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Introduction: Much of the current literature on treatment patterns and disability progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) does not distinguish between the relapsing-remitting and progressive subtypes (including primary [PPMS] and secondary progressive MS [SPMS]), or between active/nonactive disease. Current treatment options for progressive MS are limited, with only one approved product for PPMS and none specifically for nonactive SPMS. Here we report treatment patterns, disability progression, and unmet needs among patients with active and nonactive PPMS and SPMS., Methods: The annual, cross-sectional survey from the Adelphi Disease Specific Program was used to collect physician-reported data on US adult patients with PPMS and SPMS, including active and nonactive disease. Treatment patterns (including the proportion of patients who were untreated with a disease-modifying therapy [DMT]), disability progression, and unmet need are described from 2016 to 2021., Results: Data were collected for 2067 patients with progressive MS (PPMS, 1583; SPMS, 484). A substantial proportion of patients were untreated across all groups, and this was highest for nonactive PPMS (~ 43%). The proportion of untreated patients generally declined over time but remained high in 2018-2021 (~ 10-38%). Among treated patients, the proportion receiving infusions increased over time to ~ 34-46%, largely driven by ocrelizumab use after approval. Disability progression was reported for most patients (> 50%), including many who were receiving a DMT. Across all disease subtypes, when physicians were asked about the greatest unmet need with current DMTs, they most frequently cited effectiveness (~ 63-87%), and specifically slowing disease progression (~ 32-59%)., Conclusions: This analysis of physician-reported data reveals that patients with progressive MS, particularly those with nonactive disease, frequently remain untreated or continue to decline despite treatment with available DMTs. Thus there is an enduring need for safe and effective treatments for this underserved population., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Fatigue is one of the most common and debilitating symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) but is challenging to assess and has not been comprehensively characterized in patients with progressive MS. This study aimed to (1) obtain qualitative evidence from patients with progressive MS to characterize MS-related fatigue concepts and their impacts on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and (2) evaluate the conceptual frameworks of existing MS-specific fatigue patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments using study data to determine the most suitable PRO instrument in this population., Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 30 US participants with confirmed progressive MS and fatigue in the last 6 months to assess their MS-related fatigue. Data were compared with concepts in existing PRO instruments to evaluate their relevance in progressive MS., Results: Physical and mental concepts of fatigue were identified and characterized distinctly from patients with progressive MS. Most patients characterized fatigue as occurring daily and lasting several hours, with negative impacts on HRQoL. Concept mapping to existing MS-specific fatigue PRO instruments supported the Fatigue Severity Impact Questionnaire-Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (FSIQ-RMS) as the most suitable existing option for assessing fatigue in patients with progressive MS, as it separates physical and mental aspects of fatigue and includes every highly endorsed concept reported by the interviewed patients., Conclusions: This qualitative study identified meaningful physical and mental fatigue concepts in patients with progressive MS and preliminarily supports the use of the FSIQ-RMS for this population. More research is needed to fully validate this instrument for progressive MS., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Introduction: This post hoc subset analysis of RESPOND evaluated the effectiveness of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) 240 mg twice daily in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) after suboptimal response to glatiramer acetate (GA; "first switch" patients), including patients with early MS ("early MS switch" patients)., Methods: Patients had discontinued GA due to suboptimal response and initiated DMF treatment within 60 days after enrollment. Relapse data were collected from medical records. First switch patients had had one prior approved MS therapy (GA) before initiating DMF treatment. Early MS switch patients were first switch patients with baseline Patient-Reported Expanded Disability Status Scale (PR-EDSS) score ≤ 3.5, ≤ 1 relapses in the past 1 year, or both., Results: Among first switch patients (n = 231), the annualized relapse rate (ARR) was 0.48 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.40-0.58) for 12 months before DMF initiation and 0.11 (95% CI 0.06-0.18) for 12 months after DMF initiation, a 78% decrease in ARR. Among early MS switch patients with baseline PR-EDSS score ≤ 3.5 (n = 120), ≤ 1 relapses in the prior year (n = 219), or both (n = 114), the ARRs (95% CIs) for 12 months before DMF initiation were 0.47 (0.37-0.59), 0.37 (0.32-0.44), and 0.39 (0.31-0.49), respectively; values for 12 months after DMF initiation were 0.06 (0.02-0.19), 0.09 (0.05-0.17), and 0.06 (0.02-0.20), respectively, an 87, 75, and 83% decrease in ARR. The proportion of patients relapse-free 12 months after DMF initiation versus 12 months before were 94 versus 59% in first switch patients, and 97 versus 58%, 94 versus 63%, and 97 versus 61% in early MS switch patients in the PR-EDSS score ≤ 3.5, ≤ 1 relapses in the prior year, or PR-EDSS score ≤ 3.5 and ≤ 1 relapses subgroups, respectively. After 12 months of DMF treatment, most patient-reported outcomes scores showed significant improvement., Conclusions: DMF may be an effective treatment option in first switch and early MS switch patients with RMS who experience a suboptimal response to GA., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01903291.

Aim: Head-to-head clinical trials of teriflunomide (TFM) versus dimethyl fumarate (DMF) have not been conducted., Objectives: To compare the real-world effectiveness of TFM versus DMF., Methods: Anonymized data were collected from patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) initiating treatment with teriflunomide (N = 50) or DMF (N = 50)., Results: On follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared with baseline, with TFM versus DMF treatment, the proportion of patients with new/enlarging T2 or gadolinium-enhancing lesions was 30.0 versus 40.0% (p = 0.2752). However, median annualized percent whole brain volume change was -0.1 versus -0.5 (p = 0.0212). There were no significant treatment differences on additional MRI and clinical end points and no unexpected safety signals., Conclusion: The effectiveness of teriflunomide was superior to DMF on whole brain atrophy and similar to DMF on other MRI/clinical end points.

Background: Natalizumab is an effective treatment for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Return of disease activity upon natalizumab discontinuance creates the need for follow-up therapeutic strategies., Objective: To assess the efficacy of teriflunomide following natalizumab discontinuance in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients., Methods: Clinically stable relapsing multiple sclerosis patients completing 12 or more consecutive months of natalizumab, testing positive for anti-John Cunningham virus antibody, started teriflunomide 14 mg/day, 28 ± 7 days after their final natalizumab infusion. Physical examination, Expanded Disability Status Scale, laboratory assessments, and brain magnetic resonance imaging were performed at screening and multiple follow-up visits., Results: Fifty-five patients were enrolled in the study. The proportion of patients relapse-free was 0.94, restricted mean time to first gadolinium-enhancing lesion was 10.9 months and time to 3-month sustained disability worsening was 11.8 months. The mean number of new or enlarging T2 lesions per patient at 12 months was 0.42. Exploratory analyses revealed an annualized relapse rate of 0.08, and a proportion of patients with no evidence of disease activity of 0.68. Forty-seven patients (85.5%) reported adverse events, 95% of which were mild to moderate., Conclusions: Teriflunomide therapy initiated without natalizumab washout resulted in a low rate of return of disease activity. Clinicians may consider this a worthwhile strategy when transitioning clinically stable patients off natalizumab to another therapy.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01970410.

Purpose: The goal of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) over 12 months in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) who switched from glatiramer acetate (GA) to delayed-release dimethyl fumarate (DMF) 240 mg BID after suboptimal response to GA in real-world clinical practice., Methods: The RESPOND (Effectiveness of DMF and Its Impact on PROs in Suboptimal GA Responders With RMS) study was a Phase IV, prospective, multicenter, open-label, single-arm, 12-month observational trial. The study was conducted in the United States at 63 sites between August 2013 and February 2016. Patients diagnosed with RMS who experienced a suboptimal response to GA (defined as perceived suboptimal efficacy, intolerance, or poor adherence to GA) were eligible for enrollment. DMF treatment was initiated within 60 days of enrollment. The primary objective was to estimate the annualized relapse rate (ARR) at 12 months based on data collected from medical records and compare it with the 12 months before DMF initiation. Secondary objectives of the study included assessing the change in PRO scores from baseline to 12 months; PROs were recorded before and at 6 and 12 months after DMF initiation., Findings: Of the 318 patients included in the analysis population, 247 (78%) completed treatment. Mean (SD) time on GA treatment before switching to DMF was 51.3 months (49.1 months). The ARR (95% CI) reported for the 12 months before DMF initiation was 0.49 (0.42-0.57) compared with 0.11 (0.07-0.17) at 12 months after DMF initiation, representing a 78% reduction in ARR (P < 0.0001). Statistically significant improvements from baseline were observed for multiple PROs, including the 36-item Short Form Health Survey physical and mental component summaries (P = 0.0201 and P = 0.0014, respectively), the 5-item Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (P = 0.0002), the 14-item Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (P < 0.0001), and the 7-item Beck Depression Inventory (P = 0.0117)., Implications: DMF may be an effective treatment option in patients with RMS who experience a suboptimal response to GA. The results should be interpreted with caution due to the observational nature of the study and the lack of a control group. Other limitations of the study include a potential bias due to regression to the mean and lack of randomization. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01903291., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Introduction: This study was designed to assess real-world outcomes of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who were stable on interferon (IFN) beta therapy in the year prior to switching to another IFN beta therapy versus those who continued on the initial treatment., Methods: This study used administrative claims from MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database, from January 1, 2010, to March 31, 2015, to identify MS patients aged 18-64 years who remained relapse free for at least 1 year while continuously treated with an IFN beta therapy. Stable patients remaining on their initial IFN beta therapy (no-switch patients) were matched with stable patients who switched IFN beta therapy (switch patients) using propensity score matching (first claim = index date). Outcome measures included annualized relapse rate (ARR), the percentage of patients who relapsed, medication possession ratio, and the proportion of days covered and were measured during the year following the index date., Results: This study identified 531 patients in the no-switch group and 177 patients in the switch group, with subsets of 270 patients in the no-switch group and 90 patients in the switch group stable on intramuscular (IM) IFN beta-1a therapy. All outcomes during the follow-up year were significantly better in the no-switch group than in the switch group. For all patients, ARR in the switch group was more than twice that in the no-switch group (P = 0.002). For patients stable on IM IFN beta-1a at baseline, ARR was twice as high in the switch group as in the no-switch group (P = 0.012)., Conclusion: Among all patients stable on IFN beta therapy and the subset stable on IM IFN beta therapy in particular, those who remained on therapy had significantly better outcomes than those who switched to another IFN beta therapy., Funding: Biogen (Cambridge, MA, USA).

Background and Objective: The 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12) is a patient-reported outcome instrument that quantifies the progressive loss of walking ability from the patient perspective. However, previous psychometric analyses indicated floor and ceiling effects across the multiple sclerosis severity spectrum. This study aimed to address floor effects by creating a gait module that can be used in conjunction with the MSWS-12 for better measurement of treatment benefit in the higher functioning multiple sclerosis population., Methods: We used a step-wise mixed methods study design, with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients (wave 1, n =88; wave 2, n =30), combining qualitative (concept elicitation and cognitive debriefing interviews) and quantitative (Rasch Measurement Theory) data collection and analytical techniques and consultation interviews with three neurologists specializing in multiple sclerosis., Results: Thirty-seven walking ability concepts were identified, and a five-domain conceptual framework was created. Draft items were generated and refined with patient and neurologist input. Draft items covered gait-related concepts such as dragging, shuffling, limping, tripping and falling. Rasch measurement theory psychometric analysis indicated administering MSWS-12 plus gait items improved measurement precision in targeted populations with better walking ability., Conclusion: Study findings indicate that new gait items could improve sensitivity to detect clinical change in walking ability for higher functioning multiple sclerosis patients.

Background: Following approval of dimethyl fumarate (DMF), we established a registry of relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) patients taking DMF at our community MS center., Objective: To track DMF patients' tolerability, disease progression, and lymphopenia., Methods: Patients prescribed DMF for RMS from March 2013 to March 2016 were prospectively enrolled ( N = 412). Baseline data, clinical relapses, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) activity, discontinuation, and lymphocyte counts were captured through chart review., Results: The mean age of patients starting DMF was 49.4 ± 12.0 years and 70% transitioned from a previous disease-modifying therapy (DMT). Of the patients, 38% discontinued DMF, 76% of whom discontinued due to side effects. Clinical relapse and MRI activity were low. Comparing patients who transitioned from interferon-β (IFN), glatiramer acetate (GA), or natalizumab (NTZ), patients previously on NTZ had higher rates of relapse than those previously on GA (annualized relapse rate p = 0.039, percent relapse p = 0.021). Grade III lymphopenia developed in 11% of patients. Lymphopenia was associated with older age ( p < 0.001) and longer disease duration ( p < 0.001)., Conclusion: Given the high rates of lymphopenia and discontinuation, it has become our clinical practice to more closely scrutinize older patients and those with a longer disease duration who are potential candidates for initiating DMF therapy.

Background: ABILHAND, a manual ability patient-reported outcome instrument originally developed for stroke patients, has been used in multiple sclerosis clinical trials; however, psychometric analyses indicated the measure's limited measurement range and precision in higher-functioning multiple sclerosis patients., Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify candidate items to expand the measurement range of the ABILHAND-56, thus improving its ability to detect differences in manual ability in higher-functioning multiple sclerosis patients., Methods: A step-wise mixed methods design strategy was used, comprising two waves of patient interviews, a combination of qualitative (concept elicitation and cognitive debriefing) and quantitative (Rasch measurement theory) analytic techniques, and consultation interviews with three clinical neurologists specializing in multiple sclerosis., Results: Original ABILHAND was well understood in this context of use. Eighty-two new manual ability concepts were identified. Draft supplementary items were generated and refined with patient and neurologist input. Rasch measurement theory psychometric analysis indicated supplementary items improved targeting to higher-functioning multiple sclerosis patients and measurement precision. The final pool of Early Multiple Sclerosis Manual Ability items comprises 20 items., Conclusion: The synthesis of qualitative and quantitative methods used in this study improves the ABILHAND content validity to more effectively identify manual ability changes in early multiple sclerosis and potentially help determine treatment effect in higher-functioning patients in clinical trials.

Background: Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have higher rates of fatigue, mood disturbance, and cognitive impairments than healthy populations. Disease-modifying agents may affect sleep. Although patients taking natalizumab often show improvement in fatigue during the first year of therapy, the mechanism behind this effect is unknown. The aim of the NAPS-MS study was to investigate whether natalizumab affected objective measures of sleep as determined by polysomnography (PSG) and multiple sleep latency testing (MSLT) in patients with MS with fatigue or sleepiness initiating therapy. Additional goals were to evaluate changes in measures of fatigue, mood, and cognition and to correlate these measures with objective sleep measures., Methods: Patients underwent PSG and MSLT before their first natalizumab infusion and after their seventh. Patients completed the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and visual analogue scale for fatigue (VAS-F) at their first, fourth, and seventh natalizumab infusions. NeuroTrax cognitive tests and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were performed at the first and seventh natalizumab infusions., Results: Changes in sleep efficiency, wakefulness after sleep onset, and multiple sleep latency from baseline to 6 months of therapy did not reach significance. The FSS, VAS-F, ESS, and HADS scores were significantly improved after 6 months of therapy; cognitive scores were not significantly improved., Conclusions: Although treatment with natalizumab was associated with improvements in fatigue, sleepiness, and mood, changes in objective measures of sleep were not significant.