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Hintergrund und Stand (inter)nationaler Forschung: Die spezialisierte Palliativversorgung (SPV) wird in Deutschland durch Palliativstationen, Palliativdienste und Teams der spezialisierten ambulanten Palliativversorgung (SAPV) erbracht. Die Unterscheidung zwischen den drei Versorgungssettings kann somit [zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL]

In order to successfully demonstrate geothermal binary power plant technology at an Indonesian site, a technical plant concept has been developed that complies with different requirements. The binary plant should use a quite small temperature difference in order to avoid scaling and preserve the possibility of hot reinjection. It should be possible to integrate a fully automatic binary plant at an already existing, predominantly manually operated geothermal field. And furthermore components from both, German and Indonesian suppliers should be used. Within this paper the design concept is explained and operational data and experiences are shared.

The operational safety and reliability of geothermal binary power plants is an essential aspect for the successful application of this technology. Besides the technology itself, external causes can also influence the reliability of the plants. Many geothermally used areas have an increased seismic activity which can lead to the failure of geothermal power plants. Damages can be prevented by a timely shutdown of the plant or parts of the plant, such as the turbine and thus can increase the plant reliability. We establish, test and further develop an independent early warning system at the site of the geothermal binary demonstration power plant in Pangolombian-Lahendong, (Indonesia). The density of seismic events is high enough in this area and up to now the demonstration power plant had two turbine bearing damages because of earthquakes located in the area of Northern Molucca islands. The early warning system consists of 10 Raspberry Shakes, which are Raspberry Pi based geophones and one central computer. Each Raspberry Shake is equipped with its own data processing unit and is able to send data to a central computer via mobile communication. Based on this data, operationally relevant signals for the power plant are generated such as ���turbine trip��� or ���plant shut down��� in order to prevent it from damages. Such an early warning system is not only important for geothermal power plants, it is of general relevance for sensitive infrastructure that has to be protected against damages caused by earthquakes. The most important challenge is to detect seismic events early enough and to determine their intensity fast enough in order to bring the plant into a save operating mode. Within this contribution we will present the motivation, the technical concept and the integration of the earthquake early-warning system into the power plant control system.

Die Erfindung betrifft bevorzugt in einem ersten Aspekt ein Verfahren zur Messung und/oder Überwachung der Viskosität eines in einem Kanal fließenden Materials, wobei auf Basis einer ortverteilten Dehnungsmessung entlang eines Messkabels in dem Kanal mindestens abschnittsweise ein Dehnungsgradienten bestimmt wird mit dessen Hilfe die Messung und/oder Überwachung der Viskosität erfolgt. In einem weiteren Aspekt betrifft die Erfindung ein System zur bevorzugten Durchführung des Verfahrens umfassend ein dehnungssensitives Messkabel, eine Messeinheit sowie eine Datenverarbeitungsvorrichtung.

In order to successfully demonstrate geothermal binary power plant technology at an Indonesian site and to intensify the know-how transfer in this technology field a German-Indonesian collaboration project has been initiated in 2013 involving GFZ Potsdam (Germany), the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology in Indonesia (BPPT) and PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy (PGE). Geothermal binary power plants are not yet an established technology at Indonesian sites. The first commercial binary units have been commissioned at Sarulla field just in 2017. Due to their adaptability binary plants could however be implemented at much more sites and help to increase the geothermal capacity in Indonesia. The binary demonstration power plant Pangolombian-Lahendong is a prototype that has been developed in order to meet different technical, but also non-technical constraints. The power plant cycle is integrated using two intermediate closed water cycles for heat supply and heat removal which is an untypical set-up for geothermal binary power plants. Technical components from Germany but also Indonesian suppliers have been used. The binary demonstration plant started operation in September 2017. Since then more than 1 GWh (status end of December 2018) could be produced and a full-automatic and parallel grid operation could be proven. In January 2019 the demonstration plant has been handed over to an Indonesian partner. Besides the power supply for geothermal injection pumps the binary plant shall serve for education and research. This paper describes the technical concept and will summarize the first operational experiences.

Two versatile fluid-chemical monitoring units have been developed for both low and high enthalpy geothermal systems. They enable online and in-situ measurements of a variety of physico-chemical parameters at different locations of a geothermal fluid Loop above ground. The scientific and technical purposes of the systems are (a) to monitor a compositional variability of the produced fluid and (b) to understand chemical processes potentially occurring within a geothermal plant. The latter may result from reactions between fluid and surrounding materials and/or mineral precipitation, e.g. in the course of a temperature decrease or Oxygen contamination. This information is of paramount importance as so induced reactions might lead to failure of plant components through corrosion and scaling and/or damage the reservoir’s permeability upon fluid reinjection and thus decrease injectivity. Within the fluid loop above ground a number of locations can be defined where fluid-chemical monitoring is of interest, e.g. before and after the degasser, the filters and the heat exchanger. The monitoring units can be set up close to these installations and permit selective fluid bypass and monitoring through solenoid valves. The fluid passes through tubings from one device or sensor to another until it is pumped back into the main fluid line right before the injection pump. Sensors are provided for pressure, temperature, volumetric flow-rate, density, sonic velocity, turbidity, pH-value, redox potential, oxygen content and corrosion monitoring. Additionally, fluid samplers have been installed to collect fluid and analyze the solution composition. All analytical devices are mounted on racks allowing easy transfer of the apparatuses to other geothermal sites. The maximum operating pressure and temperature of the units are up to 20 bar and 200°C, respectively. Both apparatuses can also be connected to allow stand-alone detailed process investigations on in situ or synthetic fluids at defined pT-conditions.

This report as well as the associated data is a supplement to the publication Blöcher et al. (2015) accessible via DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.07.008. From 2011-06-01 until 2013-12-31, the measurement and control system at the Groß Schönebeck research platform acquired data from several circulation experiments. Different data values were recorded at a sampling interval of 1 s. Relevant data for understanding and analyzing the hydraulic situation of the system were resampled to a 1 minute interval. From the resampled dataset, additional parameters were derived. Furthermore, if parameters were considered to be essential, but the measurement of these parameters was erroneous, some data were reprocessed. All relevant data and processing steps performed on the data are described within this report. Data described within this report can be accessed via DOI:10.5880/GFZ.b103-15021.1. The presented data was acquired during different research projects by the staff of the International Centre for Geothermal Research as well as Section 4.1 Reservoirtechnologies at the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences.

This data is documented by the Scientific Technical Report Data 15/02 (http://dx.doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.b103-15021). Both, the data and the report, are supplements to the publication Blöcher et al. (2015), accessible via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.07.008. From 2011-06-01 until 2013-12-31, the measurement and control system at the Groß Schönebeck research platform acquired data from several circulation experiments. Different data values were recorded at a sampling interval of 1 s. Relevant data for understanding and analyzing the hydraulic situation of the system were resampled to a 1 minute interval. From the resampled dataset, additional parameters were derived. Furthermore, if parameters were considered to be essential, but the measurement of these parameters was erroneous, some data were reprocessed. All relevant data and processing steps performed on the data are described within this report. Data described within this report can be accessed via http://dx.doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.b103-15021.1. The presented data was acquired during different research projects by the staff of the International Centre for Geothermal Research as well as Section 4.1 Reservoirtechnologies at the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences.

Current research activities in the field of geothermal binary power plants mainly aim for an enhanced performance of the power plant cycle at the design point. Experience from running power plants, however, shows that improving the design point performance is not the only issue since plant operation can deviate significantly from the design conditions. This contribution will therefore discuss general aspects of improving the annual net power output with focus on the cooling system. By means of numerical modelling and example case studies assuming a basic Organic Rankin Cycle (ORC) using dry cooling and wet cooling, main improvement aspects will be discussed for the design and operation of the cooling system.