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Observations of land surface deformation are one of the important tasks of surveying, especially in landslide areas. They concern the determination in time of the magnitude of the deformation, on the basis of a stable reference system based on a geodetic control points. The whole measurement process can be divided into two parts. One part concerns the observation of reference points (geodetic control points) and the other the observation of the object itself. In the first, in addition to classical methods, GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) techniques based on reference stations are used. In the second, common observation methods such as laser scanning or photogrammetric methods using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are used. These observations are carried out in a specific time period in relation to the aforementioned geodetic control points. An area such as Kadzielnia in Kielce is covered by a long-term observation programme. A key element is the survey of the constancy of the geodetic control points, which are located in the epicentre of the survey. The survey of the constancy of the control points at Kadzielnia was based on a static method using SmartNet stations. Taking into account the fact that reference stations are treated as error-free reference points and that they operate 24 hours a day, it was decided to study the variability of their position over a longer period of time, as well as to determine the influence on the geodetic control points and to observe the deformation of the object during the measurement cycles.

Study aim: The human foot is an essential element of the locomotor system. It plays a key role in both the dynamics and the statics of the whole lower limb. The normal structure of the foot determines its mechanical function. During growth and formation of the foot structure, sport activity plays an important role.

The paper presents the capability of applying selected modern remote sensing methods based on commonly available high spatial resolution MODIS images to fog and low layer clouds detection. Single spectral channel images, differential images and selected color compositions are analyzed for distinguishing the areas of the phenomena occurrence. Their internal structure and fog/cloud particles properties are assessed using brightness temperature and reflectance diagrams.

Background: While viruses have long been shown to capitalize on their limited genomic size by utilizing both strands of DNA or complementary DNA/RNA intermediates to code for viral proteins, it has been assumed that human retroviruses have all their major proteins translated only from the plus or sense strand of RNA, despite their requirement for a dsDNA proviral intermediate. Several studies, however, have suggested the presence of antisense transcription for both HIV-1 and HTLV-1. More recently an antisense transcript responsible for the HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ) protein has been described. In this study we investigated the possibility of an antisense gene contained within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR)., Results: Inspection of published sequences revealed a potential transcription initiator element (INR) situated downstream of, and in reverse orientation to, the usual HIV-1 promoter and transcription start site. This antisense initiator (HIVaINR) suggested the possibility of an antisense gene responsible for RNA and protein production. We show that antisense transcripts are generated, in vitro and in vivo, originating from the TAR DNA of the HIV-1 LTR. To test the possibility that protein(s) could be translated from this novel HIV-1 antisense RNA, recombinant HIV antisense gene-FLAG vectors were designed. Recombinant protein(s) were produced and isolated utilizing carboxy-terminal FLAG epitope (DYKDDDDK) sequences. In addition, affinity-purified antisera to an internal peptide derived from the HIV antisense protein (HAP) sequences identified HAPs from HIV+ human peripheral blood lymphocytes., Conclusion: HIV-1 contains an antisense gene in the U3-R regions of the LTR responsible for both an antisense RNA transcript and proteins. This antisense transcript has tremendous potential for intrinsic RNA regulation because of its overlap with the beginning of all HIV-1 sense RNA transcripts by 25 nucleotides. The novel HAPs are encoded in a region of the LTR that has already been shown to be deleted in some HIV-infected long-term survivors and represent new potential targets for vaccine development.