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Wash-and-wear performance is defined as the ability of garments to emerge from machine laundering and tumble-drying, as practised in American homes, without change in dimensions and surface fuzziness, and with only very minor mussiness or wrinkling. Earlier work in these laboratories indicated that wool fabrics with such performance are indeed possible. The present paper analyses the effect of yarn and fabric construction variables on the wash-and-wear performance of worsted fabrics; the effect of fibre parameters had previously been shown to be minor. Of the 123 fabrics studied, 34 did not shrink at all, and an additional 43 shrank between 0 and 2°0 in area after 10 machine-washing and drying cycles. Use of finer rather than coarser yarns, and compact construction were most important for shrinkage control. Most of the fabrics were muss-resistant, and they were superior in this respect to many textiles presently considered as wash-and-wear. Mussiness increased with decreasing fabric weight. Secondary effects were due to the arrangement of a given fibre weight in finer two-ply rather than coarser single yarns, which increased mussiness, and low twist, which caused rolling of the fabric edges. Fuzz formation in laundering was considered excessive from a consumer's point of view in only a few of the fabrics. It was reduced by the same factors that reduced shrinkage, especially compactness and the use of fine yarns. It was also decreased by any measure which might reduce the raising of fibres due to rubbing between yarns and between fabrics, such as the use of two-ply instead of single yarns, opposite twist in adjoining and crosswise yarns, and similar diameters in warp and weft yarns. Analysis of all the results indicates that many untreated wool fabrics can be used in wash-and-wear garments. Further broadening of the fabric range can undoubtedly be accomplished by proper application of chemical stabilization treatments as well as proper fabric construction based on the above principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wash-and-wear performance is defined as the ability of garments to emerge from machine laundering and tumble-drying, as practised in American homes, without change in dimensions and surface fuzziness, and with only very minor mussiness or wrinkling. Earlier work in these laboratories indicated that wool fabrics with such performance are indeed possible. The present paper analyses the effect of yarn and fabric construction variables on the wash-and-wear performance of worsted fabrics ; the effect of fibre parameters had previously been shown to be minor. Of the 123 fabrics studied, 34 did not shrink at all, and an additional 43 shrank between 0 and 2% in area after 10 machine-washing and drying cycles. Use of finer rather than coarser yarns, and compact construction were most important for shrinkage control. Most of the fabrics were muss-resistant, and they were superior in this respect to many textiles presently considered as wash-and-wear. Mussiness increased with decreasing fabric weight. Secondary effects were due to the arrangement of a given fibre weight in finer two-ply rather than coarser single yarns, which increased mussiness, and low twist, which caused rolling of the fabric edges. Fuzz formation in laundering was considered excessive from a consumer's point of view in only a few of the fabrics. It was reduced by the same factors that reduced shrinkage, especially compactness and the use of fine yarns. It was also decreased by any measure which might reduce the raising of fibres due to rubbing between yarns and between fabrics, such as the use of two-ply instead of single yarns, opposite twist in adjoining and crosswise yarns, and similar diameters in warp and weft yarns. Analysis of all the results indicates that many untreated wool fabrics can be used in wash-and-wear garments. Further broadening of the fabric range can undoubtedly be accomplished by proper application of chemical stabilization treatments as well as proper fabric construction based on the above principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat transfer rate from burning fabrics, measured on the Mushroom Apparel Flammability Tester, is compared with flammability assessments reported in a paper by Galil and Lomartire. Agreement between the two methods was found for only a few fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to conduct a systematic analysis of literature published between 1 January 2018 and 1 September 2022, exploring factors influencing the progression or development of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), diagnosed using the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) or Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). Three electronic databases were reviewed to identify papers that examined TMD factors using DC/TMD or RDC/TMD. Inclusion criteria encompassed original research published in English between 1 January 2018 and 1 October 2022, online, and complete DC/TMD or RDC/TMD studies on human participants aged 18 or older. Two authors independently assessed the risk of bias using The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Analytical cross-sectional studies' Critical Appraisal Tool. Of 1478 articles, 11 were included. The studies revealed strong associations between TMD and factors such as female, poor sleep quality, depression, oral parafunction, anxiety, somatization, and anatomical features. However, variables such as education, living conditions, socioeconomic status, marital status, chronic pain, and stress did not exhibit statistically significant correlations. Based on the obtained data, it can be concluded that the causes of TMD are largely related to psychological factors, which supports the biopsychosocial theory of the disorder.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare performance on the six-minute walk test (6MWT) performed over 15 m and 30 m courses by children and youths with cerebral palsy (CP)., Methods: Children and youths with CP at Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I-IV performed the 6MWT in a straight 15 m-long corridor (first trial) and 30 m-long corridor (second trial). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots were used to evaluate the agreement between the 6MWT results for the two corridor lengths., Results: We included 82 children and youths with CP (36 girls, 46 boys), with a mean age of 11.7 years (SD 4.2, range 5-22 years). There was high agreement between the results of the two 6MWTs: ICC 0.93 (95% confidence interval 0.76-0.97). The total walking distance was longer for the 30 m course (median 399 m, range 44-687 m) than the 15 m course (median 357 m, range 24-583 m)., Conclusions: We observed good agreement for the performance of the 6MWT in the 15 m and 30 m courses, although the total walking distance was greater for the 30 m course. We recommend that the same distance is used when evaluating changes in walking ability for an individual child. Both distances are appropriate when measuring endurance in children and youths with CP., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Objectives: Pain appearance is one the most common complication of spastic hip disease in children with cerebral palsy (CP). It determines child and caregiver quality of life and life priorities. Reconstruction hip surgery should be considered as a treatment of choice. Some clinical conditions give the inability to perform such a procedure. In our paper, we would like to present four palliative methods of spastic hip dislocation treatment in children with CP. Material: We analyzed four groups of patients treated because of hip pain. Inclusion criteria were pain appearance (visual analog scale-11 or numeric rating scale-11) and hip joint dislocation (migration percentage >80%). All patients were admitted to our department between 2008 and 2018. In the first group, patients were treated only by steroid injections to hip joints; in the second group, patients were recruits after hip interposition arthroplasty with shoulder spacer; in the third group, they were patients after valgus subtrochanteric osteotomy (Schanz); and in the fourth group, these were patients after proximal femoral resection (Castle procedure). The minimal follow-up time was 2 years. The first group consisted of 15 patients (15 hips) with a mean age of 15.5 (8-17) years; the second group, 20 patients (24 hips) with a mean age of 14.2 (9-22.6) years; the third group, 22 patients (24 hips) with a mean age of 13.5 (7-20.5) years; and the fourth group, 10 patients (15 hips) with a mean age of 12.9 (7-17.6) years. Methods: Radiological evaluation was based on a standardized anteroposterior X-ray of the hip joints. Pain severity before surgery and at the last follow-up time was measured by visual analog scale-11. Parents or caregivers were asked about their child's pain during sitting, perineal care, and rest. During the visit, all caregivers were asked about treatment satisfaction (no 0 to max 10) and if they would decide again for the same surgery. Results: In all groups of patients, we observed a decrease in pain complaints. The observed reduction of pain in the first group was from 7.88 (4-10) to 3.08 (0-8) ( p = 0.05), but results of injection were observed only for 4 months (2-8), and it has to be repeated (average: two times). In the second group, level of pain was reduced from 4.93 (1-10) to 0.93 (0-5) ( p < 0.001); in the third group, from 6.22 (3-10) to 0.59 (0-6) ( p < 0.001); and in the fourth group, pain reduces from 5.43 (2-10) to 2.13 (0-5) ( p < 0.001). Observed changes concerned mostly sitting position and perineal care. The complication rate was in the second group, 6 of 24 cases of extraarticular ossification; in the third group, 2 of 24 cases with extraarticular ossification, two cases of revision surgery. In the fourth group, two cases needed another femoral resection. In the first group, five patients died during follow-up time, so they were excluded from the study. In the steroid injection group, parents' treatment evaluation was 6.83 (0-10), and only in three cases that they would resign from the treatment. In the hip interposition arthroplasty group, caregivers' evaluation was 7.41 (0-10), and in five cases, parents did not accept the surgery. In the Schanz osteotomy group, parents' evaluation was 5.9 (0-10), and in eight cases, caregivers would not repeat surgery. In the proximal femoral resection group, satisfaction was the highest, 8.3 (3-10), and only two parents would not decide for surgery again. Conclusion: All procedures can be considered as palliative treatment options for pain complain in a spastic hip joint dislocation in children with CP. Steroid injections to the hip joint need to be repeated, and with the follow-up time, it becomes less effective. Steroid injection seems to be the treatment of choice for patients with general anesthesia contraindications. Interposition arthroplasty of the hip joint seems to give better final results, but the highest parents' satisfaction surprisingly was observed in the proximal femoral resection group, but differences were not statistically significant., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Koch, Krasny, Dziurda, Ratajczyk and Jozwiak.)

Background: Short hamstring muscles can cause several problems for children with cerebral palsy. The results of the clinical measurement of hamstring length are often used in decision-making about treatment of children with cerebral palsy. There are different ways of performing this measurement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interrater reliability of the unilateral and bilateral measurement of the popliteal angle in children and youth with cerebral palsy., Methods: Two methods for estimating hamstring length using unilateral and bilateral measurements of the popliteal angle were applied in children with cerebral palsy. Both tests were applied bilaterally by two independent examiners on the same day for each child. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to evaluate the interrater reliability of both measurements. Seventy young people with cerebral palsy (32 females, 38 males, mean age 10 years 8 months, range 5-22 years) at Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I (n = 17), II (n = 31), III (n = 12) and IV (n = 10) were included., Results: The interrater reliability was good for both measurements. The ICC values were 0.80 on the right and 0.86 on the left for the unilateral popliteal angle, and 0.82 on the right and 0.83 on the left for the bilateral popliteal angle., Conclusions: Both unilateral and bilateral measurement of the popliteal angle is a reliable method for estimating hamstring length in children and youth with cerebral palsy.

Background: To present a coincidence of macular telangiectasia type 2 and solitary retinal astrocytic hamartoma in one patient., Case Presentation: A 50-year-old woman was examined in the Department of Ophthalmology of University hospital Kralovske Vinohrady for complaints of metamorphopsia in her left eye. Her uncorrected visual acuity (VA) was 4/4 on Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study charts (ETDRS), on the retina of her left eye white, prominent, partially calcified tumour 1 disc diameter in diameter, 1,5 disc diameter from the foveola was detected on the retina. In the macular region of both eyes, parafoveal greying with crystalline deposits and changes in retinal vasculature were visible. We performed following examinations: fluorescein angiography (FA), B-scan ultrasound, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) including photo documentation. FA showed partial hyperfluorescence of mulberry-like surface of the tumour typical for retinal astrocytic hamartoma. Parafoveally in both eyes, leakage from parafoveal telangiectasia was apparent. SD-OCT showed cystoid space in the macular region of both eyes as well as changes in inner and outer photoreceptor segment junction in left eye. SD-OCT of the tumour showed proliferation in retinal nerve fibre layer with normal structure of underlying retinal layers and choroid. Ultrasound examination of the tumour detected solid, highly echogenic prominent tumour with high reflectivity and acoustic shadow., Conclusion: A coincidence of two relatively rare clinical units, macular telangiectasia type 2 and solitary astrocytic hamartoma was detected as a unique and rare observation.

Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is a heterogeneous brain midline anomaly associated with ophthalmological, endocrinological, and/or neurodevelopmental symptoms. The clinical phenotype correlates with abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. However, variations of the septum pellucidum (SP) appearance and their clinical impact have not been studied in depth. Sixty-eight patients with optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) were investigated for the presence of associated SP anomalies and correlations between clinical findings and their MRI abnormalities established. Thirty patients had either complete (n = 22) or partial (n = 8) absence of the SP. Pituitary hormone deficiencies were present in 64% or 25% of the cases, respectively. Neurological symptoms did not occur in patients with SP remnants or unilateral ONH. Hippocampus abnormalities (43%) that have not been described before in SOD and falx abnormalities (17%) correlated significantly with neurological symptoms and developmental delay (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Maternal age at birth was low (21.2 years) and drug abuse during pregnancy was reported in 27% of the patients. Twelve patients with pituitary anomaly and ONH but normal SP showed similar clinical and MRI features, and were classified as SOD-like. The remaining 26 patients were not assigned to SOD. We conclude that unilateral ONH and SP remnants are associated with a milder SOD phenotype. Hippocampus abnormalities and falx abnormalities seem to constitute important features of severe clinical disease, irrespective of SP appearance. Our anamnestic data support the hypothesis of vascular disruption during embryogenesis.

Unlabelled: An alteration of contrast sensitivity (CS) might be connected with structural and functional changes in foveolar and perifoveolar regions caused by different etiologies. We tested the hypothesis, that disturbances of CS can precede the typical changes in macular area in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) in young patients with diabetes type 1 (T1DM)., Material and Methods: One hundred and twenty one (121) patients (63 girls and young women and 58 boys and young men) were included in the study; their age ranged 7 to 36 years, (median: 17.6 years). The T1DM duration was 6 to 21 years (median: 9.8 years), and it was diagnosed at the age from 2 to 30 years (median: 10.5 years). CS was examined in all patients repeatedly after one year (range, 11 - 15 months, median: 12.5 months) by means of CSV-1000 instrument in 3, 6, 12, and 18 cycles/degree (c/deg) respectively. In 42 patients older than 18 years of age, the simultaneous CS and fluorescein angiography (FA) were performed; in all of them, the T1DM duration was longer than 10 years. The compensation of the metabolic state was evaluated from average yearlong values of the glycolysated hemoglobin (Hb1Ac)., Results: The value of pathologically decreased CS in most of the cases was found in four spatial frequencies and the difference increased depending on the T1DM duration and was from 5 % to 8 % between 6 and 10 years of diabetes duration and from 17 % to 25 % after 15 years of diabetes duration. The total decrease of CS, especially in middle and higher frequencies (6, 12, and 18 c/deg), was determined by the increase of changes at the posterior pole. The early changes at the fundus related to the alteration of CS were of two types: (1) the dilatation of the capillaries with their possible obliteration and tortuosity (DCT) and (2) the changes of the macular structure (CMS) by means of the irregularity of the foveolar reflex and relative retinal thickening without significant macular edema and with increased pigmentation of this region. The combination of these two findings was considered as diabetic preretinopathy (DpR) with preserved visual acuity and decrease of CS in 65 % of cases. The authors also compared the decrease in every single space frequency marked on the CS curvature for NPDR and DpR (distinguished by means of FA). Comparing the NPDR with the norm, the authors found important and fundamental pathological defect of the CS (p = 0.0058). Comparing the DpR with the norm showed significant defect of the CS (p = 0.0197). Comparing NPDR and DpR, the difference was found in more noticeable pathological defect of the CS (p = 0.0228). The T1DM metabolic status during study (actual blood sugar and one year level of Hb1Ac) did not affected the CS positively nor negatively. The regressive study concerning the average Hb1Ac level (norm: 6.5 - 7.5 % by DCCT) during the 10 years' period found, that in NPDR patients the Hb1Ac level was pathologically increased during three quarters (7.5 years) of the follow up period and in DpR patients during one half of the same period (5 years)., Conclusions: The CS test by means of the CSV - 1000 device can already detect the first retinal changes in patients with normal visual acuity and is positive in patients with still normal ophthalmologic macular finding.

The authors examined 130 newborns and nursery children from September 1999 till May 2003 from the Prague district for the surmise of chlamydial conjunctivitis. Chlamydia infections were detected in conjunctival smears. Chlamydia trachomatis was confirmed in 20 (15.3%) using ligase chain reaction and C. pneumoniae in 16 (12.3%) children using an indirect immunofluorescent method. Direct captures of chlamydial infections of newborns were included in the study. The authors had also examined 671 newborns in a maternity hospital from January 2002 till May 2003. Conjunctival scraping had been done in 29 (4.3%) cases mainly for mucopurulent conjunctivitis. Chlamydial conjunctivitis was identified only in 4 (0.6%) cases, i.e. C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae in 2 cases each. Initial clinical symptoms of both types of chlamydial conjunctivitis were similar (mucous discharge with various degrees of eyelid effusion and chemosis mainly on the tarsal conjunctiva). Clinical symptoms of the C. pneumoniae infection were later accompanied by pseudofollicular changes on the tarsal conjunctiva. The complication of this infection was lacrimal obstruction among half of newborns. Clarithromycin in syrup at a dose of 15 mg/kg/per day for 14 days ensured effective treatment of both chlamydial infections. Control scrapings were always negative and simultaneously the pathological conjunctival finding disappeared., (Copyright (c) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Purpose: OzonyTron is one of the newest devices for the generation of ozone. The aim of this study was to assess the benefits of ozone in some pathologies., Material and Methods: Ozone therapy was used in 20 patients, including eight with lip herpes, five after dental surgery and chiseling of third molars, six with seborrheal inflammation of facial skin and one with mycosis of the toes., Results: Treatment with OzonyTron is noninvasive and painless. The oxidative properties of ozone are exploited to combat microbial infection. Thus, the device is valuable primarily for its antiseptic action. Following ozone therapy, a very good effect was observed in each case.

The authors present phoniatric voice assessment in 9 cases of laryngeal trauma. Vocal cord immobilisation due to iatrogenic cricoarytenoid subluxation was particularly considered.

Many administrators feel that the methodology suggested for functional value analysis could beneficially be applied to many aspects of hospital administration beyond overhead functions. Some base their comments on their own experience in applying approaches similar to FVA to non-overhead activities. Others--who have not yet used a similar technique--believe that FVA's discipline in methodology and in-depth participation of hospital personnel could produce results in areas such as radiology, laboratory, and nursing.