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Obesity, a complex disease that involves energy imbalance and chronic low-grade inflammation, is implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic non-communicable diseases. As dietary components modulate the human body's inflammatory status, the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®), a literature-derived dietary index, was developed in 2009 to characterize the inflammatory potential of a habitual diet. Abundant research has been conducted to investigate the associations between DII and obesity. In this narrative review, we examined the current state of the science regarding the relationships between DII and the inflammatory pathophysiological aspects related to obesity. DII is associated with inflammation in obesity. The most pro-inflammatory diet was directly related to higher levels of pro-inflammatory markers, which included C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Therefore, evidence suggests that the use of the DII may be useful for understanding the relationship between diet and the inflammatory process related to obesity.

Objective Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is among the activators that can stimulate thermogenesis in the white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. People with obesity have elevated blood levels of FGF21, but also develop resistance to its action, impairing its beneficial role. Inversely, clinical treatments to weight loss has been pointed out as an important therapy for increasing and recovering sensitivity to FGF21. The aim was to analyse the effect of long-term weight loss interdisciplinary intervention on FGF21 and body composition. Subjects and methods Eighty-six post-pubertal obese adolescents (14-19 years-old), were submitted to 20 weeks of weight loss therapy (clinical, nutritional, psychological and physical exercise support). Anthropometric measures, body composition and rest metabolic rate (RMR) by bioelectrical impedance, and serum FGF21 sample by ELISA were evaluated. The adolescents were grouped according to FGF21 individual delta variations after therapy: Higher Increase (HI); lower increase (LI); lower decrease (LD); higher decrease (HD). Results All groups present weight loss. Only in FGF21 ≥ 76,5 pg/mL variation the free-fat-mass and rest metabolic rate were preserved and to others group these variables were significantly reduced. Conclusion High increase in FGF21 can contribute to preservation of FFM and RMR after weight loss therapy, could have important implications for energy balance regulation. Future studies are necessary to continue determining the role of magnitude effects of FGF21 levels in obesity to improve clinical practice, especially in paediatrics population.

The aim of the present study was to verify the influence of the performance level in the strategy of running pacing from recreational runners. Additionally, it was aimed to describe the heart rate (HR) responses measured in a 10-km running performance in a track. Thirty-nine recreational runners took part (31.5 ± 6.7 years), who had experience in 10-km races and realized a 10-km running performance in a track (400 m). HR was constantly monitored (Polar RS800) and the time each 400 m was registered to determine MS, and then analyzed each 2 km. Participants were divided into two groups according to their MS attained in the tests: G1 - MS 10 km ≤ 11.81 (n = 20) and G2 - MS 10 km >; 11.81 (n = 19). The comparison between MS and GR obtained in different moments of the performance for both groups was made by mixed Anova for repeated measures, adopting a significance level of p < 0.05. MS values were different between the groups in all moments analyzed with a significant increase in MS from moment 6-8 km to 8-10 km for the same group. HR values were different only within-groups. In G1, there was a significant increase in HR each 2 km. For G2, HR increased from the second to the forth km and remained stable up to the eighth km, increasing again in the last 2 km of the performance. We concluded that the performance level does not influence in the running strategy of recreational runners. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a influência do nível de performance na estratégia de ritmo de corrida de corredores recreacionais. Adicionalmente, objetivou-se descrever o comportamento da frequência cardíaca (FC) obtida em prova de 10 km em pista de atletismo. Participaram 39 corredores recreacionais (31,5 ± 6,7 anos), experientes em provas de 10 km que realizaram uma performance nesta distância em pista de atletismo (400 m). A FC foi constantemente monitorada (Polar RS800) e o tempo a cada 400 m foi registrado para determinação da velocidade média (VM), posteriormente analisada a cada 2 km. Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a VM alcançada nos testes: G1 = VM 10 km ≤ 11,81 (n = 20) e G2 = VM 10 km >; 11,81 (n = 19). A comparação entre os valores de VM e FC obtidos nos diferentes momentos da performance para os dois grupos foi realizada pela Anova mista, adotando-se nível de significância de p < 0,05. Os valores de VM foram diferentes entre os grupos em todos os momentos analisados, com aumento significante da VM do momento 6-8 km para 8-10 km para o mesmo grupo. Os valores de FC foram diferentes apenas intra-grupos. No G1, houve aumento significante da FC a cada 2 km de prova. Para o G2, a FC aumentou do 2º ao 4º km e permaneceu estável até o 8º km, aumentando novamente nos últimos 2 km da performance. Concluímos que o nível de performance não influencia a estratégia de corrida de corredores recreacionais.

Caffeine and maltodextrin are among the most consumed supplements in sports for competitive and health contexts, being used isolated or combined. However, few studies analyzed the effects of these supplementation in situations of evaluation to determine Peak running speed (Vpeak), Time limit (Tlim) and 10 km running performance that generate variables used for training prescribing and evaluation of the training effects. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effect of isolated and combined supplementation of caffeine (CAF) and maltodextrin (MALT) in physiological and performance variables of runners. Participated in the study 15 male runners ( 25.2 ± 2.8 years, 79.9 ± 7.7 kg, 180.0 ± 6.0 cm, Body Mass Index - BMI 24.6 ± 1.9 kg.m-2, body fat - %G 14.2 ± 2.9% and resting metabolic rate -TMR 2185.7 ± 232.9 kcal-day-1) with background in 10 km running performance (time between 38 and 60 min). Participants performed all tests in four supplementation conditions: placebo + placebo (PLA + PLA), placebo + caffeine (CAF + PLA), maltodextrin + placebo (PLA + MALT), and maltodextrin + caffeine (CAF + MALT). CAF was administrated by capsules (5 mg.kg-1) taken 60 minutes before the tests, and 30 minutes before the tests participants ingested MALT (1 g.kg-1). The PLA effect was achieved for CAF by identical empty capsules, and for the MALT by Clight juice® (0g carbohydrates). Participants performed four incremental tests preceded by a three minutes warming at 6 km.h-1 and started the protocol at 8 km.h-1 with increments of 1 km.h-1 every three minutes for the determination of Vpeak; four constant load tests in order to determine the Tlim at 100% of PLA + PLA Vpeak; and four 10 km running performances. All tests were conducted under the four supplementation conditions. At the end of each test it was evaluated the maximum perceived exertion (RPEmax) and maximum heart rate (HRmax). Blood samples from the earlobe were collected at the beginning of the tests, at the end, and at the 3º, 5º, and 7º minutes after the end of each laboratory and 10 km performance tests, to determine the lactate peak concentration (LApeak) and blood glucose. The variables obtained in each supplementation condition were compared by the Anova for repeated measures followed by the Bonferroni post hoc. The sphericity assumption was verified by the Mauchly test and when violated, the degrees of freedom were corrected using estimated sphericity by the Greenhouse-Geisser test. Relations between Vpeak and performance were demonstrated by Pearson's correlation coefficient (r), coefficient of determination (R2), and standard error of estimate (SEE). A significance level of P < 0.05 was adopted for all analyzes. The effect size (ES) and the minimal detectable change (MDC) were calculated only for the performance variables. The main results showed that isolated and combined acute supplementation of caffeine and maltodextrin did not altered the Vpeak and their respective Tlim, and the 10 km running performance Vmean. Furthermore, moderate and high correlations were found between Vpeak and the x 10 km running performance under the same supplementation conditions. The isolated and combined supplementation of caffeine and maltodextrin did not altered values of RPEmax and glucose concentrations after exercise (GLpost) in the Vpeak test; values of HRmax, RPEmax, lactate concentrations before and after (LApre, LApost), and GLpost in the Tlim tests; and also, values of HRmax, concentrations of LApre, LApost and GLpost in the 10 km performances. Higher values of HRmax were obtained in the CAF+MALT condition compared to PLA+PLA; and the conditions PLA+CAF and CAF+MALT presented higher values of LApeak compared to PLA+MALT in the Vpeak test. In conclusion, isolated and combined supplementation of CAF and MALT does not alter performance variables such as Vpeak and their respective Tlim, and the 10 km running performance Vmean. Moreover, when used together, these supplements appear to influence the HRmax, and CAF or CAF+MALT seems to influence LApeak concentrations. A cafeína e a maltodextrina estão entre os suplementos mais consumidos no meio esportivo tanto competitivo quanto destinado à saúde, sendo utilizados de forma isolada ou combinada. Entretanto, poucos estudos verificaram os efeitos dessas formas de suplementação em situações de avaliação para determinação da velocidade pico (Vpico), tempo limite (Tlim) e performance de 10 km que, geram variáveis utilizadas para prescrição e avaliação dos efeitos de treinamento. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito agudo da suplementação isolada e combinada de cafeína (CAF) e maltodextrina (MALT) em variáveis fisiológicas e de desempenho de corredores. Participaram do estudo 15 corredores do gênero masculino (25,2 ± 2,8 anos; 79,9 ± 7,7 kg; 180,0 ± 6,0 cm; índice de massa corporal - IMC 24,6 ± 1,9 kg.m-2; percentual de gordura - %G 14,2 ± 2,9 % e taxa metabólica de repouso - TMR 2185,7 ± 232,0 kcal.dia-1) que possuíam experiência em provas de 10 km (tempo entre 38 e 60 minutos). Foram administradas quatro condições de suplementação: placebo+placebo (PLA+PLA), placebo+cafeína (PLA+CAF), placebo+maltodextrina (PLA+MALT) e cafeína+maltodextrina (CAF+MALT). A administração da CAF foi feita por meio de cápsulas (5 mg.kg-1) ingeridas 60 minutos antes dos testes e a MALT 30 minutos antes dos testes (1 g.kg-1). O efeito PLA foi atingido para a CAF através de cápsulas vazias e idênticas e, para a MALT através do suco Clight® (0g carboidratos). Os participantes realizaram quatro testes incrementais precedidos de um aquecimento de três minutos a 6 km.h-1 e início a 8 km.h-1 com incrementos de 1 km.h-1 a cada três minutos para a determinação da Vpico; quatro testes de carga constante com o objetivo de determinar o Tlim a 100% da Vpico determinada apenas na condição PLA+PLA, e quatro performances de 10 km. Todos os testes foram realizados nas quatro condições de suplementação propostas. Ao final dos testes foram determinadas a percepção de esforço máxima (PSEmax) e a frequência cardíaca máxima (FCmax). Amostras de sangue do lóbulo da orelha foram coletadas no início dos testes, ao final e ao 3°, 5° e 7° minutos após o término de cada teste laboratorial e de cada performance, para a determinação da concentração pico de lactato (LApico) e glicose sanguínea. As variáveis obtidas nos protocolos foram comparadas pela Anova de medidas repetidas seguida do post hoc de Bonferroni. A suposição de esfericidade foi verificada pelo teste de Mauchly e, quando violada, os graus de liberdade foram corrigidos utilizando as estimativas de esfericidade do teste Greenhouse-Geisser. As relações entre as performances e a Vpico foram demonstradas pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r), coeficiente de determinação (R2) e erro padrão da estimativa (EPE). Adotou-se, para todas as análises, nível de significância de P < 0,05. O tamanho de efeito (TE) e a mínima mudança detectável (MMD) foram calculados para as variáveis de desempenho. Os resultados demostram que a suplementação aguda isolada e combinada de cafeína e vi maltodextrina, não alterou a Vpico, seu respectivo Tlim e a Vmédia em provas de 10 km de corrida. Além disso, foram encontradas correlações moderadas e elevadas entre os valores de Vpico e as performances de 10 km nas mesmas condições de suplementação. A suplementação isolada e combinada de cafeína e maltodextrina não alterou valores de PSEmax e as concentrações de glicose pós-exercício (GLpós) nos testes para determinação da Vpico; os valores de PSEmax e FCmax e as concentrações de lactato pré e pós (LApré, LApós) e GLpós nos testes de determinação do Tlim; e, os valores de FCmax e as concentrações de LApré, LApós e GLpós para as performances de 10 km. A condição CAF+MALT aumentou a FCmax com relação à PLA+PLA, e as condições PLA+CAF e CAF+MALT apresentaram elevados valores de LApico em relação PLA+MALT na determinação da Vpico. Em conclusão, a suplementação combinada e isolada de CAF e MALT não altera variáveis de desempenho como a Vpico, seu respectivo Tlim e Vmédia em provas de 10 km de corrida. Além disso, de forma combinada, esses dois suplementos parecem ter influência sobre a FCmax e, tanto isolada quanto combinada com MALT, a CAF parece ter efeito nas concentrações de LApico. XI, 98 f