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Black students attending historically White institutions of higher education experience racism, racial microaggressions, racial stress, and consequent racial battle fatigue (RBF; Franklin et al., 2014). We examined Black counseling and clinical graduate students’ (BGS) experiences of psychological, physiological, and behavioral RBF across their roles as students in class, advisees, and supervisees and differences in RBF experiences by gender and race. Participants were 57 counseling and clinical graduate students who identified as Monoracial, Biracial, or Multiracial Black. One-way, repeated measures analysis of variance results showed that BGS experienced the highest levels of RBF in their student-in-class role, and those experiences differed for women and men. Results suggest that the RBF framework has utility for measuring and further understanding how BGS’ student role and learning contexts influence their postsecondary experiences and how institutions can develop better supports for this student population.

Sharp increases in substance use and other risk behaviors during adolescence and young adulthood threaten the quality of the parent-child relationship, a critical context for positive adjustment and well-being. There is a dearth of research, however, on the influence of adolescent and young adult substance use on the parent-young adult relationship. Study aims were to examine longitudinally the associations between classes of adolescent and young adult alcohol and marijuana use, and the impact of alcohol and marijuana use on parent-young adult relationship dynamics and quality. We analyzed longitudinal data collected with a socioeconomically and racially diverse urban community sample of 593 parents and their children over 6 years to identify latent classes of growth in adolescent alcohol and marijuana use, and test for differences in young adult alcohol and marijuana use and parent-young adult relationship quality by latent classes. Structural equation modeling results showed that (a) alcohol and marijuana use during the middle school years predicted adult alcohol and marijuana use during young adulthood; (b) high-risk alcohol and marijuana use, specifically, was associated with poorer parent-young adult relationship quality; (c) initiation of marijuana use during young adulthood was also associated with poorer parent-young adult relationship quality; and (d) for minority youth in all alcohol risk classes, parent-young adult relationship quality was lower. Results show that growth in alcohol and marijuana use during adolescence, and initiation of marijuana use later in young adulthood, exert unique, detrimental effects on parent-young adult relationship quality. Implications for future research and prevention and intervention development for young adults are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Family-centered prevention is effective at reducing risk behavior throughout the life span and promoting healthy development. Despite research that suggests parents continue to play a significant role in the lives of their children during emerging adulthood, very few studies have examined effective family-centered strategies for preventing risk behavior in young adults. Typical prevention efforts for this age group have focused on college students and substance use prevention, with no integration of families or systems of support that may sustain the effects of the intervention. In this study, we evaluated a version of the Family Check-Up (FCU) that was adapted for young adults and their families, the Young Adult Family Check-Up (YA-FCU). Families were randomly assigned to receive the FCU or school as usual during the middle school years. Ten years later, they were offered the YA-FCU, which was adapted for families of emerging adult children. Intent-to-treat and complier average causal effect analyses were used to examine change in young adult risk behavior approximately 1 year after receiving the YA-FCU. Analyses indicated that random assignment alone or simple engagement was not associated with reductions in young adult risk behavior. However, dose-response analyses indicated that the more hours that youth and families were engaged in the YA-FCU, the greater the reductions in young adult risk behavior relative to those who did not engage or engaged very little in the intervention, resulting in a medium effect size of the YA-FCU on risk behavior.

Emerging adulthood is characterized by not only opportunity and transition but also a substantial increase in risk behaviors (Fosco et al. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(4), 565-575, 2012; Johnston et al. 2016). Building on prior research, we tested a mediational model hypothesizing that Family Check-Up (FCU) intervention effects on young adult risk would be mediated by increases in self-regulation, and that these changes would continue to affect risk behavior as high school youths transitioned to young adulthood. We also predicted that the intent-to-treat intervention would be associated with lower levels of risk in young adulthood and that this effect would be accounted for by intervention-induced improvements in self-regulation during early adolescence, which in turn would prevent young adult risk. Participants were 593 adolescents and their families recruited from three public middle schools and randomized either to the FCU or to a control group. Item response theory was applied to construct a measure of high-risk behavior at this age, including risk behaviors such as substance abuse, high-risk sexual behavior, and vocational risk. Results suggested that changes in children's self-regulation that occurred early during the middle school years, and that were associated with the FCU, led to reductions in risk behaviors during young adulthood. This study builds on our prior research that has suggested that effects of the FCU during middle school lead to changes in a range of risk behaviors during the transition to high school (Fosco et al. Journal of School Psychology, 51(4), 455-468, 2013; Stormshak et al. School Mental Health, 2(2), 82-9, 2010).

During the past few decades, scholars have focused their attention on investigating the impact of partner violence on women’s work activities, financial well-being, and employment stability. Significantly less is known about the impact of partner violence on women’s career development over time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of partner violence on multiple facets of women’s career development at different stages of violence survival. Case study methods were used to examine career trajectories during and after long term abusive relationships for four professional women ages 45 to 55. Findings revealed that during abusive relationships, components of career development and career planning, daily work activities, career advancement, career identity, professional reputation, and opportunities for career advancement were disrupted and affected by partner’s abuse. In addition, abuse continued to affect women’s physical and mental health, financial stability, and support network, affecting their career trajectory over time.

Accurate identification of partner abuse (PA) victims and perpetrators is essential to secondary prevention of such violence. Important progress has been made regarding identification of female victims of PA but significantly less scholarly attention has been given to screening instruments that capture men’s PA experiences. The purpose of this article is to briefly review the history of PA screening methods/instruments used and to provide an organized critique of screening tools used with men today. A gender-inclusive approach was used to critique 8 PA screening tools along the following themes: theoretical/paradigmatic approach, language, abuse type, severity and frequency, format, and psychometric data. Strengths of the instruments included (a) use of gender-neutral language in item wording, (b) screening for multiple forms of PA, (c) assessment of frequency of violent acts, and (d) collection of psychometric data with men. Recommendations for future practice include a list of questions for clinicians to use when selecting a screening tool. These questions will assist clinicians and scholars to consider the strengths and limitations of each tool and make more informed choices about the instruments they are using to screen men. Future research recommendations included (a) a call to the field to use a gender-inclusive framework in developing PA screening tools, (b) for developers to clearly label and outline theories or paradigms used to develop instruments, and (c) to obtain psychometric data for diverse groups of men, across various settings (e.g., community mental health agencies, private practice, college campuses).

In this rejoinder, the authors respond to the three reactions by Brown, Lent, and Knoll; McWhirter; and Morgan. We begin by discussing illegal work and desistance and how vocational psychology may inform these areas. We then acknowledge the challenges in working with criminal justice populations and describe how counseling psychologists may overcome these challenges. We conclude by encouraging counseling psychologists to persist through challenges and pursue excellence in applying vocational theories and best practices to promote the positive career development of offenders.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of dating violence on adolescent girls’ educational experiences and relationships with peers, family members, and school personnel. We used a constructivist–interpretivist research paradigm and conducted semistructured interviews with 19 adolescent female participants who experienced abuse from a dating partner during the past year. Using grounded theory analytical methods, findings included identification of specific types of abuse girls experienced in different contexts, what strategies girls used to cope with the abuse, how girls made meaning of their abuse experiences, and the subsequent consequences of the abuse on girls’ health, relationships, self-concepts, and school experiences. Implications for school- and family-based interventions and dating violence research are provided.

The purpose of this study was to adapt and experimentally test the effectiveness of a research-based, employment-focused group counseling intervention (OPTIONS). OPTIONS was designed to increase male inmates’ exploration and identification of employment interests and options, identification and development of employment-search skills, and knowledge of vocational options, goal planning, and identification and use of contextual supports. A randomized block design and measurements at pretest, posttest, and 1-month follow-up were used to examine the effects of OPTIONS. Participants included 77 ( n = 38 treatment, n = 39 control) adult male inmates. Results indicated that OPTIONS participants had higher career search self-efficacy, problem solving, and hopefulness scores at posttest and follow-up than did treatment-as-usual control group participants.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) costs women nearly 8 million days of paid work annually. Greater attention to violence survivors' employment and career development can facilitate women escaping abusive relationships and promotes their overall rehabilitation and healing. A first step to increasing attention to survivors' career development includes collaborating with social service agencies in an effort to translate career intervention research findings into community-based practice. The purpose of this article is to provide a description of an individual career counseling model that the authors use to serve women IPV survivors. The authors review the structure of the service model, the theoretical and research foundations, and describe two case examples to highlight career counseling interventions relevant for women survivors.

Advancing Career Counseling and Employment Support for Survivors (ACCESS; Chronister, 2006) is a group intervention designed to foster the career development of women who have experienced intimate partner violence. The ACCESS curriculum is based on theory and research from multiple disciplines including intimate partner violence, counseling, and vocational psychology. The purpose of ACCESS is to contribute to distributive justice for survivors by restoring vocational and economic opportunities that have been diminished by abusive partners and oppressive social structures. This article focuses on group processes used to facilitate ACCESS activities and promote justice by fostering survivors' mental health and vocational development.

This longitudinal study examined the relationship between couple relationship satisfaction, parenting practices, parent depression, and child problem behaviors. The study participants (n = 148) were part of a larger experimental study that examined the effectiveness of a brief family-centered intervention, the Family Check-Up model. Regression analysis results indicated that our proposed model accounted for 38% of the variance in child problem behavior at Time 2, with child problem behavior and couple relationship satisfaction at child age 2 years each accounting for a significant portion of the variance in child problem behavior at age 3. Couple relationship satisfaction directly predicted child behavior problems over time. Clinical and research implications are discussed.

Domestic violence survivors encounter numerous barriers and few supports in pursuit of their vocational goals. There is a dearth of research, however, on the vocational supports and barriers salient for survivors. This study aims (a) to assess the psychometric properties of vocational supports and barriers measures with a racially and geographically diverse sample of survivors, (b) to investigate survivors' abuse experiences and perceived supports and barriers, and (c) to examine the relationships among survivors' abuse experiences and supports and barriers. This study was conducted with 227 women survivors residing in five U.S. geographic regions. Results showed strong construct validity for the supports and barriers measures; participants' abuse experiences were associated with current perceptions of vocational barriers but not anticipation of future barriers; racial differences were found among survivors' perceptions of support and the relationship between perceived support, perceived barriers, and abuse experiences. Research and practice implications are provided.

The present study was a qualitative investigation of the impact of domestic violence on women's career development and the contextual barriers and supports that affect women's ability to access career counseling services. Our sample included 11 women who completed various stages of a community-based career counseling intervention program. The primary aim of this sampling strategy was to provide career development scholars and counselors with information about the contextual barriers and supports that influence women's decisions to access and complete career counseling services. Data indicated that emotional consequences of abuse, fear of new situations, others' judgments, and practical constraints served as barriers to accessing and completing the career program. Elements of the career group context and the career program structure served as supports to accessing career services. Recommendations for research and practice are provided.

This story describes a community intervention study conducted with women domestic violence survivors and a research dilemma related to the complex interrelationships between women's social class, race and ethnicity, and career development needs and experiences. The author presents diversity and research dilemmas related to facilitating women's critical consciousness of power dynamics at work in their lives. The influence of community context, career intervention curricula, and research team members' values on research decisions are described. This story highlights the importance of researchers examining their values and how those values impact the communities that they serve.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of values acculturation and the influence of media on Asian American college women's overall body image. A sample of 59 Asian American women from two large universities completed self-report surveys, which included questions regarding values acculturation, media internalization, and overall body satisfaction. Results showed that Asian American women who identified more strongly with traditional Asian values reported higher levels of body image dissatisfaction. Further, Asian American women who reported higher internalization of media portrayals of beauty ideals reported higher body image dissatisfaction. Research and clinical recommendations are made to enhance psychologists' understanding of Asian American women's body image and acculturation.

The authors tested the effectiveness of 2 group career interventions for 73 battered women who were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment conditions or a wait-list control group. Both interventions included the 5 most effective career intervention components identified by S. D. Brown and N. E. Krane (2000), and 1 of the interventions also was designed to enhance critical consciousness (i.e., empowerment for

The U.S. Census Bureau reports that 10.4% of the U.S. population, or approximately 28 million individuals, are immigrants (Schmidley, 2001). Immigration is undoubtedly the strongest force that has shaped U.S. history, and current global changes account for unprecedented movements of individuals across the world in search of better life opportunities and conditions (Marsella & Ring, 2003). The amount of information on recent immigrants in psychological literature is sparse (Hovey, 2000; Pernice, 1994; Yoshihama & Horrucks, 2002), however, and there is even less information about the impact of immigration on women and their counseling needs and experiences (Hondagneu-Sotelo, 1999). A few researchers have examined immigrant women's psychological distress (Rodriguez & DeWolfe, 1990), post-traumatic stress symptoms and victimization (Yoshihama & Horrucks, 2002), adaptation strategies (McIntyre & Augusto, 1999), and identity changes (Weeks, 2000). Cole, Espin, and Rothblum (1992) devoted a text to the mental health issues of refugee women. Books that address issues specific to Latina and Asian American women highlight difficulties faced by racial and ethnic minority immigrant women (Falicov, 1998; Uba, 1994). This research shows that immigrant women's migration and acculturation experiences may threaten their physical, emotional, and mental health. As a result, counselors in the United States are challenged to learn about the mental health needs of immigrant women to support their successful transition in the U.S. Building on the existent literature, we first provide an overview of issues immigrant women face upon relocation to the U.S. Second, we use Bronfenbrenner's (1979) ecological model to outline mental health concerns and experiences of oppression for immigrant women and to identify counseling strategies for working with this population. Throughout the article, we focus on the experiences of Mexican immigrant women because Mexicans constitute the largest group of new U.S. immigrants and make up 64% of the total U.S. Latino population (Guarnaccia, 1997; Montgomery, 1994). The Legal Aspects of Immigration Immigration constitutes a wide array of relocation circumstances, which have a strong bearing on women's experiences in their host environments. The three broad categories of relocation that are officially recognized in the U.S. are (a) legal immigration, (b) refugee relocation, and (c) undocumented or "illegal" immigration. Legal immigration refers to relocation of noncitizens who are granted legal permanent residence by the U.S. federal government. Legal permanent residence provides the fight to remain in the country indefinitely, to be gainfully employed, and to seek benefits of U.S. citizenship through naturalization (Mulder et al., 2001). This status does not give the fight to vote or receive benefits, such as many federal subsidies reserved for U.S. citizens. A different type of immigration status is granted to individuals who are considered refugees. Refugees are defined by the 1967 United Nations Protocol on Refugees as those people outside their country of nationality who are unable or unwilling to return to that country because of persecution or well-founded fear of persecution (Mulder et al., 2001). The third category of U.S. immigrants represents individuals who seek to relocate to the U.S. in search of employment and better living conditions. Often referred to as the "illegal" or "undocumented" population, the unauthorized migrant population consists primarily of two groups: (a) those who enter the U.S. without inspection and (b) those who enter the U.S. with legal temporary visas but stay beyond the time allotment of their visas (Mulder et al., 2001). The U.S. Census Bureau (Mulder et al., 2001) estimates that approximately 5 to 8 million individuals remain in the U.S. without legal documents, with Mexicans constituting 95% of undocumented immigrants who are detained in the U. …

The purpose of this article is to outline the benefits of an ecological model framework for conducting cross-cultural psychological research with immigrant populations. There are four ways we hope to add to the existing literature. First, we propose an ecological framework to assess the developmental processes and mental health outcomes for immigrants over time. Second, we present interdisciplinary and international research on immigrants' experiences to further efforts to share knowledge and enhance understanding of the impact of globalization on immigrants' experiences. Third, we describe factors leading to immigrants' positive and negative mental health outcomes. Fourth, we discuss the processes of acculturation and adaptation using an ecological framework.We conclude with recommendations for how scholars may use the ecological model to enhance research on immigrants' acculturation experiences.

Relationships between contextual support, perceived educational barriers, and vocational/educational self-efficacy and outcome expectations were examined for a group of 114 ninth graders from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Results of this exploratory pilot study indicated that sibling and peer support accounted for a significant amount of variance in vocational/educational self-efficacy beliefs. Vocational/educational self-efficacy beliefs also significantly predicted vocational outcome expectations, and contextual supports and barriers did not account for any unique variance associated with vocational outcome expectations. Results are discussed in relation to social cognitive career theory. Implications for counseling and future research are presented.

Domestic violence interferes with women’s exploration of career interests, pursuit of career goals, and attainment of economic independence. Vocational research may contribute significantly to preventive-intervention efforts against domestic violence and to the liberation of battered women by increasing their economic stability and strengthening their support network. In this article, the authors’ aim is to inspire vocational research with battered women. We use Prilleltensky’s emancipatory communitarian approach to outline a vocational research agenda with battered women and to describe research practices that facilitate collaboration among researchers and community stake-holders and that increase battered women’s self-determination and contribution to their communities. We discuss general research and specific vocational research practices to assist researchers with building research partnerships, recruiting and retaining participants, and disseminating vocational research results to effect social change.

Despite increasing attention to the problem of domestic violence and its multifaceted consequences, the career development needs of battered women have only sporadically been addressed in the vocational psychology literature. In this article, the scope and consequences of domestic violence are reviewed, highlighting effects on women's career and educational well-being. Social cognitive career theory (SCCT; R. W. Lent, S. D. Brown, & G. Hackett, 1994) is described and applied to the experiences of women living in domestic violence situations. A framework for empowering battered women and using SCCT to promote their career development and attainment is provided, along with recommendations for future research.

Researchers have postulated associations between childhood trauma and delinquency, but few have examined the direction of these relationships prospectively and, specifically, with samples of delinquent girls. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between traumatic events and delinquency for girls in the juvenile justice system using a cross-lagged model. Developmental differences in associations as a function of high school entry status were also examined. The sample included 166 girls in the juvenile justice system who were mandated to community-based out-of-home care due to chronic delinquency. Overall, study results provide evidence that trauma and delinquency risk pathways vary according to high school entry status. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.