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Paparan sinar UV dari matahari yang berlebih menyebabkan dampak negatif bagi kulit. Kulit buah nanas madu (Anana comosus L. Merr) diketahui mengandung senyawa flavonoid dan tanin yang dapat menangkap sinar UV. Penelitian ini melaporkan aktivitas tabir surya (SPF) krim dari ekstrak etanol 96% kulit buah nanas madu beserta karakteristik fisik dan hasil pengujian stabilitasnya. Kulit buah nanas madu disoxhletasi dengan etanol 96%, kemudian ekstrak diformulasikan menjadi krim menggunakan variasi konsentrasi basis krim: asam stearat (8-12%) dan trietanolamin (2-4%) untuk menghasilkan tiga formula. Selanjutnya, krim diuji karakteristik fisik, stabilitas fisik dan aktivitas tabir suryanya. Diperoleh nilai SPF ekstrak etanol 96% kulit buah nanas madu pada konsentrasi 10%, 20%, dan 30% berturut-turut sebesar 28,38; 31,05; dan 35,12. Karakteristik fisik krim yang dihasilkan berwarna coklat, berbentuk semisolid, berbau khas, homogen, memiliki nilai pH, daya lekat dan daya sebar yang memenuhi syarat krim. Dari ketiga formula, formula I memiliki stabilitas pH, daya lekat dan daya sebar yang paling baik. Hasil nilai SPF krim tiap formula: F1 (34,54); F2 (34,35) dan F3 (34,27). Penelitian ini mendemonstrasikan bahwa ekstrak etanol 96% kulit buah nanas madu dapat diformulasi dalam bentuk krim serta memiliki aktivitas tabir surya yang baik.

The roselle flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), is known as a potential functional food source because of its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Apart from that, it is also used as a natural dye because of its red color. Antioxidant compounds in roselle flowers include neo-chlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, routine, and isoquercitrin. The high content of these antioxidant compounds often causes color instability. For this reason, this research will analyze the effect of temperature and long storage on color changes and the antioxidant activity of a red roselle flower infusion. Storage conditions are carried out with three temperature variations, namely cold temperature (2-8℃), cool temperature (8-15 ℃), and room temperature (15-30℃), with a long storage of 8 days. The stability parameters used are color changes and activity as an antioxidant. Color changes were measured using a chromameter, while the antioxidant activity was measured by the IC50 value using the DPPH method. The principle of this method is that a purple color change reaction based, which fades, and then the inhibitory intensity against DPPH is measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. It was found that the color values have significant differences visible from the first day storage at the room temperature (30℃), cool temperature (11℃), and cold temperature (6 ℃). So, there was an influence of temperature and long storage on the color change of boiled red roselle flower calyx. A significant decrease in activity was seen on the first day storage at room temperature (30 ℃) and third day storage at cool temperature (11 ℃). Meanwhile, at cold temperatures (6 ℃), there was no significant effect on the reduction in activity from boiling red roselle flower calyx for up to 8 days of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Face cream is a treatment cream used to treat facial skin. One of the natural plant ingredients that can be used as an active substance in cream preparations is soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) which have antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to formulate cream preparations from soursop leaf ethanol extract as well as the antioxidant activity of face cream preparations. Soursop leaves were extracted by maceration using a 96% ethanol solvent. Cream preparations in physical quality evaluation include organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, viscosity, spread power, sticking power, centrifugation, determination of emulsion type, and antioxidant activity test with DPPH method at λ 511,5 nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results that organoleptic cream preparations had color differences. The pH of FI, FII, and FIII creams had an average yield of 6,0-6,6 and were homogeneous. All creams had a viscosity value of 49950 cPs and scatter power at 5,2-5,7 cm. FI, FII, and FIII creams fixed power test with an average value of 26,5-46,5 and physically stable at centrifugation tests with cream emulsion type of O/W. Based on the antioxidant activity, the facial creams of ethanol extract from soursop leaves of FI (3%), FII (5%), and FIII (7%) had IC50 values of 80,64, 46,06, and 10,91 ppm respectively. So this study concluded that the facial cream of ethanol extract from soursop leaves at FI, FII, and FIII meet the physical stability requirements based on organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, viscosity, scatter power, clinging power, centrifugation, and emulsion type tests. FI cream had strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value of 80,64 ppm), then FII and FIII had very strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value of 46,06 and 10,91 ppm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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U ožujku 2014., nakon svrgavanja proruske vlade Viktora Janukoviča i uspostavljanja nove, prozapadne vlade u Ukrajini, Rusija je anektirala poluotok Krim koji je do tada bio u sastavu Ukrajine. Sam čin aneksije prikazivan je različito u europskim državama, a ovaj rad istražuje medijski prikaz u Hrvatskoj, Mađarskoj i Srbiji. Kao istraživačka metoda korištena je analiza sadržaja članaka i medijskih objava s relevantnih internetskih portala u istraživanim državama. Prema rezultatima analize sadržaja uočeno je kako se aneksija Krima u Hrvatskoj prikazuje sukladno prozapadnim politikama, u Mađarskoj se ističu određene domaće objektivnosti, dok je najviše proruskih stavova u izvješćivanju zamijećeno u Srbiji.

Pendahuluan: Kulit buah naga merah (Hylocereus lemairei) memiliki potensi sebagai bahan baku kosmetika, karena memiliki kandungan antioksidan yang cukup tinggi yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pelembab kulit dan mencegah kulit kering. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui stabilitas fisik ekstrak kulit buah naga merah (Hylocereus lemairei) yang diformulasikan menjadi sediaan krim yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pelembab pada tangan maupun seluruh badan. Metode: Krim dibuat dalam 3 seri konsentrasi yaitu 4%, 6% dan 8% serta basis krim sebagai kontrol negatif. Pengujian stabilitas krim meliputi, organoleptis, homogenitas, tipe krim, uji pH, daya sebar, viskositas, uji iritasi kulit, uji kesukaan serta uji stabilitas sediaan meliputi uji cycling test, uji mekanik, dan uji stabilitas selama penyimpanan pada suhu rendah (4 ± 2°C) dan suhu kamar (30°C). Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kulit buah naga merah (Hylocereus lemairei) dapat diformulasikan dalam bentuk krim serta memiliki kestabilan yang cukup baik selama proses penyimpanan. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak kulit buah naga merah (Hylocereus lemairei) memiliki kestabilan yang baik sebagai sediaan krim yang dapat digunakan sebagai pelembab kulit tangan dan seluruh tubuh.

Intensitas sinar ultraviolet yang tinggi dan terpaparnya matahari terlalu sering dapat menimbulkan efek negatif dan berbahaya bagi kulit sehingga untuk mencegah gangguan sinar UV dapat digunakan tabir surya. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui aktivitas tabir surya dan menentukan nilai SPF pada ekstrak dan sediaan krim biji buah kupa (Syzygium polycephalum). Pada penelitian ini, biji buah kupa diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi bertingkat menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%, etil asetat, dan n-heksana. Ekstrak etil asetat diformulasikan dalam bentuk sediaan krim dengan konsentrasi ekstrak biji buah kupa yang ditambahkan yaitu 0,1% (F1), 0,2% (F2), dan 0,5% (F3). Selanjutnya dilakukan penentuan nilai tabir surya pada ekstrak dan sediaan krim menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis dan dilakukan evaluasi sifat fisik sediaan krim meliputi uji organoleptik, homogenitas, uji pH, daya sebar, daya lekat, dan viskositas. Hasil menunjukkan nilai SPF dari ekstrak etanol, etil asetat dan n-heksana pada konsentrasi 200 ppm masing-masing 14,29; 19,32 dan 14,02. Sedangkan nilai SPF sediaan krim ekstrak etil asetat biji buah kupa F1, F2, dan F3 berturut-turut 1,97; 2,96 dan 4,96. Ekstrak biji kupa memiliki aktivitas sebagai tabir surya dengan tingkat proteksi maksimal dan ultra. Sedangkan sediaan krim ekstrak etil asetat biji kupa 0,5% memiliki aktivitas tabir surya dengan proteksi sedang. Sifat fisik sediaan krim memberikan hasil yang baik selama dilakukan pengujian.

Face cream is a treatment cream used to treat facial skin, One of the natural plant ingredients that can be used as an active substance in cream preparations is soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) which has antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to formulate cream preparations from soursop leaf ethanol extract as well as test the antioxidant activity on face cream preparations. Soursop leaves are extracted by maceration using a 96% ethanol solvent. Cream preparations in physical quality evaluation include organoleptic test, pH test, homogeneity test, viscosity test, spread power test, sticking power test, centrifugation test and determination of emulsion type and antioxidant activity test with DPPH method and measured at wavelength 511.5 nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results of this study resulted in a face cream preparation of soursop leaf ethanol extract organoleptic cream preparations have differences in color. PH tests of FI, FII and FIII creams have an average yield of 6.0-6.6. The homogeneity tests of FI, FII and FIII have homogeneous results. The Viscosity test has a value of 49950 cPs. The FI, FII and FIII scatter power tests had good results of an average of 5.2-5.7 cm. FI, FII and FIII fixed power test with an average value of 26.5-46.5. Fi, FII and FIII centrifugation tests are physically stable and determination of the type of cream emulsion is type M/A. Test the antioxidant activity of facial cream extract ethanol soursop leaves in FI with a concentration of 3% IC50 value of 80.64 ppm, FII with a concentration of 5% IC50 value of 46.06 ppm and FIII with a concentration of 7% IC50value of 10.91 ppm. Based on the results of the study can be concluded the preparation of facial cream extract ethanol soursop leaves on FI, FII and FIII meet the physical stability requirements based on organoleptic test parameters, pH test, homogeneity test, viscosity test, scatter power test, clinging power test, centrifugation test and determination of emulsion type. FI cream preparations have an IC50 value of 80.64 ppm which is stated strong antioxidant activity, in FII has an IC50 value of 46.06 ppm declared very strong antioxidant activity and FIII has an IC50 value of 10.91 declared very strong antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Face cream is a treatment cream used to treat facial skin, One of the natural plant ingredients that can be used as an active substance in cream preparations is soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) which has antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to formulate cream preparations from soursop leaf ethanol extract as well as test the antioxidant activity on face cream preparations. Soursop leaves are extracted by maceration using a 96% ethanol solvent. Cream preparations in physical quality evaluation include organoleptic test, pH test, homogeneity test, viscosity test, spread power test, sticking power test, centrifugation test and determination of emulsion type and antioxidant activity test with DPPH method and measured at wavelength 511.5 nm using UVVis spectrophotometry. The results of this study resulted in a face cream preparation of soursop leaf ethanol extract organoleptic cream preparations have differences in color. PH tests of FI, FII and FIII creams have an average yield of 6.0-6.6. The homogeneity tests of FI, FII and FIII have homogeneous results. The Viscosity test has a value of 49950 cPs. The FI, FII and FIII scatter power tests had good results of an average of 5.2-5.7 cm. FI, FII and FIII fixed power test with an average value of 26.5-46.5. Fi, FII and FIII centrifugation tests are physically stable and determination of the type of cream emulsion is type M/A. Test the antioxidant activity of facial cream extract ethanol soursop leaves in FI with a concentration of 3% IC50 value of 80.64 ppm, FII with a concentration of 5% IC50 value of 46.06 ppm and FIII with a concentration of 7% IC50value of 10.91 ppm. Based on the results of the study can be concluded the preparation of facial cream extract ethanol soursop leaves on FI, FII and FIII meet the physical stability requirements based on organoleptic test parameters, pH test, homogeneity test, viscosity test, scatter power test, clinging power test, centrifugation test and determination of emulsion type. FI cream preparations have an IC50 value of 80.64 ppm which is stated strong antioxidant activity, in FII has an IC50 value of 46.06 ppm declared very strong antioxidant activity and FIII has an IC50 value of 10.91 declared very strong antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polemos is the property of Croatian Sociological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Susu mengandung komponen nutrisi yang lengkap seperti lemak, protein, kalsium, vitamin dan mineral lain. Untuk menghasilkan susu skim dan krim diperlukan teknologi sentrifugasi. Sentrifugasi adalah metode yang menggunakan prinsip sedimentasi, di mana percepatan centripetal digunakan untuk memisahkan substansi dengan kepadatan lebih besar dan lebih kecil. Dengan sentrifugasi dimungkinkan untuk memecah emulsi dan memisahkan dispersi tetesan cairan halus, meskipun dalam hal ini fase tersuspensi adalah dalam bentuk tetesan cair yang akan menyatu setelah pemisahan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaruh dari perlakuan suhu dan kecepatan putaran sentrifugasi terhadap sifat fisik dan kandungan gizi pada krim susu. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua parameter yaitu kecepatan sentrifugasi dan suhu. Variasi suhu yang digunakan sebesar 30, 40 dan 50°C dan kecepatan sentrifugasi sebesar 6000.G, 7000.G dan 8000.G. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sentrifugasi menggunakan Conical Disc Centrifuge mampu memisahkan lemak dari susu segar. Kandungan lemak tertinggi 20,42% dan protein tertinggi sebesar 1.577% pada kecepatan sentrifugasi 6000.G . Peningkatan suhu dan kecepatan putaran akan meningkatkan rendemen, densitas, kadar air dan konduktivitas krim susu. Di sisi lain mampu mempersingkat waktu proses, menurunkan viskositas dan titik didih krim susu.

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang formulasi dan uji aktivitas krim pengkelat merkuri berbahan dasar ekstrak etanol alga coklat (Sargassum sp.) telah dilakukan. Krim diformulasikan dengan beberapa bahan seperti vaselin, gliserol, asam askorbat, karbomer, setil alkohol, dan NaOH. Parameter yang dievaluasi diantaranya organoleptik krim, homogenitas, pH, daya sebar, tipe krim, iritasi kulit, dan daya tercuci krim. Aktivitas pengkelatan diamati dengan menganalisis kandungan merkuri pada kulit tikus yang sebelumnya diberikan krim bermerkuri dibandingkan dengan kulit tikus yang telah dioleskan krim pengkelat merkuri berbahan dasar ekstrak etanol alga coklat. Spektrum Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol alga coklat diindikasikan mengandung glutation. Berdasarkan parameter evaluasi krim, formulasi terbaik adalah krim dengan komposisi ekstrak alga coklat sebanyak 0,035% w/v terhadap volume krim, yang ditandai dengan krim yang berbentuk gel kental dan tidak berbau serta memiliki tekstur seperti krim wajah pada umumnya, yaitu lembut dan sedikit berminyak. Krim bersifat homogen dan stabil hingga hari ke 21 percobaan dengan pH=5. Krim juga tidak menimbulkan iritasi dan dapat tercuci habis tanpa bekas. Hasil analisis AAS membuktikan bahwa penggunaan krim pengkelat merkuri berbahan dasar esktrak etanol alga coklat selama kurang dari 2 minggu dengan dosis pemberian 1 kali sehari mampu menyerap merkuri pada tikus dengan aktivitas penyerapan sebesar 50%. Formulation and Activity Test of Mercury Chelator Cream of Ethanol Extract of Brown Algae (Sargassum Sp.). Research on the study of formulation an activity test of mercury chelator cream from ethanol extract has successfully done. The cream was formulated with ingredients such as vaseline, glycerol, ascorbic acid, carbomer, cetyl alcohol, and sodium hydroxide. Parameters were evaluated against organoleptic, homogenity, pH, dispersion type of cream, skin irritation test and washing test. The mercury chelating activity was observed by analyzing mercury concentration in mercury induced mouse skin. The FTIR spectrum shows that ethanol extract of brown algae was dominated by glutathione functional group. The best cream formulation was composed by 0,035% (w/v) brown algae, formed as a creamy gel that was thick and odorless and had a texture like soft facial cream in general with slightly oily.The cream was homogeneous and stable until the 21st day of the experiment with pH = 5. The cream produced no skin irritation and could be washed out without a trace. The results of AAS analysis proved that the use of brown algae ethanol extract-based mercury chelating cream for less than 2 weeks with a dose of 1 time a day could absorb mercury in mouse skin with absorption activity of 50%.

Copyright of Security: Theory & Practice / Bezpieczeństwo.Teoria i Praktyka is the property of Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, AFM Publishing Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Yearbook of the Faculty of Political Sciences / Godisnjak Fakultet Politickih Nauka Beograd is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Political Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Konsep koloid bersifat abstrak dengan contoh konkrit, sehingga diperlukan suatu lembar kerja praktik aplikatif yang sesuai dengan konsep tersebut. Pemanfaatan lengkuas dalam bentuk krim antijamur dengan pengaplikasian pembelajaran proyek, dapat mewujudkan pembelajaran yang bersifat bermakna dan dekat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menyusun LK berbasis proyek, mengetahui uji kelayakan LK berbasis proyek, dan penentuan karakteristik terbaik krim antijamur dari berbagai variasi komposisi fasa terdispersi, pendispersi dan keberadaan zat tambahan. Lembar kerja dibuat menggunakan metode research and development. Prosedur dalam lembar kerja ditentukan melalui pembuatan dan analisis karakteristik krim antijamur dari fraksi nonpolar ekstrak aseton lengkuas. Hasil uji validasi terhadap format LK dinyatakan valid, dengan nilai rata-rata rhitung yang diperoleh sebesar 0,84, persentase keterbacaan LK adalah 97%, sedangkan karakteristik LK yang dihasilkan membuat siswa dapat menentukan konsep dan prosedur pembuatan sistem koloid emulsi, faktor yang mempengaruhi karakteristik emulsi dan penerapan koloid.

Green tea extract cream contains epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) as the active ingredient for anti-inflammatory. Epigallocatechin gallate is easyly oxidized and able to reduce its effectivity as an anti-inflammatory. Therefore, an addition of antioxidants in order to increase its stability is required. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding the antioxidant Vitamin C on the effectivity of green tea extract as an anti-inflammatory. This study uses 6 groups of male mice strain BALB/C which were given treatment as follows: normal control, negative control, base cream, green tea extract (0.2%), Vitamin C cream (1%) and green tea extract cream with addition of Vitamin C. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated based on the expression of COX-2, inflammatory cells and the thickness of the epidermis in the skin tissue of mice after given crotton oil (0.1%) on the back for the induction of inflammation. After treatment cream for 3 days, mice were sacrificed for histopathological tissue preparations made with hematoxylin eosin staining and immunohistochemistry COX-2. Data were analyzed statistically with one way Anova followed by t-test to determine differences between groups at a significance level of 0.05. The test results indicate that cream of green tea extract is higher in decreasing inflammatory parameters in comparison with cream of Vitamin C, except in the thickness of epidermal parameter. Green tea extract cream with the addition of Vitamin C is higher in reducing inflammatory parameters than cream of green tea extract or cream of Vitamin C. The decline percentage of cells that express COX-2, inflammatory cells and the thickness of the epidermis in the each of groups were cream of green tea extract:57.95%;53.75%;34.83%, cream of Vitamin C:48.76%;34.96%;34.27%, cream of green tea extract and Vitamin C:61,89%;65,54%;46.30%, respectively. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that anti-inflammatory activity of green tea extract cream increased due to the addition of 1% vitamin C as an antioxidant.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan formulasi terbaik dari krim ekstrak etanol umbi betatas ungu (Ipomoea batatas L.). Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan pendekatan eksperimen laboratorium. Sampel umbi betatas ungu (Ipomoea batatas L.) yang digunakan berasal dari Arso 3 Kabupaten Keerom. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan yaitu metode maserasi dengan menggunakan pelarut etanol 70%. Pada penelitian ini ekstrak etanol umbi betatas ungu dibuat krim dengan tiga formula menggunakan variasi konsentrasi asam stearat yaitu: F1-6%, F2-12%, dan F3-18%.Evaluasi sifat fisik dan kestabilan krim meliputi uji organoleptis, uji pH, uji homogenitas, uji iritasi, uji kestabilan dipercepat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formulasi krim terbaik dari ekstrak etanol umbi betatas ungu yaitu F3 dengan variasi konsentrasi asam stearate (18%). Krim F3 mempunyai warna merah keunguan, berbau khas, konsistensi kental, homogen, pH 7, tidak mengalami perubahan setelah penyimpanan selama ± 3 minggu.

Bawang dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr) merupakan tanaman khas Kalimantan. Secara farmakologi bagian umbinya terbukti memiliki efek terapi. Bawang dayak tumbuh di daerah tropis, salah satunya didaerah Petuk Katimpun Palangkaraya Kalimantan Tengah yang terdapat lahan pertanian bawang dayak. Pasca panen umbi bawang dayak akan menghasilkan limbah pertanian berupa daun yang tidak dimanfaatkan dan dibiarkan membusuk. Ekstrak limbah daun bawang dayak mengandung senyawa flavonoid dan memiliki potensi antioksidan. Antioksidan dayak dapat digunakan untuk merintangi penuaan (aging) kulit dan sebagai alternatif pengganti antioksidan sintetis yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Hingga saat ini belum terdapat penelitian yang memanfaatkan limbah daun bawang dayak menjadi zat aktif dalam krim antiaging. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk memperoleh sediaan krim antiaging dengan bahan aktif limbah. Ekstrak limbah memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat kuat dengan nilai IC50 45,33 ppm. Atas dasar ini dibuatlah empat formula krim dengan basis yang berbeda-beda. Hasil analisis One way ANOVA menunjukkan seluruh krim memiliki peredaman antioksidan yang berbeda signifikan (p < 0,05). Menurut analisis Post Hoc Formula III merupakan formula dengan peredaman antioksidan yang paling besar yaitu 63,84% ± 0,0891. Dari hasil penelitian maka krim anti aging alami dapat dibuat dari limbah daun bawang dayak yang merupakan salah satu upaya dalam peningkatan produktivitas limbah pertanian.

Lanjut usia (Lansia) adalah kelompok khusus yang memiliki banyak masalah kesehatan salah satunya adalah nyeri. Jahe merah (Zingiber officinale Linn. var. rubrum) berguna sebagai obat modern maupun tradisional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas krim Z. officinale Linn. var. rubrum terhadap intensitas nyeri sendi pada lansia. Penelitian ini adalah eksperimental dengan pre-test post-test control group design. Subjek penelitian adalah 36 lansia yang menderita nyeri sendi dan tidak sedang mengkonsumsi atau menggunakan obat analgetik atau OAINS. Subjek dibagi dalam 3 kelompok. Kelompok krim ekstrak Z. officinale 10%, 20%, dan 0%. Penurunan intensitas nyeri sendi diukur dengan metode Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) selama 30 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penurunan nilai VAS pada ketiga kelompok. Pada kelompok ekstrak krim Z. officinale 10% rata-rata terjadi penurunan sebesar 4.75, kelompok ekstrak krim Z. officinale 20% sebesar 3.08 dan 1 pada kelompok basis krim. Hasil perbandingan analisis data pada kelompok Z. officinale 10% dan 20% menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna (p 0.05) dengan Paired T test dan Z.officinale 10% lebih efektif daripada Z. officinale 20% dengan Kruskal-Wallis test yang masing-masing kelompok berbeda bermakna (p 0.05) pada Mann-Whitney test. Disimpulkan bahwa krim ekstrak jahe merah (Z. officinale. Linn. var. rubrum) dengan konsentrasi 10% dan 20% terbukti bermakna dapat menurunkan intensitas nyeri sendi pada lansia. Konsentrasi krim ekstrak Z. officinale. Linn. var. rubrum 10% pada penelitian ini lebih efektif dari pada konsentrasi 20%. Elderly is a group with many health problems and one of those is pain. Ginger used as modern or traditional medicine. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of Z. officinale Linn. var. rubrum cream on the intensity of joint pain in the elderly. This research is experimental with pre-test and post-test control group design. Subject is 36 elderly people with joint pain and does not having any analgetic agents or NSAID. Subject divided into 3 group. Group of ginger extract cream 10%, 20% and 0%. Decreasing intensity of pain measured by Visual Analgue Scale method during 30 minutes. The study result shows decreasing of VAS score in all groups. There are 4.75; 1,308 score value in group 1, 2, 3 respectively. The results of comparative analysis of the data in study of group 1 and 2 showed significant differences (p 0.05) with Kruskal-Wallis test which each group is significantly different with MannWhitney test (p 0.05). The conclusion is the Z. officinale. Linn. var. rubrum extract cream with concentration of 10% and 20% has been proven meaningful to reduce the joint paint intensity on elderly. The 10% concentration of Z. officinale. Linn. var. rubrum extract cream is more effective than the 20%

Buah senggani berwarna ungu ketika matang, mengindikasikan tingginya kandungan antioksidannya. Antioksidan digunakan untuk melindungi kulit dari oksidasi sehingga dapat mencegah penuaan dini. Pada sediaan krim, bagian yang berperan dalam menentukan sifat fisik dan stabilitas adalah emulgator. Tween 80 dan span 80 merupakan emulgator yang sering digunakan bersamaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak buah senggani dengan melihat nilai IC50 dengan metode reaksi DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl) serta memformulasikannya menjadi sediaan krim dengan perbandingan konsentrasi tween 80 dan span 80, kemudian dievaluasi sifat fisik krim. Ekstrak diformulasi dalam sediaan krim kemudian dievaluasi sifat fisik meliputi, uji organoleptis, homogenitas, daya sebar, tipe krim, pH, dan viskositas. Nilai IC50 yang didapat yaitu 52,032 ppm. Hasil evaluasi sifat fisik krim yang menghasilkan sediaan yang baik adalah formula 3 dengan konsentrasi 8% tween 80 dan 4% span 80.

Soybean extract has been known for its antiaging potential. It was predicted that the addition of soybean extract to a cream could influence the physical stability of the cream. Therefore, this research was aimed to test the physical stability of cream containing soybean extract in different concentration (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%). The physical stability test included the storage for eight weeks at room temperature, high temperature (40°±2°C), and low temperature (4°±2°C). The stability parameters were the organoleptic observation, pH, globul size, viscosity, and cycling test. Those four cream formulas showed good stability in organoleptic, pH, globul size, viscosity, and cycling test.

Results of the survey carried out in the territories of Tawny Owl Strix aluco in Ljubljana urban forests (Tivoli, Rožnik and Šišenski hrib Nature Park and Golovec Hill) were compared with the species territory density in non-urban forest of Mt. Krim. Surveys were performed with the point count method using playback in the springs of 2002 and 2016. The density established at Golovec Hill was 9.3 territories / 10 km2, while in Tivoli, Rožnik and Šišenski hrib Nature Park it reached 10.4 territories / 10 km2, which was higher than at Mt. Krim (4.1-5.8 territories / 10 km2), although densities between sites were not statistically different. Based on our surveys, the estimated population size of the urban Tawny Owl in Ljubljana would consist of 57 to 65 pairs. Our results suggest that the Tawny Owl can adapt well to the living conditions in the city urban forests and indicate the importance of the forest patches in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minyak sereh dan fraksinya merupakan minyak atsiri yang mempunyai banyak kegunaan, diantaranya sebagai repellent atau pengusir nyamuk yang merupakan vektor berbagai penyakit seperti demam berdarah dengue (DBD). Saat ini formula pengusir nyamuk menggunakan bahan kimia DEET (n,n-diethyl-m-toluamide) yang mempunyai efek samping terhadap kulit manusia, karena itu minyak sereh ini merupakan alternatif bahan aktif pengusir nyamuk yang perlu dikembangkan. Telah dilakukan penelitian pembuatan formulasi krim anti nyamuk dengan menggunakan fraksi minyak sereh dalam bentuk sediaan krim. Formulasi krim dibuat dengan variabel konsentrasi bahan aktif fraksi sereh dari 0,1%; 0,2%; 0,3%; 0,4%; 0,6% dan penambahan bahan pewangi serta penambahan NaOH dan KOH. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis sifat fisiko kimia meliputi pH, kestabilan dan homogenitas krim serta pengujian efektifitas dari formulasi krim terhadap gigitan nyamuk dan uji iritasi terhadap kulit. Formula yang dihasilkan berwarna putih, mempunyai bau/wangi segar yang khas, rasa hangat pada kulit, pH normal sekitar 7, kestabilan baik dan homogen. Uji efektivitas terhadap populasi nyamuk Aedes aegypti di laboratorium menunjukkan bahwa Formulasi VI dengan konsentrasi bahan aktif 0,6% memberikan hasil yang terbaik dalam perlindungan terhadap gigitan nyamuk sampai lebih 6 jam, diikuti dengan Formulasi III (0,2% bahan aktif) dengan perlindungan sampai 5 jam, Formulasi IV (0,3% bahan aktif) dan formulasi V (0,4% bahan aktif) dengan perlindungan sampai 4 jam, dan Formulasi I (0,1% bahan aktif) yang memberikan perlindungan hanya sampai 3 jam. Akan tetapi secara ekonomi Formula III merupakan yang terbaik yaitu dengan konsentrasi bahan aktif 0,2 %berat atau 0,09% citronellal juga sudah dapat memberikan perlindungan terhadap gigitan nyamuk sampai 5 jam hingga 6 jam. Sedangkan Formulasi VII dengan penambahan bahan pelembab/pewangi jojoba dan Formulasi II dengan penambahan NaOH dan KOH untuk memperbaiki penampilan sediaan krim tidak memberikan hasil yang baik dalam perlindungan terhadap gigitan nyamuk.

The article deals with the possibility of groundwater capture by means of a groundwater drainage tunnel in the area of Krim mountain range for a supplementary water supply of the city of Ljubljana. Within the scope of the investigation, a detailed geological mapping of the area was carried out, and hydrogeological, geophysical andengineering-geological research was performed. A water balance of the recharge area was calculated, indicating considerable quantities of groundwater which could be captured with an underground drainage tunnel. A course of the tunnel was suggested, with its entrance part located on the southern fringes of Ljubljansko barje south ofthe village Strahomer. The tunnel would run in the south-west direction in the Upper Triassic dolomite. Because of low environmental burden in the recharge area of the tunnel and due to good cleaning properties of dolomite it is expected that drinking water of very good quality could be captured by means of the drainage tunnel.

Minyak biji delima memiliki aktivitas antioksidan kuat, sehingga berpotensi untuk diformulasi menjadi sediaan antioksidan topikal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi formula sediaan krim minyak biji delima dan menguji aktivitas antioksidan dari sediaan tersebut. Krim a/m diformulasi menggunakan emulgator Tween 80- Span 80. Evaluasi sediaan meliputi pemeriksaan pH dan viskositas sediaan yang disimpan selama 4 minggu pada suhu kamar, stabilitas fisik dengan metode Freeze Thaw sebanyak 4 siklus dimana 1 siklus terdiri dari 48 jam pada suhu 4°C dan 48 jam pada suhu 40°C. Potensi antioksidan diuji dengan metode β-Carotene Bleaching. Formula krim yang mengandung minyak biji delima 1% stabil secara fisik. Hasil uji efek antioksidan menunjukkan persen penghambatan minyak biji delima murni dan minyak biji delima dalam bentuk krim terhadap penurunan warna β-Carotene berturut-turut adalah 73,41% dan 52,80%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa aktivitas antioksidan minyak biji delima dalam bentuk krim mengalami penurunan 0,3 kali. Kata kunci: krim, minyak biji delima, antioksidan, β-Carotene Bleaching ABSTRACT Pomegranate seed oil has a potent antioxidant activity that is potential to be formulate into topical antioxidant dosage form. The purpose of this study is to formulate cream of pomegranate seed oil that physically stable, however have antioxidant activity. Cream w/o was formulated using Tween 80 - Span 80 as emulsifier. Evaluation of cream products includes determining pH and viscosity of the preparations stored for 4 weeks at room temperature, physical stability test by Freeze Thaw method which was carried out for 4 cycles in where 1 cycle consists of 48 hours at 4°C and 48 hours at 40°C. Antioxidant activity was tested by β-carotene bleaching method. The results of the research showed that all cream formulas containing pomegranate seed oil 1% were physically stable and can increase the comfortness in use on the skin. The antioxidant test results showed antioxidant activity of pure pomegranate seed oil and pomegranate seed oil as formulated in creams have antioxidant capacity with inhibition percentage of 73.41% and 52.80%, respectively. Based on these results it can be concluded that the antioxidant activity of pomegranate seed oil in cream decreased 0,3 times. Keywords: cream, pomegranate seed oil, antioxidant, β-Carotene Bleaching

Rusija je počevši od 18. stoljeća nekoliko puta pokušavala da okupira drevnu tursku zemlju Krim, smještenu na sjevernoj obali Crnog mora. Mirovnim sporazumom u Kučuk Kajnardži, potpisanim nakon rusko-osmanskog rata (1768 – 1774.) Krim je stekao status nezavisnog hanata od Istanbula. Time je Rusija bila u mogućnosti da ga okupira. Šahin Giraj, ruski pristalica odgajan na ruskom dvoru koji je uz podršku Rusa postavljen za hana nezavisnog Krimskog hanata, imao je značajan utjecaj na formiranje potrebnih uvjeta za okupaciju. Nakon okupacije Krima, Šahinu Giraju je prekinuto plaćanje od strane Rusa i protjeran je iz Rusije. Utočiste je potražio u Osmanskoj Državi, gdje na ostrvu Rodos na koji je bio prognan po naredbi rodoskog kadije Sumbulzade Vehbija, poznatog pjesnika tog vremena, osuđen na smrtnu kaznu. Kasida "Tajjare", koju je kasnije napisao Sumbulzade Vehbi je poučna životna priča o Šahinu Giraju pretočena u poeziju. U našem radu ćemo analizirati jedan književni stil i estetsko shvatanje historijskih događaja za vrijeme Šahina Giraja, a u kontekstu osmansko – rusko –krimskih odnosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review of fauna of the brachycerides of the European part of Russia, Caucasus and contiguous of the countries is resulted. 4 new spicies from Western Ciscaucasicus, Transcaucasia, Turkey and Turkmenistan are described: Brachycerus mlokosevitschi sp. n., Brachycerus kubanicus sp. n., Brachycerus armeniacus sp. n., Brachycerus turkmenicus sp. n. The status 2 subspecies: Brachycerus sinuatus quadrisulcatus Fischer von Waldheim, 1830 and Brachycerus sinuatus lutulentus Gyllenhal, 1833 is increased. Is given key to the 8 species of the European part of Russia, Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Crimea