacific slope). Sporadic dry season rain is mostly related to isolated enriched events ranging from −5.8‰ to −0.9‰ δ18O. By mid-May, the Intertropical Convergence Zone reaches Costa Rica resulting in a notable depletion in isotope ratios (up to −18.5‰ δ18O). HYSPLIT air mass back trajectories indicate the strong influence on the origin and transport of precipitation of three main moisture transport mechanisms, the Caribbean Low Level Jet, the Colombian Low Level Jet, and localized convection events. Multiple linear regression models constructed based on Random Forests of surface meteorological information and atmospheric sounding profiles suggest that lifted condensation level and surface relative humidity are the main factors controlling isotopic variations. These findings diverge from the recognized ‘amount effect’ in monthly composite samples across the tropics. Understanding of stable isotope dynamics in tropical precipitation can be used to a) enhance groundwater modeling efforts in ungauged basins where scarcity of long-term monitoring data drastically limit current and future water resources management, b) improve the re-construction of paleoclimatic records in the Central American land bridge, c) calibrate and validate regional circulation models. Costa Rica está ubicada en el Istmo Centroamericano, que recibe aportes de humedad directamente del Mar Caribe y del Océano Pacífico Oriental. Esta ubicación incluye microclimas montañosos y de tierras bajas únicas, pero solo existe un conocimiento limitado sobre el impacto del relieve y los patrones de circulación atmosférica regional sobre el origen, el transporte y la composición isotópica de las precipitaciones. Por lo tanto, el alcance principal de este proyecto es identificar los impulsores clave que controlan las variaciones de isótopos estables en la precipitación a escala diaria de Costa Rica. Los sitios de monitoreo comprenden tres ubicaciones estratégicas en Costa Rica: Heredia (Valle Central), Turrialba (vertiente del Caribe) y Caño Seco (vertiente del Pacífico Sur). La lluvia esporádica de la estación seca se relaciona principalmente con eventos enriquecidos aislados que van desde −5,8 ‰ a −0,9 ‰ δ18O. A mediados de mayo, la Zona de Convergencia Intertropical llega a Costa Rica, lo que resulta en un notable agotamiento de las proporciones de isótopos (hasta −18,5 ‰ δ18O). Las trayectorias de retroceso de la masa de aire de HYSPLIT indican la fuerte influencia en el origen y transporte de la precipitación de tres mecanismos principales de transporte de humedad, el chorro de bajo nivel del Caribe, el chorro de bajo nivel de Colombia y los eventos de convección localizados. Múltiples modelos de regresión lineal construidos a partir de bosques aleatorios de información meteorológica de superficie y perfiles de sondeo atmosférico sugieren que el nivel de condensación elevado y la humedad relativa de la superficie son los principales factores que controlan las variaciones isotópicas. Estos hallazgos difieren del "efecto de cantidad" reconocido en muestras compuestas mensuales en los trópicos. La comprensión de la dinámica de isótopos estables en la precipitación tropical se puede utilizar para a) mejorar los esfuerzos de modelado de aguas subterráneas en cuencas no calibradas donde la escasez de datos de monitoreo a largo plazo limita drásticamente la gestión actual y futura de los recursos hídricos, Puente terrestre centroamericano, c) calibrar y validar modelos de circulación regional. Escuela de Química

Stable isotope variations are extremely useful for flow partitioning within the hydrologic cycle but remain poorly understood throughout the tropics, particularly in watersheds with rapidly infiltrating soils, such as Andisols in Central America. This study examines the fluctuations of stable isotope ratios (δ18O and δ2H) in the hydrologic components of a tropical coffee agroforestry watershed (~1 km2 ) with Andisol soils in Costa Rica. Samples were collected in precipitation, groundwater, springs, and stream water over two years. The Local Meteoric Water Line for the study site was δ 2H = 8.5  18O + 18.02 (r2 = 0.97, n=198). The isotope ratios in precipitation exhibited an enriched trend during the dry season and a notable depletion at the beginning of the wet season. The δ 18O compositions in groundwater (average = -6.4‰,  = 0.7) and stream water (average = -6.7‰,  = 0.6) were relatively stable over time, and both components exhibited more enriched values in 2013, which was the drier year. No strong correlation was observed between the isotope ratios and the precipitation amount at the event or daily time-step, but a correlation was observed on a monthly scale. Stream water and base flow hydrograph separations based on isotope end-member estimations showed that pre-event water originating from base flow was prevalent. However, isotope data indicate that event water originating from springs appears to have been the primary driver of initial rises in stream flow and peak flows. These results indicate that isotope sampling improves the understanding of water balance components, even in a tropical humid location, where significant variations in rainfall challenge current modeling efforts. Further research using fine-scale hydrometric and isotopic data would enhance understanding the processes driving spring flow generation in watersheds. Las variaciones de isótopos estables son extremadamente útiles para dividir el flujo dentro del ciclo hidrológico, pero siguen sin comprenderse bien en los trópicos, particularmente en cuencas hidrográficas con suelos que se infiltran rápidamente, como los andisoles en América Central. Este estudio examina las fluctuaciones de las proporciones de isótopos estables (δ18O y δ2H) en los componentes hidrológicos de una cuenca agroforestal de café tropical (~1 km2) con suelos Andisol en Costa Rica. Las muestras se recolectaron en precipitaciones, aguas subterráneas, manantiales y agua de arroyos durante dos años. La línea de agua meteorológica local para el sitio de estudio fue δ 2H = 8,5  18O + 18,02 (r2 = 0,97, n=198). Las proporciones de isótopos en la precipitación exhibieron una tendencia enriquecida durante la estación seca y un agotamiento notable al comienzo de la estación húmeda. Las composiciones de δ 18O en aguas subterráneas (promedio = -6.4‰,  = 0.7) y agua corriente (promedio = -6.7‰,  = 0.6) fueron relativamente estables en el tiempo, y ambos componentes exhibieron valores más enriquecidos en 2013, que fue el año año más seco. No se observó una fuerte correlación entre las proporciones de isótopos y la cantidad de precipitación en el evento o paso de tiempo diario, pero se observó una correlación en una escala mensual. Las separaciones hidrográficas de flujo base y agua corriente basadas en estimaciones de miembros terminales de isótopos mostraron que prevalecía el agua anterior al evento que se originaba en el flujo base. Sin embargo, los datos de isótopos indican que el agua de eventos que se origina en los manantiales parece haber sido el principal impulsor de los aumentos iniciales en el flujo de la corriente y los flujos máximos. Estos resultados indican que el muestreo de isótopos mejora la comprensión de los componentes del balance hídrico, incluso en una ubicación tropical húmeda, donde las variaciones significativas en las precipitaciones desafían los esfuerzos de modelado actuales. La investigación adicional que utilice datos hidrométricos e isotópicos a escala fina mejoraría la comprensión de los procesos que impulsan la generación de flujo de manantial en las cuencas hidrográficas. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica. Escuela de Química

Background Pediatric cardiothoracic (CT) surgery poses significant infectious risks, mitigated by antimicrobial prophylaxis and standardized infection control practices. Little is known about the most appropriate postoperative antimicrobial regimen and duration of therapy. In efforts to decrease exposure to broad-spectrum (BS) antimicrobial prophylaxis while preventing postoperative infection, we implemented a risk-stratified algorithm CT surgery prophylaxis algorithm (Figure 1) at our institution. Methods This quasi-experimental study included pediatric CT surgery patients at an urban academic medical center. Algorithm implementation in conjunction with daily prospective audit-with-feedback started simultaneously in September 2017, with retrospective review of pre- and postintervention groups. Data related to length of hospital admission, narrow and BS antimicrobial days and appropriateness, infectious complications, and drug toxicity were collected. The preliminary preintervention arm was compared with the postintervention arm using descriptive statistics via SPSS. Results Preliminary data suggest a trend toward decreased BS antimicrobial use in the postintervention group by 27%, with a significant decrease in the rate of inappropriate use during the postintervention period. There were no episodes of drug-related nephrotoxicity. Conclusion Continued review is ongoing; however, risk-based limited-spectrum antimicrobial therapy for pediatric CT surgery patients appears efficacious and safe while limiting antimicrobial exposure. Figure 1: Process map for pediatric cardiothoracic surgery algorithm Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Ecosystem-service production is strongly influenced by the landscape configuration of natural and human systems. Ecosystem services are not only produced and consumed locally but can be transferred within and among ecosystems. The time and distance between the producer and the consumer of ecosystem services can be considered lags in ecosystem-service provisioning. Incorporation of heterogeneity and lag effects into conservation incentives helps identify appropriate governance systems and incentive mechanisms for effective ecosystem-service management. These spatiotemporal dimensions are particularly apparent in river—riparian systems, which provide a suite of important ecosystem services and promote biodiversity conservation at multiple scales, including habitat protection and functional connectivity. Management of ecosystem services with spatiotemporal lags requires an interdisciplinary consideration of both the biophysical landscape features that produce services and the human actors that control and be...

The location of Costa Rica on the Central American Isthmus creates unique microclimate systems that receive moisture inputs directly from the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. In Costa Rica, stable isotope monitoring was conducted by the International Atomic Energy Agency and the World Meteorological Association as part of the worldwide effort entitled Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation. Sampling campaigns were mainly comprised of monthly-integrated samples during intermittent years from 1990 to 2005. The main goal of this study was to determine spatial and temporal isotopic variations of meteoric waters in Costa Rica using historic records. Samples were grouped in four main regions: Nicoya Peninsula (2H = 6.6518O − 0.13; r2 = 0.86); Pacific Coast (2H = 7.6018O + 7.95; r2 = 0.99); Caribbean Slope (2H = 6.9718O + 4.97; r2 = 0.97); and Central Valley (2H = 7.9418O + 10.38; r2 = 0.98). The water meteoric line for Costa Rica can be defined as 2H = 7.6118O + 7.40 (r2 = 0.98). The regression of precipitation amount and annual arithmetic means yields a slope of −1.6‰ 18O per 100 mm of rain (r2 = 0.57) which corresponds with a temperature effect of −0.37‰ 18O/ ̊C. A strong correlation (r2 = 0.77) of −2.0‰ 18O per km of elevation was found. Samples within the Nicoya Peninsula and Caribbean lowlands appear to be dominated by evaporation enrichment as shown in d-excess interpolation, especially during the dry months, likely resulting from small precipitation amounts. In the inter-mountainous region of the Central Valley and Pacific slope, complex moisture recycling processes may dominate isotopic variations. Generally, isotopic values tend to be more depleted as the rainy season progresses over the year. Air parcel back trajectories indicate that enriched isotopic compositions both in Turrialba and Monteverde are related to central Caribbean parental moisture and low rainfall intensities. Depleted events appear to be related to high rainfall amounts despite the parental origin of the moisture. La ubicación de Costa Rica en el Istmo Centroamericano crea sistemas de microclima únicos que reciben entradas de humedad directamente del Mar Caribe y el Océano Pacífico. En Costa Rica, el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica y la Asociación Meteorológica Mundial realizaron el monitoreo de isótopos estables como parte del esfuerzo mundial titulado Red mundial de isótopos en las precipitaciones. Las campañas de muestreo se componían principalmente de muestras integradas mensualmente durante años intermitentes de 1990 a 2005. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue determinar las variaciones isotópicas espaciales y temporales de las aguas meteóricas en Costa Rica utilizando registros históricos. Las muestras se agruparon en cuatro regiones principales: Península de Nicoya (2H = 6.6518O - 0.13; r2 = 0.86); Costa del Pacífico (2H = 7,6018O + 7,95; r2 = 0,99); Pendiente del Caribe (2H = 6,9718O + 4,97; r2 = 0,97); y Valle Central (2H = 7,9418O + 10,38; r2 = 0,98). La línea meteórica del agua para Costa Rica se puede definir como 2H = 7.6118O + 7.40 (r2 = 0.98). La regresión de la cantidad de precipitación y las medias aritméticas anuales arroja una pendiente de −1,6 ‰ 18O por 100 mm de lluvia (r2 = 0,57) que corresponde a un efecto de temperatura de −0,37 ‰ 18O / ̊C. Se encontró una fuerte correlación (r2 = 0,77) de −2,0 ‰ 18O por km de elevación. Las muestras dentro de la Península de Nicoya y las tierras bajas del Caribe parecen estar dominadas por el enriquecimiento por evaporación como se muestra en la interpolación de exceso d, especialmente durante los meses secos, probablemente como resultado de pequeñas cantidades de precipitación. En la región intermontañosa del Valle Central y la vertiente del Pacífico, los complejos procesos de reciclaje de la humedad pueden dominar las variaciones isotópicas. Generalmente, los valores isotópicos tienden a agotarse a medida que avanza la temporada de lluvias a lo largo del año. Las trayectorias inversas de las parcelas de aire indican que las composiciones isotópicas enriquecidas tanto en Turrialba como en Monteverde están relacionadas con la humedad parental del Caribe central y las bajas intensidades de lluvia. Los eventos agotados parecen estar relacionados con altas cantidades de lluvia a pesar del origen paterno de la humedad.