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The results of forest cover reduction were obtained using raster data and administrative borders for the Republic of Croatia. Examples are taken from other countries to compare the results and show the reduction of cover, both forest and agricultural. The first part of this paper describes the situation in the Republic of Croatia, where Ministry of Environmental Protection provided analysis. The condition of land cover in the Republic of Croatia is presented. The second part of this paper is a description of the task development process in the software package "QGIS". From adding CLC raster data to, the actions performed in the program that were performed until the results arrived. Finally, the interpretation of the obtained data and the conclusion follow.

To describe the behaviour of watercourses, numerous parameters should be considered, such as water flow, depth/water level, velocity, and the amount of deposit in a waterbed. In addition, many other parameters should be analysed to understand the mechanism of specific watercourses. The most typical parameters are those associated with water quality, such as water temperature, and pH value, and temperature, as well as various climate parameters, such as precipitation, evaporation, and insolation, which are visualised in the form of a time series. The measurement frequency can differ for each parameter. Depending on the number of available measurements, hourly, daily, monthly, and yearly data can be obtained, which can then be used to form a time series. Many well-established and applicable procedures and models for time-series analyses exist, including the rescaled adjusted partial sums method (RAPS). This method is devised to detect possible irregularities and/or fluctuations within the original time series, which cannot be achieved using typical time-series analysis methods. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the application of the RAPS method in hydrology, where the advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed.

Roads are important infrastructure facilities that enable traffic accessibility, i.e. they improve the quality of transport communication between people, goods and innovations. The Podravina high-speed road project was designed with the aim of developing Podravina and Slavonia and enabling a better connection between them and the rest of Croatia. Road construction is a complex process that requires a location permit before construction begins. This paper is written with the aim of presenting in detail the process of obtaining a location permit, which is preceded by obligatory preliminary work. Its complexity depends on the type of a road, its purpose and characteristics of the area through which a planned road passes. The Podravina high-speed road is the largest infrastructure project in that part of Croatia and therefore detailed preliminary work is required. This paper describes some types of preliminary work which include geological, geomechanical and climatic tests. The paper presents a project justification study, an environmental impact study, an environmental impact study, a construction and a technical study as well as a spatial transport analysis. Based on the chosen Podravina high-speed road route, a general design was created by using a road design software program “Platea”.

Temperatura površine tla odnosi se na izračun temperature tla koji se vrši s posebnim faktorima. Promjena temperature površine tla u području utječe i na klimu i vegetaciju. Vegetacijski indeks normalizirane razlike (NDVI) služi kao pokazatelj bujnosti vegetacije za procjenu vegetacijskog odnosa temperature površine tla (LST). Za proučavanje promjena LST-a u području istraživanja (Jamu i Kašmir) koriste se slike Landsat 7 ETM+ i Landsat 8 OLI TIRS za četiri godine (2005., 2010., 2015. i 2020.). Izračunavaju se korelacije između NDVI i LST. Kroz studiju je jasno da vegetacijski indeks normalizirane razlike ima glavnu ulogu u izračunu temperature površine tla. U ovom istraživanju, zabilježena promjena više temperature 2005. godine je bila 20°C, a 2020. godine najviša temperatura je bila 25°C. Ako govorimo o nižoj temperaturi, promjena je 1°C. I Jamu i Kašmir imaju polulistopadnu vegetaciju koja uključuje suptropske borove šume., Land Surface Temperature refers back to the calculation of ground temperature that is made with extraordinary factors. Due to changes in the land surface temperature of the area, the climate and vegetation are also affected. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) serves as an indicator of vegetation abundance to estimate the land surface temperature (LST) vegetation relationship. Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI TIRS images for four years (2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020) are used to study the LST changes in the research area (Jammu & Kashmir). Correlations between NDVI and LST are calculated. Through the study, it is clear that the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index plays a major role in the calculation of land surface temperature. In this study, the change in the higher temperature noted in the year 2005 was 200C, and in the year 2020, the highest temperature was 250C. If we talk about the lower temperature, the change is 10C. Both Jammu and Kashmir have semi-deciduous vegetation that includes subtropical pine forests.

In the year 2012 Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering introduced a new university program – Environmental Engineering. Despite the good recognition and establishment of this profession in Europe and the world, when entering the labour market in Croatia, graduate students encountered several problems, most of them connected too low recognition of the occupation. To gain better visibility of the program and enhance competences of students a project was designed and implemented. The purpose of the project is to develop key practical skills through the development, improvement, and implementation of professional practice in the undergraduate and graduate study program of Environmental Engineering at the Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering. A network of professional partnerships with institutions and the private sector has been established to enable students to apply the knowledge acquired during higher education in practice and to expand the theoretical knowledge by working in the real sector. This experience aims to facilitate the later employment of students. Also, goal is to establish a Career Development Centre and strengthen social cohesion in Croatia and therefore increase the number of students in STEM area. Main users of this project are divided into three categories, teaching and non-teaching staff ; undergraduate and graduate students ; private and public sector. Teaching and non-teaching staff use this project to implement new systems of professional practice, to participate in additional competences workshops and to improve professional development programs and workshops for the education of professional practice mentors. Private and public sector will also benefit from outcomes of the project since the new generations of engineers will be trained and included in new internship programs over the years in the field of Environmental Engineering. The transfer of knowledge and experience within the proposed project addresses all target groups with long-term positive effects on end users. This paper aims to present novel methods of professional practice as well presentation of project outcomes.

Vjetroelektrane se u Republici Hrvatskoj i svijetu razvijaju velikom brzinom budući da predstavljaju jedan od obnovljivih izvora energije. Hrvatska ima puno područja koja imaju zadovoljavajući vjetropotencijal za izgradnju vjetroelektrana. U Hrvatskoj se vjetroelektrane najčešće grade na području Dalmacije. Zbog složenih geoloških struktura i razlika u tlima potrebno je provesti terenska istraživanja kako bi se utvrdila svojstva temeljnog tla čime se osigurava kvalitetna izgradnja vjetroparka. Terenska geotehnička i geofizička istraživanja na lokaciji izgradnje vjetroelektrane Bruvno kod Gračaca u Republici Hrvatskoj provedena su za potrebe temeljenja stupova vjetroagregata, te temeljenja transformatorske stanice. Terenska istraživanja uključuju istražne bušotine, te geofizička istraživanja metodama geoelektrične tomografije, georadarskih snimanja te seizmička ispitivanja višekanalnom analizom površinskih valova (MASW). Cilj provedenih istražnih radova bio je prikupljanje podataka o općim i mehaničkim svojstvima temeljnog tla da se odrede optimalni uvjeti temeljenja, nosivost, slijeganja i mehaničke stabilnosti. U ovom radu prikazan je pregled navedenih metoda uz prikaz rezultata svake metode na odabranim lokacijama.

Nitrates have their presence in underground water in natural form or from anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic impact includes human activities in form of the fertilizers and pesticides, which have a negative impact on human health. The main problem with nitrates is their presence in underground water, when this water is used as drinking water for settlements and cities. The main goal of all research connected with the mentioned problem is to find, determine, and quantify potential sources of the nitrates, and after this to connect natural and anthropogenic factors which contribute to the rising the nitrate amount in the underground water. Such a task means lots of fieldwork and laboratory measurements. There is a plan to show methodology for contributing to solving issues of nitrate in groundwater for the case study of the well field Bartolovec, which is the primary underground drinking water source for Varaždin County and the city of Varaždin in Croatia. In the first step, the time series of the nitrates will be shown and statistically analyzed on a yearly and monthly basis. The second step is to provide further statistical analysis on a higher level by the application of the Rescaled Adjusted Partial Sums (RAPS).

The aim of this research is to analyze the vegetation cover of Varaždin County using machine learning methods. The most commonly used machine learning methods in the analysis of vegetation cover through pattern recognition and in-depth data analysis have been singled out. The paper provides an overview of the significant and most important satellite missions for imaging the Earth's surface that have enabled the collection and use of high and very high-resolution satellite imagery in combination with machine learning algorithms. Images of the Sentinel-2 area of Varaždin County were used in this paper. They were analyzed in 5 different time periods, and for the processing of satellite images, classification and subsequent analyzes were used in the open source programs SAGA-GIS and QGIS. Finally, the analysis of vegetation cover was performed using the vegetation index NDVI, after which the results were presented and conclusions were made on changes in vegetation cover in the observed area.

In 2013 the Ministry of Construction and Physical Planning has brought an act by which all illegally built objects must be legalized. To this date almost 75% legalization request has been solved. It is expected that by the end of 2019 all of the illegally built objects will be legalized. In order to prevent further construction of illegal objects the Ministry of Construction and Physical Planning is seeking a way to easily detect start of illegal construction. Since the Copernicus satellite images are available free of charge and with resolution of 10m it should be possible to detect mentioned objects. This paper will provide analysis of Copernicus Sentinel 2A imagery for such use based on unsupervised classification using machine learning. If such procedure results in satisfying accuracy it will be proposed model for automation of the process for monitoring the illegal building construction based on Sentinel 2A imagery.

The Danube River Basin, being Europe's second largest river basin, is subject to increasing pressure and serious threats of pollution from agriculture, industry, and cities. The Drava River is the fourth largest Danube tributary. Only 17 % of the total area of the Drava catchment is located in Croatia, but during its flow through Croatia, it receives waters from a couple of significant tributaries, such as Plitvica, Bednja and Mura (National institute, 2014 ; Liska, 2015). In such a vast catchment, as is the Danube catchment, smaller streams and rivers sometimes seem to be overlooked. But if one considers the fact that they make up 70 %–80 % of the total channel length of larger river networks, and they greatly influence downstream sections of these networks, in depth knowledge of the smaller streams and rivers characteristics is very important. They also play a significant part in retaining or transmitting both sediments and nutrients while at the same time they are a home and migration corridor for various aquatic organisms (Wohl, 2017). Climate changes and human activities cause changes of the hydrological regime within the Danube River Basin. This change can be observed in hydrological regime of the small streams and rivers, as well as consequently in a big rivers. The smaller rivers often have torrential flow and there is an imperative for analysis of their hydrological regime. The analysis will be performed on the real case study of river Plitvica in the northwestern part of Croatia.

U prezentaciji obrađen je povijesni razvoj GISa i dan pregled njegovih mogućnosti. Zatim je prikazan razvoj i mogućnosti sustava satelitskog daljinskog istraživanja. Na kraju su prikazani primjeri dobre prakse iz Republike Hrvatske. Prezentacija je održana u sklopu obilježavanja Međunarodnog dana GISa.

Production of the electric energy from the rivers by using the mini, as well as micro, hydroelectric power plants is a very prospective solution, especially in the rural and isolated areas. Numerous waterways in Croatia and their hydrological and hydrogeological diversity present an opportunity, but also a challenge, for the construction of hydroelectric power plants. Due to the complexity of the water courses hydrology, as well as hydrogeological characteristics, it is very hard to determine an appropriate flow pattern (amount), which will be used as an input value for the sizing of hydroelectric power plants. Such analysis will be provided for real case studies in Croatia with special regard to present geological media - media with intergranular porosity (river Bednja), karstmedia (river Gornja Dobra), and flysch media (river Mirna). Taking into account different geological media increases the possibility of using the presented methodology on other locations in Croatia, as well in the world.

Limnigraphs are used for continuous measurement of water levels on watercourses, which are mostly located in a small number of locations, often distant from each other. The relationship between the measured water levels and the flow of the watercourse in its cross section is represented by the stage-discharge relationship, called rating curve. Most often different software packages are used for modeling of the flow conditions within the watercourse, which simplifies the actual (real) conditions. Continuity of the measuring is required to obtain the real situation, despite the fact that it is difficult, due to costs and a lot of required time. For these reasons, the goal of the presented paper is to improve the procedure for measuring flow and water levels in watercourses. Mentioned will be shown on the river Plitvica near Varaždin in Croatia. All measurement difficulties (deposits, sediment, vegetation, control interventions, etc.) will be taken into account. Rescaled Adjusted Partial Sums (RAPS) method will be applied to determine the subseries within the original time series of the averaged daily flow. Such is required to determine the time period(s) in year when flow changes could be expected, which definitely affects measuring.

Today, phytoremediation is used as an effective and low-cost procedure to treat wastewater. Such is a contribution to mitigating the negative impact of climate change. In order to choose phytoremediation as a method of water purification, one of the most important parameters is the economic one. Alongside financial aspect, important criteria while selecting most appropriate method is the effectiveness of each method in wastewater treatment. There is a need for procedure which will take into the account possible variants of the phytoremediation process at the wastewater treatment plant. The present study was performed on the first module of the Parkandabad wastewater treatment plant in Iran. The plant generally receives municipal wastewater. In this study, the changes of biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) were investigated after using umbrella papyrus (Cyperusalternifolius) and Vetiver grass (Vetiveriazizanioides L.). Macbeth multicriteria method was applied to rank and select the obtained experimental variants with the aim of selecting the best plant species for phytoremediation and optimizing the efficiency in terms of removing BOD5, COD, TDS and TKN.

Since the first satellite imagery of RapidEye and PlanetScope became available, numerous studies have been conducted. However, only a few authors have focused on evaluating the accuracy of more than two machine learning methods in land cover classification. This paper evaluates the accuracy of four different machine learning methods, namely: support vector machine, artificial neural network, naive Bayes, and random forest. All analysis was conducted on cities in Croatia, Varaždin and Osijek. On Varaždin area on RapidEye satellite imagery support vector machine achieved overall kappa value 0.80, artificial neural network 0.37, naive Bayes 0.84 and random forest 0.76. On Varaždin area on PlanetScope satellite imagery support vector machine achieved overall kappa value 0.77, artificial neural network 0.38, naive Bayes 0.76 and random forest 0.75. On Osijek area on RapidEye satellite imagery support vector machine achieved overall kappa value 0.75, artificial neural network 0.36, naive Bayes 0.85 and random forest 0.76. On Osijek area on PlanetScope satellite imagery support vector machine achieved overall kappa value 0.64, artificial neural network 0.23, naive Bayes 0.72 and random forest 0.63. Performance time of each method is also evaluated. Naive Bayes and random forest have best performance time in every scenario., Otkako su prve satelitske snimke senzora RapidEye i PlanetScope postale dostupne, na njima su provedena brojna istraživanja. Međutim, samo se nekoliko autora usredotočilo na ocjenu točnosti više od dvije metode strojnog učenja pri klasifikaciji pokrova zemljišta. U ovom radu daje se ocjena točnosti četiri različite metode strojnog učenja: metode potpornih vektora, metode umjetnih neuronskih mreža, metode naivni Bayes i metode slučajnog šuma. Sve su analize provedene na gradovima u Hrvatskoj: Varaždinu i Osijeku. Na satelitskom snimku senzora RapidEye, za područje Varaždina, metoda potpornih vektora postigla je ukupnu kappa vrijednost 0,80, metoda umjetnih neuronskih mreža 0,37, metoda naivni Bayes 0,84 i metoda slučajnog šuma 0,76. Na satelitskom snimku senzora PlanetScope, za područje Varaždina, metoda potpornih vektora postigla je ukupnu kappa vrijednost 0,77, metoda umjetnih neuronskih mreža 0,38, metoda naivni Bayes 0,76 i metoda slučajnog šuma 0,75. Na satelitskom snimku senzora RapidEye, za područje Osijeka, metoda potpornih vektora postigla je ukupnu kappa vrijednost 0,75, metoda umjetnih neuronskih mreža 0,36, metoda naivni Bayes 0,85 i metoda slučajnog šuma 0,76. Na satelitskom snimku senzora PlanetScope, za područje Osijeka, metoda potpornih vektora postigla je ukupnu kappa vrijednost 0,64, metoda umjetnih neuronskih mreža 0,23, metoda naivni Bayes 0,72 i metoda slučajnog šuma 0,63. U radu se također mjeri i vrijeme izvedbe svake metode. Metoda naivni Bayes i metoda slučajnog šuma imaju najbolje vrijeme izvedbe u svim slučajevima.