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The adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) represents a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. Aiming at the development of a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer to monitor changes of receptor density and/or occupancy during the A2AR-tailored therapy, we designed a library of fluorinated analogs based on a recently published lead compound. Among those, the highly affine 4-fluorobenzyl derivate (PPY1; Ki(hA2AR) = 5.3 nM) and the 2-fluorobenzyl derivate (PPY2; Ki(hA2AR) = 2.1 nM) were chosen for 18F-labeling via an alcohol-enhanced copper-mediated procedure starting from the corresponding boronic acid pinacol ester precursors. Investigations of the metabolic stability of [18F]PPY1 and [18F]PPY2 in CD-1 mice by radio-HPLC analysis revealed parent fractions of more than 76% of total activity in the brain. Specific binding of [18F]PPY2 on mice brain slices was demonstrated by in vitro autoradiography. In vivo PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in CD-1 mice revealed a reasonable high initial brain uptake for both radiotracers, followed by a fast clearance.

The adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) has emerged as a potential non-dopaminergic target for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and thus, the non-invasive imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) is of utmost importance to monitor the receptor expression and occupancy during an A2AR-tailored therapy. Aiming at the development of a PET radiotracer, we herein report the design of a series of novel fluorinated analogs based on the structure of the A2AR antagonist tozadenant, and the preclinical evaluation of [18F]TOZ1. Autoradiography proved A2AR-specific in vitro binding of [18F]TOZ1 to striatum of mouse and pig brain. Investigations of the metabolic stability in mice revealed parent fractions of more than 76% and 92% of total activity in plasma and brain samples, respectively. Dynamic PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in mice revealed a brain uptake but no A2AR-specific in vivo binding.

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel I (Formel I) worin Ar eine Phenylgruppe oder eine Pyridylgruppe ist; R1 Wasserstoff oder eine Nitrogruppe ist; und R2 Fluor oder eine Abgangsgruppe ist, wobei die Abgangsgruppe aus der Gruppe ausgewählt ist, die aus einer Nitrogruppe, einem Halogen, einem Diazoniumion oder -salz, einem Trialkylammoniumion oder -salz, einem Dialkoxyaren, einem Sulfoxid, einer Boronsäure, einem Boronsäureester, Alkylzinn, Arylzinn, einem Iodoniumion oder -salz, einem Iodonium-Ylid und einem Sulfonsäureester besteht.

Introduction Systemic administration of rotenone is able to reproduce the main pathological and behavioral hallmarks of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) in mice. Therefore, those mice are potentially useful for the development of therapies targeting the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α4β2nAChR) or the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR). Thus, we evaluated the ability of the rotenone model to resemble the decreased availability of α4β2nAChR and the increased availability of A2AR found in the brain of PD patients [1,2,3]. PET/MR imaging was performed to quantify these changes at early and later stages of the disease. Methods Two groups of 12-14-months-old male C57BL/6JRj mice (27-36 g) treated for 2 months (n=6) or 4 months (n=7) with rotenone, 5 days/week, 5 mg/kg p.o., and their corresponding control groups (n=7 and n=5, respectively) were investigated. (-)-[18F]Flubatine (6.4±1.9 MBq; Am: 1185±713GBq/μmol) for α4β2nAChR investigation and [18F]FESCH (5.0±1.8 MBq; Am: 116±19 GBq/μmol, EOS) [4] or [18F]FLUDA (5.7±1.2 MBq; Am: 96±10 GBq/μmol, EOS) for A2AR investigation were injected intravenously followed by 60 min dynamic PET scans[4]. The cerebellum was used as a reference tissue. The time-activity curves (TACs) of the SUV ratio (SUVR) of thalamus or striatum over cerebellum were used as measure for specific uptake. Results/discussion Specific uptake of (-)-[18F]Flubatine was observed in the thalamus of control and rotenone mice (SUVR60min p.i. ~3.5, all groups included). However, for none of the two treatment groups changes in α4β2nAChR availability compared to the control group were detected (figure 1). Specific uptake of [18F]FESCH and [18F]FLUDA was observed in the striatum of control and rotenone mice (SUVR10-20 min p.i. ~4.8, all groups included) (figure 2). PET scans revealed no significant differences in A2AR availability between control group and 2 months rotenone treatment group. However, the SUVR of the 4 months rotenone treatment group were higher compared to the control group (SUVR20-40 min p.i. 3.4 vs. 2.9, respectively), although statistically not significant due to the rather small and highly variable data set. Altogether, the trend of these results indicates no accordance with clinical findings although a slightly increased availability of A2AR during the course of the disease can be mentioned. Conclusion Taking into account the high variability of the dataset, the investigation by PET/MR of the rotenone mouse model after 2 mo. and 4 mo. treatment shows no concordance with the clinical findings regarding α4β2nAChR and A2AR availabilities. We assume that the rotenone mouse model might not be suitable to assess PD-related changes in the availability of the two targets and thus perhaps not suitable for the investigation of the related targeting-drug. Acknowledgments The European Regional Development Fund and Sächsische Aufbaubank are acknowledged for financial support (Project No. 100226753). References [1] Vuorimaa et al. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2017; 6975841. [2] Meyer et al., Arch Gen Psych 2009, 66 : 866-877. [3] Cannon et al., Neurobiol Dis 2009 ; 34 : 279-90. [4] Khanapur et al., J Nucl Med 2017; 58: 466–472.

Introduction The A2AR has emerged as a potential therapeutic target due to its involvement in basic functions of the neuronal, cardiovascular and immune systems. Blockade of A2AR is regarded as potential tool related to CAR T-cell immunotherapy of cancer. Furthermore, A2AR are believed to regulate myocardial oxygen demand and to increase coronary circulation by vasodilation. With regard to Parkinson’s disease A2AR antagonists, such as the FDA approved Nourianz®, are used as an adjunctive treatment to levopoda®. Therefore noninvasive imaging to monitor changes of receptor density and/or occupancy during the A2aR-tailored therapy is of utmost importance. We recently developed the A2AR PET radiotracer [18F]FLUDA which demonstrated superior pharmacokinetic properties among the radiotracers available. Towards its clinical translation, an automated radiosynthesis was developed and the radiotracer was fully characterized in vitro and in vivo including toxicity and dosimetry1 studies. Methods The binding affinity (Ki) of FLUDA towards the human A2AR and A1R subtypes was estimated in vitro by competitive radioligand binding assays. In addition, selectivity studies were performed. An automated two-step one-pot radiosynthesis of [18F]FLUDA was developed. In vitro autoradiography was performed on cryosections of mice brain. Dynamic PET/MR studies under baseline and blocking conditions were assessed. The time-activity curves of the SUV ratio (SUVR) of striatum over cerebellum were used as measure for specific uptake. Metabolism was investigated in CD-1 mice via radio-HPLC analysis of extracted plasma and brain samples. Single-dose acute toxicity of FLUDA was assessed in male and female Wistar rats. Results A high A2aR binding affinity and high A1R selectivity were recorded for FLUDA (KiA2aR= 0.60 nM and KiA1R= XX nM). The two-step one-pot automated radiosynthesis of [18F]FLUDA was successfully established (radiochemical yield: 9±1%; radiochemical purity: ≥98%; molar activity= 69 333 GBq/µmol). In vitro autoradiography with [18F]FLUDA revealed a specific accumulation in the striatum, which is characterized by the binding parameters KD = 4.3 ± 0.7 nM and Bmax = 556 ± 143 fmol/mg wet weight (Fig.1A). In vivo evaluation in mice revealed that only the parent radiotracer was found in plasma and brain samples at 15 min p.i.. PET scans (n=3) showed a selective binding of [18F]FLUDA in striatum (SUVR15 30 min p.i.>8), which was significantly reduced by pre-treatment with 2.5 mg/kg i.p. tozadenant (30%, n=3, p

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most devastating primary brain tumour characterised by infiltrative growth and resistance to therapies. According to recent research, the sigma-1 receptor (sigmaR1), an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein, is involved in signaling pathways assumed to control the proliferation of cancer cells and thus could serve as candidate for molecular characterisation of GBM. To test this hypothesis, we used the clinically applied sigmaR1-ligand (S)-(−)-[18F]fluspidine in imaging studies in an orthotopic mouse model of GBM (U87-MG) as well as in human GBM tissue. A tumour-specific overexpression of sigmaR1 in the U87-MG model, revealed in vitro by autoradiography, was confirmed by dynamic PET. The binding parameters demonstrated target-selective binding according to identical KD values in the tumour area and the contralateral side but a higher density of sigmaR1 in the tumour. Different kinetic profiles were observed in both areas, with a slower washout in the tumour tissue compared to the contralateral side. The translational relevance of sigmaR1 imaging in oncology is reflected by the autoradiographic detection of tumour-specific expression of sigmaR1 in samples obtained from patients with glioblastoma. Thus, the herein presented data support further research on sigmaR1 in neuro-oncology.

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel (E)-I oder (Z)-I worin Y eine Hydroxygruppe oder eine O-M+-Gruppe ist, wobei M+ ein Kation ist; Z1 aus der Gruppe ausgewählt ist, die aus einer substituierten oder unsubstituierten C1-C12-Alkylgruppe, einer substituierten oder unsubstituierten C2-C12-Alkenylgruppe, einer substituierten oder unsubstituierten C2-C12-Alkinylgruppe, einer substituierten oder unsubstituierten Arylgruppe, einer substituierten oder unsubstituierten Heteroarylgruppe, einer substituierten oder unsubstituierten Alkylarylgruppe, einer substituierten oder unsubstituierten Arylalkylgruppe und einer Gruppe -A1-X besteht, worin A1 eine Kohlenwasserstoffkette mit ein bis vier substituierten oder unsubstituierten Methylengruppen ist, wobei in der Kohlenwasserstoffkette zumindest ein Sauerstoffatom unter Ausbildung einer Ethergruppe angeordnet sein kann, und X aus der Gruppe ausgewählt ist, die aus einer Methylgruppe, einem Halogen und einer Hydroxygruppe besteht; und Z2 ein Rest ist, der eine Abgangsgruppe AG trägt, wobei Z2 aus der Gruppe ausgewählt ist, die aus einer substituierten oder unsubstituierten C1-C12-Alkylgruppe, einer substituierten oder unsubstituierten C2-C12-Alkenylgruppe, einer substituierten oder unsubstituierten C2-C12-Alkinylgruppe, einer substituierten oder unsubstituierten Arylgruppe, einer substituierten oder unsubstituierten Heteroarylgruppe, einer substituierten oder unsubstituierten Alkylarylgruppe und einer substituierten...

Fragestellung: Medulloblastome (MBs) sind die häufigsten malignen Hirntumore im Kindesalter. Die derzeitige Therapie besteht aus Tumorresektion und Radio-Chemotherapie. Dennoch zeigen insbesondere Patienten mit SHH/p53-mutierten- sowie Gruppe-3-MBs eine schlechte Prognose mit einer 5-Jahres-Überlebensrate von nur 41 % sowie 45 %. Verbesserte Therapiestrategien stehen daher im Fokus der aktuellen Forschung. Unser Projekt kombiniert Radiotherapie (RT) mit dem DNA-de-novo-Methyltransferase-Inhibitor Decitabin (5 Aza 2’-desoxycytidin) und dem Telomerase-Inhibitor Abacavir in einem orthotopischen MB Mausmodell, da in 70 % der primären MBs eine aberrante Hypermethylierung beziehungsweise erhöhte Telomeraseaktivitäten nachgewiesen wurden. Zudem konnten wir in vitro bereits zeigen, dass die Kombinationsbehandlung mit RT, Decitabin und Abacavir das klonogene Überleben signifikant verringert. Methodik: Alle Tierexperimente wurden durch die Landesdirektion Sachsen genehmigt (Reg.-Nr: TVV 30/14). NSG-Mäusen wurden Gruppe-3-MB-PDX-Zellen (DKFZ Heidelberg, Dr. Kool) stereotaktisch ins Cerebellum injiziert. Drei Wochen postoperativ wurde den Tieren täglich über 14 Tage Decitabin (0,1 mg/kg/Tag) und/oder Abacavir (50 mg/kg/Tag) intraperitoneal verabreicht. Die lokale Einzeit-Bestrahlung (2 Gy) erfolgte am Tag 8. Mit Erreichen der definierten Abbruchkriterien wurden die Mäuse euthanasiert (= Überlebenszeit) und die Gehirne kryokonserviert. Im Anschluss wurden Gefrierschnitte immunhistologisch angefärbt und die mittlere Anzahl proliferierender Zellen (Ki-67) sowie die Vaskularisierung (CD31) im Tumor ermittelt. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte mit n = 10 Tieren je Behandlungsgruppe mittels Mann-Whitney-Test (medianes Überleben) bzw. zweiseitigem T-Test (Ki-67; CD31) zur unbehandelten Kontrollgruppe. Ergebnis: Zum Behandlungsstart war eine Tumorgröße von 1 mm nicht überschritten, was durch wöchentliche MRT-Untersuchungen (1-Tesla-Kleintier-MRT/PET Gerät Mediso) nachgewiesen wurde. Die Überlebensanalyse zeigte eine signifikante Verlängerung des medianen Überlebens nach multimodaler Behandlung (RT, Decitabin, Abacavir; 66 ± 9 Tage) vs. der unbehandelten Kontrollgruppe (44 ± 2 Tage) und Bestrahlung (50 ± 1 Tage). Sowohl die Behandlung mit RT+Decitabin (55 ± 3 Tage), als auch mit RT+Abacavir (59 ± 6 Tage), zeigte eine signifikante Überlebenszeitverlängerung vs. Kontrolle, aber nicht vs. RT. Die Proliferation und die Vaskularisierung waren in den multimodal behandelten gegenüber den Kontrolltumoren signifikant (p ≤ 0,05) um 15 % bzw. 14 % verringert. Schlussfolgerung: Die multimodale Therapie mit Radiotherapie, Decitabin und Abacavir konnte das Überleben von Mäusen mit orthotopischem Gruppe-3-Medulloblastom signifikant verlängern. Die Therapie zeigt damit klinisch relevantes Potential, welches wir derzeit im Shh/p53-mutierten MB-Mausmodell evaluieren. Fördermittel: Das Projekt wird durch die Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (2016_A184) und die Janssen-Cilag GmbH (DEC-I-17-DEU-001-V01) unterstützt.

Introduction The sigma-1 receptor (S1R) is a chaperone protein of the mitochondrion-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane and regarded as potential therapeutic target for a variety of malignant tumors including glioblastoma. Noninvasive assessment of changes in the availability of S1R could help to better understand the pathophysiology of glioblastoma and to improve diagnosis or treatment follow-up. We aim to evaluate the potential of (S)-(−)-[18F]fluspidine, a highly specific S1R radioligand, to characterize the expression of S1R in an orthotopic glioblastoma model in mouse with small-animal PET/MRI. Methods U87 human glioblastoma cells were stereotactically implanted into the striatum of three female nude mice (8 weeks old). At a median tumor size of 27 mm3 (determined with MR) 60 min dynamic PET scans were performed after i.v. injection of (S)-(-)-[18F]fluspidine (9.1 ± 2.1 MBq; Am: 140 ± 50 GBq/µmol, EOS). Time-activity curves (TACs) from the tumor and the contralateral regions were analyzed (PMOD v3.9). Peak-to-end ratios (P/E; Peak: SUV mean from 2-9 min, end: SUV mean from 45-60 min) were used to compare regions. Statistics: unpaired two-tailed Student’s T-test (P < 0.05). To determine the S1R affinity (KD) and density (Bmax) in the tumor and the contralateral region, in vitro autoradiography was performed with (S)-(-)-[18F]fluspidine using cryosections of tumor bearing mice. Results & discussion Autoradiography showed an equal affinity of [18F]fluspidine for S1R in the contralateral and tumor region (KD: 17.5 ± 1.3 vs. 18.0 ± 4.9 nM), but a higher Bmax in the tumor (490 ± 43 vs. 1756 ± 40 fmol/mg prot). PET TACs reflected significantly different kinetic profiles in the tumor and the contralateral side (P/E: 3.10 ± 0.48 vs. 1.81 ± 0.16, p < 0.05) (Figure 1). Interestingly, the tumor regions were characterized not only by a lower initial uptake compared to the contralateral side (SUV2-9 min p.i.: 0.89 vs. 1.17, p < 0.05) but also by a slower washout resulting in equivalent SUVs in both regions at 45 min p.i. (SUV45-60 min p.i.: 0.38 vs. 0.34 respectively). This slower radiotracer washout from the tumor compared to the contralateral side is assumed to be caused by the higher S1R site density found in the tumor, along with the specific pathophysiology of the tumor itself (neovascularization, oncotic pressure). Conclusions The PET investigation revealed a significant difference in the pharmacokinetics of (S)-(-)-[18F]fluspidine between the brain tumor and the contralateral region, probably related to different S1R availabilities. These results show the suitability of (S)-(-)-[18F]fluspidine for the non-invasive determination of the S1R status in an orthotopic glioblastoma model.

Fourier analysis of regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc) as estimated by measurement of standardized uptake values (SUVs) of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) using functional positron emission tomography magnetic resonance imaging (fPET/MRI) revealed activation patterns during white light and colour stimulation in male and female mice, respectively. Spectral density curves of the cortical and subcortical peaks demonstrated wavelength-differencing for luminance and chromatic opponency in the ventral stream in male mice, but frequency-differencing in the dorsal stream in female mice. Male mice demonstrated subcortico-cortical bottom-up feed-forward system for light and colour processing, while in female mice there was a cortico-subcortical top-bottom feed-back system. Fourier time series analysis was helpful to improve both spatial and temporal resolution of PET/MRI for study of colour processing in the visual system. It demonstrated computation of colour processing as conscious experience, and has a wide range of applications including in artificial intelligence and quantum mechanics.

Objectives: Sigma2 receptors (S2R) have been found in CNS, liver, kidney, as well as endocrine glands and are suggested to play important roles in the regulation of cell differentiation. Besides their overexpression in various tumor cell lines, derived from e.g. breast, brain, colon, lung, pancreas, and prostate, they show a 10-fold higher expression in the proliferating vs quiescent status and thus are possible markers of solid tumor’s proliferative status. To quantify the S2R availability in living subjects, we aim for the development of a new class of S2R ligands that could be labeled by fluorine-18. Methods: Starting from structural motifs known for S2R ligands [1, 2], we modified the indole ring system in A and synthesized a novel series of fluorine containing indole and aza-indole derivatives (1a-d and 2-6 in Fig. 1). Their binding affinities towards sigma2 and sigma1 receptors were determined by radioligand-binding assays, and 2 was selected for synthesis of a boronic acid pinacol ester precursor for radiolabeling. Synthesis of [18F]2 was optimized starting from 100-500 MBq of 18F-fluoride, using Kryptofix (K2.2.2.)/ K2CO3 (0.18-1.8 µmol/ 0.04-0.35 µmol) as well as TBAHCO3 (2.3 and 7.5 µmol) and 2-4 mg of precursor 7, in the presence of Cu(OTf)2py4 (0.4-6.8 eq.) in various solvent systems at 80-135 °C, monitored for 5-20 min. For monitoring, several analytical methods (radio-UHPLC, -HPLC, and -TLC) have been established, e.g. on the basis of RP18 und RP8 stationary phases for LC systems. Besides, different techniques for purification and isolation were investigated, including a substitution of semi-preparative HPLC by time-saving cartridge systems. Results: By altering the heterocyclic system of A, a small series of fluorinated aza-indoles was synthesized (Fig. 1), of which 2 showed most promising binding affinity and selectivity (Ki(S2R) = 1.6 nM; Ki(S1R) = 691 nM). Radiosynthesis of [18F]2 was achieved with RCYs in a range of 20-45% (n = 2, all non-isolated, radio-UHPLC) by use of 2.0 mg of precursor 7 (4.1 µmol) and 3.6 eq. of Cu(OTf)2py4 at 115 °C within 10 min. The reaction was accompanied by the formation of a by-product (bp) which increased over time. Using the K2.2.2./ K2CO3 system resulted in RCYs of 21.5% (bp 5.5%) and 27.7 % (bp 4.6%), in DMF and DMA/ n-BuOH, respectively. Application of TBAHCO3 showed further increased conversions, represented by a RCY of 44.8% (bp 9.1%) in DMA/ n-BuOH. For subsequent semi-preparative HPLC, separation conditions were optimized, but still lack from low recoveries. As an alternative, SPE procedures using cartridge systems (SiO2, RP18) are being established and could be used as a time saving technique for the isolation of [18F]2. Conclusions: A novel S2R-affine aza-indole derivative 2 was synthesized and radiofluorination of the appropriate boronic acid pinacol ester precursor afforded [18F]2 in RCYs of up to 45% (non-isolated). The optimal parameters for the radiosynthesis, conducted in a synthesis automat or module, have to be determined to setup a procedure for the production of [18F]2, which enables detailed preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies of this promising radioligand. Acknowledgement: The authors would like to thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for financial support (BR 1360/13-1). References: [1] Georgiadis, M.-O. et al. Molecules 2017, 22, 1408; [2] Wang, L. et al. Bioorg Med. Chem. 2017, 25, 3792-3802

Introduction The sigma-1 receptor (S1R) is a chaperone protein of the mitochondrion-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Its expression is dysregulated in various cancers including glioblastoma. S1R characterization in glioblastoma could help to better understand the pathophysiology of this cancer and thus help in improving diagnosis or treatment follow-up. Objectives In this context, we aim to evaluate the potential of (S)-(−)-[18F]fluspidine to characterize S1R expression in an orthotopic glioblastoma model in mice with small animal PET/MR imaging. Materials & Methods 11 female nude mice Rj:NMRI-Foxn1nu/nu (24-30 g) aged of 8 weeks (Janvier labs; France), underwent a stereotactic xenograft of U87 human glioblastoma cells (50 000 cells/1 µl) in the right striatum (AP:0.5, L: -2.0, DV:-3.0 mm) (Stoelting Europe, Ireland). PET scans were performed on tumor of a median size of 5.15 mm3. 3 healthy female nude mice Rj:NMRI-Foxn1nu/nu (25-30 g) were used as control group. (S)-(-)-[18F]Fluspidine (5.6±2.5 MBq; Am: 140±50 GBq/µmol, EOS) was injected intravenously followed by 60 min dynamic PET scans (Mediso nanoScan®, PET/MRI, Hungary). 20 scans were performed and time-activity curves (TAC) from the tumor and the contralateral region were analyzed (PMOD v3.9, PMOD Technologies LLC, Switzerland). Peak-to-end ratios (peak: SUV mean from 2-9 min, end: SUV mean from 45-60 min) were used to compare regions. Paired two-tailed student t-test (p

A specific radioligand for imaging of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 2A (PDE2A) via positron emission tomography (PET) would be helpful for research on the physiology and disease-related changes in the expression of this enzyme in the brain. In this report, the radiosynthesis of a novel PDE2A radioligand and the subsequent biological evaluation is described. Our prospective compound 1-(2-chloro-5-methoxy phenyl)-8-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)-3- methylbenzo[e]imidazo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine, BIT1 (IC50 PDE2A = 3.33 nM; 16-fold selectivity over PDE10A) was fluorine-18 labeled via aromatic nucleophilic substitution of the corresponding nitro precursor using the K[18F]F‐K2.2.2‐carbonate complex system. The new radioligand [18F]BIT1 was obtained with a high radiochemical yield (54 ± 2%, n = 3), a high radiochemical purity (≥99%) and high molar activities (155‐175 GBq/μmol, n = 3). In vitro autoradiography on pig brain cryosections exhibited an heterogenous spatial distribution of [18F]BIT1 corresponding to the known pattern of expression of PDE2A. The investigation of in vivo metabolism of [18F]BIT1 in mouse revealed a sufficient metabolic stability. PET studies in mouse exhibited a moderate brain uptake of [18F]BIT1 with a maximum standardized uptake value of ~0.7 at 5 minutes p.i. However, in vivo blocking studies revealed a non-target specific binding of [18F]BIT1. Therefore, further structural modifications are needed to improve target selectivity.

Objectives: Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 2A (PDE2A), an enzyme which hydrolyzes the second messengers cAMP and cGMP, is highly enriched in distinct areas of the brain. Accordingly, PDE2A is involved in important signaling pathways related to normal brain function but also to neurodegeneration and neuro-oncology [1]. To enable the visualization of this protein in the brainwith PET, we developed a novel fluorine-18 radioligand for PDE2A. Methods: Based on the benzoimidazotriazine (BIT) tricyclic scaffold, several fluorine-containing derivatives were synthesized via a multi-step synthesis route, and their inhibitory profiles were assessed by PDE isoenzyme-specific activity assays. The most potent and selective PDE2A ligand BIT1 was radiolabeled via nucleophilic aromatic substitution of the corresponding 2-nitro pyridine precursor by [18F]fluoride in DMSO with thermal heating (Figure 1). [18F]BIT1 was isolated using semi-preparative HPLC (Reprosil-Pur C18-AQ column, 250 x 10 mm, 46% ACN/aqu. 20 mM NH4OAc, flow 5.5 mL/min) followed by final purification with solid-phase extraction and formulation in isotonic saline containing 10% ethanol. Preliminary in vitro autoradiography and in vivo PET studies (60 min dynamic PET imaging, nanoScan® PET/MRI, MEDISO, Budapest, Hungary) of [18F]BIT1 were performed using pig brain slices and female CD-1 mice, respectively. The in vivo metabolism of [18F]BIT1 was investigated by radio-HPLC analysis of mouse plasma and brain samples at 30 min p.i. Results: From the series of BIT derivatives, BIT1 was selected as candidate for PET imaging of PDE2A based on the most suitable inhibitory potential and profile (IC50 PDE2A3 = 3.3 nM;16-fold selectivity over PDE10A). [18F]BIT1 was successfully synthesized with a radiochemical yield of 54 ± 2% (n = 3, EOB), molar activities of 155 – 175 GBq/μmol (EOS) and radiochemical purities of ≥99%. [18F]BIT1 was stable in saline, pig plasma, and n-octanol up to 60 min at 37 °C. The distribution pattern of [ 18F]BIT1 in pig brain cryosections corresponds to the spatial distribution of PDE2A with accumulation in the striatal regions caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens. Additionally, the displacement of [18F]BIT1 with BIT1 as well as TA1 (a potent PDE2A ligand) indicated saturability and selectivity of these binding sites. Uptake of [18F]BIT1 in the brain was shown by subsequent imaging studies in mice (SUVwhole brain = 0.7 at 5 min p.i.); however, more detailed analyses revealed nonspecific distribution of the tracer in the brain (78% parent compound at 30 min p.i.). Conclusions: The potent and selective PDE2A inhibitor [18F]BIT1 binds in vitro in brain regions known to express PDE2A. Further structural modifications will be performed to develop radiotracers with improved brain uptake and target-selective accumulation in vivo. Acknowledgement 1. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation, SCHE 1825/3-1). 2. Scholarship Program for Research and Innovation in Science and Technology Project (RISET-PRO)-Indonesia Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (World Bank Loan No: 8245-ID) References [1] S. Schröder, B. Wenzel, W. Deuther-Conrad, M. Scheunemann, P. Brust, Novel Radioligands for Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase Imaging with Positron Emission Tomography: An Update on Developments Since 2012, Molecules 21 (2016) 650–685.

Objectives: Rotenone-treated mice are regarded as a model for Parkinson´s disease (PD). Increased availability of the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) has been found in the striatum of patients with PD and dyskinesias [1]. The aim of this study was to investigate whether similar alterations are found in the mouse model of PD using small animal PET/MR imaging. For that purpose, [18F]FESCH [2] was the radiotracer of choice due to its high A2AR specificity and excellent PET imaging properties [2-5]. Furthermore, we intended to develop a simplified one-pot strategy for the radiosynthesis of [18F]FESCH. Methods: The published two-step procedures for the radiosynthesis of [18F]FESCH start with the nucleophilic 18F-labeling of ethane-1,2-diol bis(3,4-dibromobenzenesulfonate) [4] or ethane-1,2-diol bis(4-methylbenzenesulfonate) [2]. The respective [18F]fluoroethyl synthon is isolated either by semi-preparative HPLC [4] or cartridge [2] and, only then, reacted with the phenol precursor desmethyl SCH442416. In our novel one-pot approach, desmethyl SCH442416 was treated with 40% TBAOHaq. to generate the activated phenolate which was directly reacted with the non-isolated 2-[18F]fluoroethyl tosylate in MeCN at 120 °C for 10 min (see Figure 1). [18F]FESCH was purified by semi-preparative HPLC, concentrated using solid-phase extraction on a pre-conditioned RP cartridge and eluted with absolute EtOH. After evaporation of the solvent at 75 °C, the radiotracer was finally formulated in isotonic saline ready for injection. [18F]FESCH (5.0±1.8 MBq) was administered to C57BL/6JRj mice (control n=5, rotenone-treated n=7, 18 month, 28-35 g) and whole body scans were performed for 60 min in listmode with a Mediso nanoScan® PET/MR scanner followed by dynamic reconstruction. Time-activity curves (TACs) were generated for regions of interest such as striatum (Figure 1) and cerebellum as reference region. Results: The herein described one-pot strategy provided [18F]FESCH (Ki hA2A=0.6 nM) with an overall radiochemical yield of 16.1±1.5% (n=9, EOB), a radiochemical purity of ≥98% and compared to the published two-pot procedure with a notably increased molar activity of 116±18.5 GBq/µmol (n=7, EOS). The PET images over 60 min showed high uptake of [18F]FESCH in the striatum (Figure 1) which is consistent with the known A2AR distribution pattern in the brain. Although not significant, slightly higher striatal A2AR binding was found in rotenone-treated mice. Conclusions: The radiotracer [18F]FESCH proved to be suitable for in vivo imaging of the adenosine A2A receptor in the mouse brain. Since the increased A2AR availability appears to be related to dyskinesia, it has to be proven whether the investigated mouse model of PD reflects this aspect. Acknowledgments: The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and Sächsische Aufbaubank (SAB) are acknowledged for financial support (Project No. 100226753). References: [1] Ramlackhansingh et al., Neurology, 76, 2011 [2] Khanapur et al., J. Med. Chem., 57, 2014 [3] Shinkre et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 20, 2010 [4] Bhattacharjee et al., Nucl. Med. Biol., 38, 2011 [5] Khanapur et al., J. Nucl. Med., 58, 2017

Fourier time series analysis could be used to segregate changes in the ventral and dorsal streams of the visual system in male and female mice. Color memory processes of long-term potentiation and long-term depression could be identified through spectral analysis. We used small animal positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) to measure the accumulation of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) in the mouse brain during light stimulation with blue and yellow filters compared to darkness condition. The mean standardized uptake values (SUV) of [18F]FDG for each stimulus condition was analyzed using standard Fourier analysis software to derive spectral density estimates for each condition. Spectral peaks were identified as originating from the subcortical region (S-peak) by subcortical long-term potentiation (SLTP) or depression (SLTD), and originating from the cortical region (C-peak) by cortical long-term potentiation (CLTP) or depression (CLTD). Luminance opponency occurred at S-peak by SLTP in the dorsal stream in the left visual cortex in male mice. On the other hand, chromatic opponency occurred by wavelength-differencing at C-peak by CLTP in the cortico-subcortical pathways in the ventral stream of the left visual cortex in male mice. In contrast in female mice, during luminance processing, there was resonance phenomenon at C-peak in the ventral stream in the right visual cortex. Chromatic opponency occurred at S-peak by SLTP in the dorsal stream in the right visual cortex in female mice. Application of Fourier analysis improved spatial and temporal resolutions of conventional fPET/MRI methods. Computation of colour processing as a conscious experience has wide range applications in neuroscience and artificial intelligence.

Objectives Rotenone-treated mice are regarded as a model for Parkinson´s disease (PD). Increased availability of the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) and decreased availability of the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) have been found in the striatum and thalamus, respectively, of patients with PD [1,2]. Therefore, we evaluated the potential of [18F]FESCH (for A2AR) and (-)-[18F]Flubatine (for α4β2nAChR) to characterize similar receptor changes in the mouse model of PD with small animal PET/MR imaging. Methods Two groups of 18-months-old male C57BL/6JRj mice (28-35 g) (Janvier labs, France) were investigated: a control group (n=5) treated with a vehicle solution (2% carboxymethyl cellulose, 1.25% chloroform) and a PD group (n=7) treated with rotenone (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) during 4 months (5 days/week, 5 mg/kg p.o.). [18F]FESCH (5.0±1.8 MBq; Am: 116±19 GBq/µmol, EOS) or (-)-[18F]Flubatine (6.5±2.4 MBq; Am: 1080±2156 GBq/µmol, EOS) were injected intravenously followed by 60 min dynamic PET scans (Mediso nanoScan®, PET/MRI 1T, Hungary). Time-activity curves from the striatum, cerebellum, and thalamus were analyzed (PMOD v3.9, PMOD Technologies LLC, Switzerland). The cerebellum was used as a reference tissue. Results PET scans revealed high uptake of (-)-[18F]Flubatine in thalamus (SUV ~3.5 at 40 min p.i.) and considerably lower uptake in cerebellum (SUV ~1.2 at 40 min p.i.). The SUV ratio (SUVR) thalamus/cerebellum, indicating specific radiotracer binding, is significantly decreased in the rotenone-treated group compared to the control (Figure 1A). Also for [18F]FESCH much higher uptake was observed in striatum (SUV ~0.9 at 5 min p.i.) compared to cerebellum (SUV ~0.2 at 5 min p.i.). Although not significant for this rather small and highly variable data set, the SUVR striatum/cerebellum is increased in the rotenone-treated group compared to the control suggesting a higher specific binding in striatum (Figure 1B). These findings are in accordance with a recent publication [3]. Conclusion We have established a concordance between clinical imaging findings in PD and small animal PET/MR in rotenone-treated mice. Thus, we assume the rotenone mouse model to be suitable for further investigation of molecular aspects of PD in particular related to A2AR and α4β2nAChR. Acknowledgments The European Regional Development Fund and Sächsische Aufbaubank are acknowledged for financial support (Project No. 100226753). References [1] Vuorimaa et al. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2017; 6975841. [2] Meyer et al., Arch Gen Psych 2009, 66: 866-877. [3] Khanapur et al., J Nucl Med 2017; 58: 466–472.

Objectives: Although, lactate is occasionally considered as a waste in physiological cell metabolism, it is also known as an important substrate that fuels the oxidative metabolism of oxygenated tumor cells. Therefore, tumor cells express a set of plasma membrane transporters for lactate. Those monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are regarded as functional biomarkers for the metabolic symbiosis between glycolytic and oxidative tumor cells [1]. Overexpression of MCT1 and MCT4 has been shown for a variety of human cancers (e.g. colon, brain, breast, and kidney) [2]. Experimentally, inhibition of MCT1/MCT4 resulted in intracellular lactate accumulation, acidosis and cell death. In the current study, the first 18F-labeled MCT1/MCT4 inhibitor was developed for potential in vivo imaging of MCT expression in cancer. Methods: Fluorinated α-CHC derivatives (FACH and tert-Bu-FACH) were synthesized and the inhibitory activity of FACH towards MCT1 and MCT4 was estimated by [14C]lactate uptake assays using an immortalized rat brain endothelial cell line (RBE4). For the radiosynthesis of [18F]FACH, a protected mesylate precursor was developed to prevent any possible effect on the labeling reaction. [18F]FACH was produced via a two-step radiosynthesis approach, starting with the nucleophilic substitution on the alkyl chain using [18F]TBAF followed by removal of the protecting group by trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) at room temperature (Figure 1A). Isolation of [18F]FACH was performed by semi-preparative HPLC (Reprosil-Pur C18-AQ column, 250 × 10 mm, 46% CH3CN/aq. 20 mM NH4HCO2, pH = 4-5, flow 3.5 mL/min). The tracer was finally purified via solid-phase extraction (Sep-Pak® C18 light cartridge) and formulated in 10% EtOH/saline solution. In vitro stability tests were performed in pig plasma, saline, PBS and n-octanol. The LogD value was assessed by the shake-flask method. The in vivo metabolism of the radiotracer was investigated in female CD-1 mice at 30 min p.i. The biodistribution of [18F]FACH and the inhibitory effects of FACH and α-CHC were investigated by dynamic PET imaging (60 min, nanoScan® PET/MRI, MEDISO, Budapest, Hungary) of female CD-1 mice (Figure 1B). Results: FACH showed strong inhibition of MCT1 and MCT4 (IC50 = 11 and 6.4 nM respectively). The intermediate [18F]tert-Bu-FACH was obtained by an optimized procedure (CH3CN, 3.75 µmol of TBAHCO3, 2-5 GBq of K[18F]F, 100 ̊C, 15 min) with 55-85% radiochemical yield (n = 10, non-isolated). [18F]FACH was obtained after deprotection of [18F]tert-Bu-FACH with TFA in acetonitrile at room temperature for 15 min. After purification and formulation, the novel radiotracer could be achieved with a RCY of 39 ± 3% (n = 10, EOB), molar activity of 42-100 GBq/µmol (EOS), and RCP >98%. The measured logD value (0.42) reveals moderate lipophilicity of the radiotracer. [18F]FACH was highly stable in saline (>98%) up to 60 min. In vivo metabolite studies showed >98% of intact tracer in plasma, brain, liver and kidney at 30 min p.i. Beside [18F]FACH, a few polar metabolites were also found in urine after 30 min p.i. The organ distribution pattern of [18F]FACH in healthy mice corresponds to the specific expression of MCT1 and MCT4 in kidney, lung, pancreas and liver. In these tissues, a moderate to high reduction of uptake was observed after after pre-injection of FACH and α-CHC, respectively. Conclusions: The high uptake of [18F]FACH in kidney and other peripheral MCT-expressing organs together with the strong inhibition by specific drugs provide evidence that the new MCT1/MCT4-targeting radiotracer could be proven in ongoing studies to be useful for imaging of solid tumors with PET.

Ziel: Bei der Translation neuartiger Radiotracer in die klinische Phase ist eine Abschätzung der Strahlenexposition vor Erstanwendung am Menschen notwendig. Hierbei werden die Organdosen (OD) sowie die effektive Dosis (ED) am Tiermodell abgeschätzt, welche nach i.v. Injektion eines Radiotracers entstehen. Erstmalig wurde Kleintier-PET/MRT zur rein bildgebungsbasierten Inkorporationsdosimetrie mit CD-1 Mäusen eingesetzt. Um den Einfluss von Speziesunterschieden zu untersuchen wurden PET/CT-Studien an Ferkeln durchgeführt und die Ergebnisse mit am Menschen erhobenen Ergebnissen (PET/CT) verglichen. Methodik: Nach i.v. Injektion von (-)- oder (+)-[18F]Flubatine (a, b) bzw. (S)- oder (R)-[18F]Fluspidine (c,d) wurden (i) In-vivo-PET/MRT- (MEDISO nanoScan, Budapest) und PET/CT-Scans (SIEMENS Biograph 16) bis zu 7 h p.i. durchgeführt, die List-Mode Daten unter Nutzung der Standardkorrekturen rekonstruiert und die Organaktivitäten (OA) mit ROVER (ABX, Radeberg) bestimmt; (ii) (a, c, d) Ex-vivo-Organentnahme an Mäusen und Messung der OA in einem Gammacounter durchgeführt (Goldstandard). Nach Extrapolation der Tierdaten auf menschliche Verhältnisse, wurden die OD und die ED mit OLINDA für 3 Spezies berechnet. Ergebnisse: Die Dosimetrie für a/b ergab eine ED (µSv/MBq) von 12,5/12,1 (30 Mäuse), 13,4/14,3 (8 Ferkel), 22,3/23,0 (n=6 Menschen) und für (c/d) 12,9/14,0 (6 Mäuse), 21,0/n.a. (4 Menschen). Während a und b eine vergleichbare Biokinetik sowie ED zeigen, ist die ED von c und d signifikant (p=0,025) verschieden basierend auf Enantiomeren Unterschieden. Weiterhin zeigt sich eine Unterschätzung der ED erhoben mit Tierdaten im Vergleich zum Menschen von 38% (Ferkel) bis 47% (Mäuse). Schlussfolgerung: Die Strahlenexposition nach i.v. Applikation von a,b,c,d liegt im Bereich der durch andere F-18-markierter Radiotracer. Die Abschätzung der ED unter Nutzung von Tiermodellen mit Hilfe eines Kleintier-PET/MRT ist unter Berücksichtigung der genannten Limitationen möglich und liefert mit dem Ex-vivo-Goldstandard vergleichbare Ergebnisse.

Aim: Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are integral plasma membrane proteins that bi-directionally transport lactate and ketone bodies and are highly expressed in non-hypoxic regions of human colon, brain, breast, lung and other tumors.[1] Transporter inhibition leads to intracellular lactate accumulation, acidosis and cell death especially in glioma cell lines.[2] Accordingly, MCT1/MCT4 inhibitors are regarded to be of potential clinical use. In the current study a new 18F-labeled MCT1/MCT4 inhibitor was developed for in vivo PET imaging of MCT1/MCT4-overexpressing brain tumors. Methods: (E)-2-Cyano-3-{4-[(3-fluoropropyl)(propyl)amino]-2-methoxyphenyl}acrylic acid (CAPAA) was synthesized from m-anisidine in three consecutive steps with 50% overall yield. Similar strategy was carried out to synthesize the mesylated precursor for radiosynthesis. Radiosynthesis of [18F]CAPAA was achieved by a two-step reaction, starting with the nucleophilic substitution of fluorine-18 on the alkyl chain using [18F]TBAF followed by removal of the protecting group by TFA at room temperature. [18F]CAPAA was isolated by semi-preparative HPLC eluting with 46% CH3CN/aq. 20 mM NH4HCO2 (Reprosil-Pur C18-AQ column, 250 × 10 mm), purified via Sep-Pak® C18 light cartridge and formulated in 10% EtOH/saline solution. LogD was assessed by the shake-flask method. The average IC50 values for MCT1 and MCT4 were evaluated via [14C]lactate uptake assay on the rat brain cerebrovascular endothelial cell line RBE4. The apparent affinity of [18F]CAPAA (KD) was determined using brain homogenate obtained from female CD1 mouse. The radiotracer metabolism was investigated in female CD1 mice by radio-HPLC of plasma and brain samples obtained at 30 min p.i. Plasma obtained at 60 min p.i. was used to measure the in vivo plasma free fraction. Results: During radiosynthesis, a radiolabeled intermediate was obtained by an optimized procedure (CH3CN, 50µl of TBAHCO3-, 2-5 GBq of K[18F]F, 100 ̊C, 15 min) with 55-70% yield (n=8, non-isolated) determined by radio-HPLC analysis. Deprotection of tert-Bu group was accomplished with TFA in acetonitrile at r.t. for 15 min with 65-73% yield (n=10, radio-HPLC, non-isolated). The radiotracer was obtained in 42-65% radiochemical yield (RCY) with >98% radiochemical purity (RCP). The radioligand was highly stable in saline and PBS (>95%) up to 60 min. LogD was determined as 0.42 which reveals the tracer has moderate lipophilicity. CAPAA showed high MCT1 and MCT4 inhibition activity (IC50 = 11 and 6.4 nM respectively). [18F]CAPAA binds with an apparent KD value of ~30 nM in a saturable manner to a binding site in the brain of healthy mice. In vivo studies showed >99% of intact tracer in plasma at 30 min p.i. and a free fraction in plasma of ~3% at 60 min p.i. Conclusions: [18F]CAPAA was achieved in high RCY and RCP and showed considerable in vitro and in vivo stability. Accordingly, the newly developed MCT1/MCT4 radioligand is anticipated to be a useful agent for imaging of tumors by PET. Animal PET imaging on healthy and brain tumor-bearing mice is currently performed.

Sigma-1-receptors (Sig1R) are highly expressed in various human cancer cells and hence imaging of this target with positron emission tomography (PET) can contribute to a better understanding of tumor pathophysiology and support the development of antineoplastic drugs. Two Sig1R-specific radiolabeled enantiomers (S)-(−)- and (R)-(+)-[18F]fluspidine were investigated in several tumor cell lines including melanoma, squamous cell/epidermoid carcinoma, prostate carcinoma and glioblastoma. Dynamic PET scans were performed in mice to investigate the suitability of both radiotracers for tumor imaging. The Sig1R expression in the respective mice tumors was confirmed by Western blot. Rather low radiotracer uptake was found in heterotopically implanted tumors. Therefore, a brain tumor model (U87-MG) with orthotopic implantation was chosen to investigate the suitability of the two Sig1R radiotracers for brain tumor imaging. A high tumor uptake as well as a favorable tumor-to background ratio was found. These results suggest that Sig1R PET imaging of brain tumors with [18F]fluspidine could be possible. Further studies with this tumor model will be performed to confirm specific binding and the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

Ziel: Vor erstmaliger Anwendung neuartiger Radiopharmaka im Menschen muss präklinisch eine Abschätzung der inneren Strahlenexposition des Menschen am Tiermodell erfolgen. Hierfür stehen computergenerierte VOXEL Phantome (VP) unterschiedlicher Tiermodelle zur Verfügung. Die Verschiedenen, teils regulatorisch für die klinische Anwendung zugelassenen Softwaretools für die Inkorporationsdosimetrie nutzen Implementationen dieser VP für die präklinische und klinische Dosimetrie. Basierend auf den anatomischen und geometrischen Verhältnissen enthalten die VP die in Zielorganen und Organsystemen absorbierte spezifische Fraktion der von Quellorganen ausgehenden/emittierten Strahlenenergie (specific absorbed fraction, SAF). Diese sind grundlegend für die in Organen und Organsystemen absorbierten Dosis (OD) nach dem MIRD Schema und werden durch Monte-Carlo-Simulation (MC) berechnet. Eigene Arbeiten haben gezeigt, dass im Vergleich zur Verwendung von Kleintieren mit Ferkeln eine den Verhältnissen am Menschen vergleichbarere Abschätzung der Strahlenexposition möglich ist. Daher wurde ein VP für Ferkel erstellt und dessen SAFs durch MC berechnet. Methodik: Ein 12 kg Ferkel (8 Wochen) wurde nach i.v. Injektion von [18F]Flubatine (185.4 MBq) bis zu 4,5 h p.i. in einem PET/CT (SIEMENS Biograph 16) gemessen und die List-Mode Daten nach Standardkorrekturen rekonstruiert. Unter Nutzung der PET bzw. CT Daten und der Software ROVER (ABX, Radeberg) wurden 18 Organe vorwiegend manuell segmentiert und als DICOM Structure Set exportiert. Mit der Software OEDIPE [1] erfolgte die Zuordnung der Gewebeeigenschaften der segmentierten Organe nach ICRU [2]. Anschließend erfolgt die Simulation in MCNPX (v.2.6.0) mit 20 Millionen Events als Abbruchkriterium. Ergebnisse: Mit OEDIPE gelingt unter Verwendung des Ergebnisses der MC-Simulation die Erzeugung der SAFs für ein VP des Ferkels. Für 28 Radionuklide wurden SAFs (mGy/MBq*s) für Gehirn, Leber, Gallenblase, Nieren, Dünn- und Dickdarm, Lunge, Herz, Pankreas, rotes Knochenmark, Milz, Magen, Schilddrüse, Thymus, Blase, Skelett, Wirbelsäule und Restkörper berechnet. Schlussfolgerung: Unter Nutzung von OEDIPE wurde erstmals ein VP des Ferkels erzeugt und durch MC-Simulation die SAFs berechnet. Dieses VP steht der Implementation in verschiedenen am Markt verfügbare Softwaretools zur Verfügung. Seine Anwendbarkeit für die präklinische Inkorporationsdosimetrie wird nunmehr durch den Vergleich mit anderen, bereits implementierten VP weiter untersucht.