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KOncentracije anti-p53 protutijela u serumu bolesnika s bolestima jetre bile su statistički značajno više od zdravih ispitanika.

Introduction: Aging-related impaired body structure and functions are assumed to be, at least partially, caused by elevated oxidative stress (OS). A red wine polyphenol resveratrol may act as an antioxidant and anti-aging medium, but its actions in vivo are controversial (1). Here we report on sex- related effects of resveratrol treatment (RT) on blood/plasma parameters of DNA damage, oxidative status, and concentrations of sex hormones (SH) in a rat model of aging (2). Material & Methods: Starting from their age of 3-mo, for the next 9-mo or 21-mo male and female Wistar rats were drinking resveratrol in water (10 mg/L ; predicted intake: ~1 mg/kg b.m./day) or only water (controls). In their blood/plasma we performed the alkaline comet assay (3) and determined glutathione (4) and malondialdehyde (5) by the established methods. SH were determined by commercial kits. Results: Compared with controls, the 9-mo RT did not change any parameter in both sexes. After the 21-mo RT, the OS-related parameters remained unchanged, but testosterone levels in males were ⁓45% higher (P

Case report describes pregnancy management and outcome of bichorionic biamniotic (BCBA) twin pregnancy with Hyperreactio luteinalis (HL) and accompanying severe hyperandrogenemia in women carrying female fetuses. HL with hyperandrogenism is rare condition, which may cause virilization of the mother and female fetus. According to limited data from current literature adverse pregnancy outcomes in these women are observed in 26% of cases. They are usually associated with preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and preterm delivery. The risk to the fetus depends on the timing and severity of the excess maternal androgen production. 35-year-old primigravida with twin pregnancy following frozen embryo transfer in natural cycle presented in 16th week of pregnancy with bilateral enlarged ovarian masses The hormone panel showed extremely elevated serum total testosterone (TT) 27.3 nmol/L, free testosterone (FT) 62.2 pmol/L, androstenedione (A) > 35 nmol/L levels. MRI of abdomen and pelvis ruled out androgen secreting tumor. The HL was diagnosed. Feto- placental unit and hormones were monitored every 3 weeks. Hyperandrogenemia was progressive and in 33rd week discordant twin growth was observed accompanied with hypertension. Respiratory distress syndrome prophylaxis was preformed and methyldopa was introduced. In 34th week absent umbilical artery end-diastolic flow was detected in one twin. Within 24 hours affected twin heartbeats were negative after two reassuring CTGs. Cesarean section was immediately performed. No signs of virilization of twins were observed. Umbilical cord serum androgen concentrations have been measured in twins. Stillborn twin had significantly higher androgen levels compared to liveborn twin (TT 5.5 vs. 2.2 nmol/L, fT 131.5 vs. 51.0 pmol/L, A 33.1 vs. 8.5 nmol/L). Pathological report was unremarkable. The mother’s androgen panel on the third postpartal day was still extreme (TT 39.4 nmol/L, fT 92.5 pmol/L, A 250 nmol/L). A control hormonal panel two weeks later normalized. Hyperandrogenism in pregnancy complicated with fetal brain-sparing effect could lead to accelerated exhaustion of fetal compensatory mechanisms. Therefore, in such situation prompt delivery may be a reasonable option.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequent endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of TAAAA repeat allele length on serum SHBG levels and on cardiovascular risk factors in PCOS patients. Ninety-one Croatian women with PCOS and 99 healthy control women of reproductive age were enrolled. Phenotypic hyperandrogenism, BMI and waist–to-hip ratio were recorded. Hormonal profiles, fasting insulin and glucose levels, lipid profile and C–reactive protein were measured. Genotyping of the TAAAA repeat polymorphism in the SHBG gene was performed. No significant difference was found in the frequency and distribution of TAAAA repeat alleles between PCOS patients and controls (P=0.739). Serum SHBG levels were inversely correlated with serum CRP levels (R=0.489, P

Diet is the main source of cadmium exposure. Gastrointestinal absorption increases during pregnancy. Cadmium accumulated in the placenta may interfere with nutrient transport to the foetus. Data on the potential of cadmium to act as a steroid disruptor of pregnancy are limited. We evaluated the effects of oral cadmium exposure during pregnancy on placental function in micronutrient transfer to the foetus and steroidogenesis in Wistar rats (regular 4-day cyclers) that mated with unexposed males. Pregnant rats were randomly assigned to a cadmium group exposed orally to 50 mg Cd/L (50 ppm ; as CdCl2xH2O dissolved in demineralised water), ca. 7.5 mg Cd/kg b. wt. a day, during 20 days of gestation and control (supplied with demineralised water). Non- pregnant rats were treated under the same experimental conditions. On day 20, all of the rats were euthanized and samples were taken for element analyses (by ET-AAS). Progesterone and testosterone were measured in serum and placenta- derived samples (by IEMA and/or ELISA). In the exposed rats, cadmium increased in blood and organs, more in pregnant rats, and in placenta and foetus whereas zinc increased in liver. Iron decreased in maternal organs and in foetus, whereas zinc decreased in maternal kidney and placenta. Liver copper was lower and kidney copper higher in all pregnant vs non-pregnant rats. Steroids in serum and placenta did not change. In conclusion, oral cadmium exposure during rat pregnancy does not affect progesterone and testosterone at term. Transplacental iron and zinc handover are disrupted, which may put at risk maintenance of foetal nutrition and viability.

Aims. The aim of this study was to relate the levels of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, leptin and adiponectin in the maternal and umbilical vein serum to the birth weight in T1DM and healthy pregnancies. Methods. The study included 120 pregnant women divided into 4 groups: 30 suffering from type 1 diabetic pregnancy (T1DM) who gave birth to eutrophic and 30 who gave birth to macrosomic infants ; 30 from Control group (CTRL) who gave birth to eutrophic and 30 who gave birth to macrosomic infants. Serum insulin, C-peptide, leptin and adiponectin levels were quantified by ELISA. Results. Fetal macrosomia is associated with higher level of leptin in the fetal serum in both groups (T1DM: p=0.049 ; CTRL: p=0.031). Fetal levels of glucose and insulin have an influence on birth weight in the Control group (glucose: p=0.002 ; insulin: p=0.015). Adiponectin levels are higher in the maternal (p=0.001) and fetal serum (p

Introduction. Pregnancy is associated with major changes in woman’s hormonal status and metabolism. In the past several years the role of adipokines has been linked to the development of maternal insulin resistance and consequently fetal growth. The aim of this study was to establish relationships between the levels of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, leptin and adiponectin in maternal and umbilical vein serum and birth weight in Type 1 diabetic pregnancies (T1DM) and also in healthy pregnancies. Methods. The study included 120 pregnant women divided into 4 groups: 30 suffering from type 1 diabetic pregnancy (T1DM) who gave birth to eutrophic and 30 who gave birth to macrosomic infants ; 30 from Control group (CTRL) who gave birth to eutrophic and 30 who gave birth to macrosomic infants. Samples of the mother’s vein blood and the umbilical vein blood were taken immediately after the birth. Serum insulin, C- peptide, leptin and adiponectin levels were quantified by ELISA. Results. Fetal macrosomia is associated with higher level of leptin in the fetal serum in both groups (T1DM: p=0.049 ; CTRL: p=0.031). Fetal levels of glucose and insulin have an influence on birth weight in the Control group (glucose: p=0.002 ; insulin: p=0.015). Adiponectin levels are higher in the maternal (p=0.001) and fetal serum (p

Study question: Altered adipose tissue secretion plays a central role in the meta- bolic abnormalities observed in PCOS. This study was conducted to determine the concentrations of adipokines in different phenotypes of PCOS women, hy- pothesizing that normal-weight, normoinsulinemic PCOS women, with mildest phenotype also present with changes in adipokine secretion compared to controls. Summary answer: There was no difference in adipokines serum levels be- tween different PCOS phenotypes. Lower levels of adiponectin and ghrelin, and higher levels of leptin and resistin were observed in all lean PCOS phenotypes without hyperinsulinemia compared to controls suggesting that other intrinsic PCOS factor is in the culprit of these abnormalities. What is known already: Women with PCOS have significantly elevated leptin and resistin, and lower adiponectin and ghrelin serum levels compared to healthy women. Whether these abnormalities are secondary to obesity/ab- dominal fat distribution/hyperandrogenism/hyperinsulinemia or represents the intrinsic PCOS abnormality is yet to be determined. There is a limited data on the adipokine serum levels in four main PCOS phe- notypes defined by the Rotterdam Criteria. The majority of them observed posi- tive association of serum adipokine concentrations and PCOS phenotype severity. Study design, size, duration: Observational, prospective study of 186 women with PCOS fulfilling Rotterdam criteria and 162 weight and age-matched women was conducted from 2009 to 2013. Five groups were created: A) O (Oligoovulation) + H (Hyperandrogenism) + P (Polycystic ovaries) (n = 102) ; B) O + H (n = 15), C) H + P (n = 27) ; D) O + P (n = 42) and E) (control group). Participants/materials, setting, methods: Body mass index (BMI), waist/ hip ratio (WHR) and hirsutism were evaluated. Serum concentrations of a leptin, adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin, androgens, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), glucose and insulin were measured. Free testosterone and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated. Results were analyzed using SPSS 17 for Windows. Main results and the role of chance: No association was found between the leptin, resistin, adiponectin and ghrelin serum levels with severity of PCOS pheno- type (all p > 0.05). We observed higher levels of leptin and resistin and lower levels of adiponectin and ghrelin in all PCOS phenotypes compared to control group (all p < 0.001). The most prominent finding was the lower adiponectin (p < 0.001) and ghrelin (p < 0.001) serum levels and higher levels of leptin (p < 0.001) and resistin (p < 0.001) in lean PCOS patients without hyperandrogenemia and insulin resis- tency (phenotype D) compared to healthy controls (group E).Limitations, reason for caution: Small sample size in group B. HOMA-IR was used instead of more reliable but technically difficult hyperinsulinemic- euglycemic clamp technique. With significant variations in PCOS presentation seen in different ethnic populations, generalizing data obtained from any single ethnic group to other population groups should be approached with caution. Wider implications of the findings: Although the O + P phenotype itself is under dispute, our data show that the normal-weight, normoinsulinemic PCOS women, who share this phenotype present with alterations in adipokines metabolism, the finding that was previously observed in PCOS women in general. This may suggest that some other intrinsic PCOS factor other than obesity, hyperandrogenism or hyperinsulinemia modulates the adipose tissue dysfunction which merit further research.

Cilj ovog istraživanja je istražiti utjecaj šećerne bolesti tipa 1 na koncentraciju glukoze, inzulina, leptina i adiponektina u majčinoj krvi i u umbilikalnoj veni. Metode. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 120 trudnica: 60 trudnica sa šećernom bolesti tipa 1 (DM1) i 60 zdravih trudnica (kontrola). Uzorci krvi iz majčine krvi i umbilikalne vene su uzeti tijekom porođaja, te su izmjerene koncentracije glukoze, inzulina, leptina i adiponektina. Koncentracije inzulina, leptina i adiponektina iz seruma su dobivene metodom ELISA. Rezultati. Koncentracija adiponektina u majčinoj krvi je bila veća u trudnica sa DM1 nego u kontrolnoj skupini sa statistički značajnom razlikom (p

Preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome are major obstetric disorders associated with substantial maternal and perinatal morbidities. Accurate and timely diagnosis is very important as is early identification of patients with an increased risk for preeclampsia. Several proposed biomarkers are discussed as predictors in screening for preeclampsia.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine condition affecting women of reproductive age. There are many typical signs and symptoms that allow for the diagnosis of PCOS depending on the criteria used. Interestingly, ethnicity influences the extent of these signs and symptoms; therefore, the frequency of symptoms varies between different countries and ethnic groups. The prevalence of this syndrome in Croatia is unknown, and it's clinical and biochemical characteristics have not yet been reported. During this study, we used the Rotterdam criteria to evaluate 365 Croatian women with PCOS, and compared them to 304 age matched controls to assess the clinical and biochemical abnormalities that occur in PCOS patients. The mean age of PCOS patients at presentation was 26.1 +/- 5.9 years and of controls were 28.0 +/- 4.2 years. Women with PCOS has significantly higher body mass index (BMI) than the control group, although in both groups most patients had normal weight (76.2% vs. 87.8%). Abdominal distribution of fat tissue was similar in both groups. Menstrual cycle abnormalities were observed in 90.7% of PCOS patients, and ultrasonographic appearance of polycystic ovaries was reported in 97.3% of PCOS cases. Nearly 75% of patients with PCOS had hirsutism and 49.6% had acne. We recorded significantly higher serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (fT) and insulin, while the serum levels of sex hormone binding globuline (SHBG) and follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) were significantly lower than in the control group. Serum glucose values were not significantly different between the groups. In conclusion, chronic anovulation, hirsutism and ultrasound appearance of polycystic ovaries are the dominant features of PCOS in Croatian population. The majority of patients with PCOS had normal body weight. The incidence of insulin resistance in this group of patients is less than the previously described frequency in other populations of patients with PCOS and normal weight.

Cadmium is a toxic environmental pollutant with potential to act as an endocrine-disrupting chemical in reproductive organs. Main sources of cadmium exposure in general population are contaminated food, water, and tobacco smoke. Up to 50% of the inhaled cadmium and an average of 5% (20%) of cadmium oral intake is absorbed, which depends on age, nutrition, and physiological state. In exposed mammals, including humans, cadmium accumulated in placental tissue can disrupt its vital function of hormones’ synthesis during gestation. We compared effects of oral vs. parenteral cadmium route of exposure on placental steroidogenesis in laboratory rats. Previous investigation showed cadmium effects on placental progesterone production in rats (Sprague Dawley) after 19-day exposure during pregnancy at total doses of 3 or 5 mg Cd/kg b.wt sc. by osmotic pumps (Piasek et al., TEMA 10, 2000, pp. 809-12). In our new investigation, rats (Wistar) with regular four-day estrous cycle were exposed orally to 50 ppm Cd (as chloride ; 7.26±0.86 mg Cd/kg b.wt) from gestation day 1 to 20. Mother rats were then euthanized and placentas dissected, weighed, and prepared for cadmium analysis (by atomic absorption spectrometry) and steroid hormone assay (by enzyme-immunometric method). Cadmium increased in placentas of exposed rats by both routes of exposure. While parenteral cadmium exposure decreased placental progesterone, oral exposure increased progesterone concentrations in rat placentas. In conclusion, cadmium disrupts placental progesterone synthesis, which may compromise pregnancy outcome and foetal viability. This effect depends on the route of exposure during pregnancy.

UVOD: Sindrom policističnih jajnika (PCOS) je multisistemski poremećaj nedovoljno razjašnjene etiologije i patogeneze. Unatoč postojanju međunarodnih dogovora o kriterijima koji definiraju PCOS još uvijek postoje neslaganja u dijagnosticiranju ove bolesti. Iz tih razloga bilo bi vrlo korisno u dijagnostiku PCOS uključiti novi, pouzdani i nezavisni parametar. CILJ: Svrha ovog istraživanja je utvrditi značenje određivanja anti-Mullerovog hormona (AMH) kao potencijalnog novog biljega u dijagnostici PCOS. ISPITANICE I METODE: U ovo je istraživanje bilo uključeno 198 žena s PCOS definiranim prema europskim kriterijima i 99 zdravih žena bez znakova hiperandrogenemije, normalnog ultrazvučnog nalaza i redovitoga menstruacijskog ciklusa. Zabilježeni su podaci o visini, težini, opsegu struka i bokova te redovitosti menstruacijskog ciklusa. Izvršena je klinička procjena stupnja hirzutizma i akni. Napravljen je transvaginalni ultrazvuk. Na početku folikulinske faze (3. do 5. dan) i u sredini luteinske faze menstruacijskog ciklusa uzimani su uzorci krvi. LH, FSH, prolaktin, estradiol, testosteron, SHBG, DHEAS, androstendion, glukoza, inzulin i AMH mjereni su na početku folikulinske faze, a progesteron i AMH u sredini luteinske faze ciklusa. Glukoza je određivana spektrofotometrijski referentnom metodom s heksokinazom. LH, FSH, prolaktin, estradiol, progesteron, testosteron i inzulin određivani su automatiziranim imunokemijskim metodama s mjerenjem luminiscencije. SHBG, DHEAS, androstendion i AMH mjereni su imunokemijskim metodama sa spektrofotometrijom. Slobodni testosteron izračunavan je iz ukupnog testosterona i SHBG iz zakona masa. Procjena inzulinske rezistencije dobivena je izračunavanjem HOMA-IR. REZULTATI: Nije bilo značajnih razlika između koncentracija AMH u uzorcima svih ispitanica dobivenih u različitim fazama menstruacijskog ciklusa (p=0, 37). Uzorci za određivanje AMH mogu se međusobno uspoređivati bez obzira na dan menstruacijskog ciklusa kad se uzima uzorak. Ispitivanjem povezanosti vrijednosti AMH i dobi utvrđena je značajna negativna povezanost (r=-0, 595 ; p

Cilj rada bio je usporediti uspješnost primjene probirnih testova aneuploidija u prvom i drugom tromjesečju trudnoće. Istraživanu skupinu činilo je 374 trudnica s kombiniranim ultrazvučno- biokemijskim testom u prvom, odnosno dvostrukim biokemijskim testom u drugom tromjesečju. Sve su trudnoće bile jednoplodne i urednog ishoda. U probiru prvog tromjesečja korišteni su biokemijski biljezi u serumu trudnica: plazmatski protein pridružen trudnoći (PAPP-A) i slobodna B- podjedinica humanog korionskog gonadotropina (slobodni B- hCG), uz ultrazvukom izmjerenu debljinu nuhalnog nabora (NT) i dužinu tjeme- trtica (CRL) u ploda. U dvostrukom biokemijskom probiru drugog tromjesečja korišteni su biokemijski biljezi: alfa-fetoprotein (AFP) i slobodni B-hCG, a gestacija je procijenjena prema ultrazvučnoj biometriji. Povećani ultrazvučno- biokemijski rizik trisomije 21 u 1. tromjesečju trudnoće ustanovili smo u 30 trudnica (8.0%). Od ukupnog broja, 70 ispitanica (18.7%) imalo je povećani rizik obzirom na biokemijske biljege u ¬prvom, odnosno njih 56 (15.0%) obzirom na biokemijske biljege u drugom tromjesečju trudnoće. Izvršeno je ukupno 30 postupaka amniocenteze. Od toga je u 19 trudnica (63.3%) indikacija postavljena na osnovi kombiniranog probirnog testa. Nadalje, amniocenteza je izvršena u 11 trudnica (28.2%) zbog povećanog rizika u dvostrukom biokemijskom probiru drugog tromjesečja. Udjel lažno-pozitivnih razultata u kombiniranom probiru prvog tromjesečja bio je statistički značajno niži, nego u biokemijskom probiru drugog tromjesečja (B2=12.02, p=0.0005). Ustanovili smo značajnu pozi¬tivnu povezanost log10 MoM slobodnog B-hCG između prvog i drugog tromjesečja (r2=0.403, p

Cilj: Ispitati promjene koncentracija anti- Müllerovog hormona (AMH) u žena s regularnim menstruacijskim ciklusom u odnosu na godine starosti. Ispitanice i metode: U studiju je bilo uključeno 35 ispitanica, u dobi od 19 do 44 godine s redovitim menstruacijskim ciklusom (30± 2 dana, s.v.± SD) i normalnim hormonskim statusom. Ispitanice su prema dobi podijeljene u skupinu od ≤ 30 godina i skupinu s više od 30 godina starosti. Hormonski status smo potvrdili određivanjem lutropina (LH), folitropina (FSH), estradiola (E2), ukupnog i slobodnog testosterona (T) te proteinskog nosača spolnih hormona (SHBG) u folikularnoj fazi (3.-5. dan). U ovulacijskoj fazi (13.-15. dan) određivali smo koncentracije LH, FSH i E2, odnosno progesterona (P) u luteinskoj fazi (20.-23. dan). Koncentracije AMH smo određivali u prvoj i drugoj fazi ciklusa, imuno-enzimometrijskom metodom (ELISA, DSL Inc.), a koncentracije ostalih parametara metodom elektrokemiluminiscencije (ECLIA) na autoanalizatoru „ Roche-Ellecsys“ . Rezultati: U prvoj skupini bilo je 15 ispitanica prosječne dobi od 26± 3 godine, a u drugoj skupini 20 ispitanica prosječne starosti od 36± 4 godina. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test pokazao je normalnu distribuciju svih izmjerenih parametara. Mann- Whitney test nije pokazao razliku u koncentraciji AMH među skupinama. (P = 0.0693). U 19 ispitanica odredili smo koncentraciju AMH i u ovulaciji. Wilcoxonovim testom nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika u koncentracijama AMH na početku ciklusa u odnosu na ovulacijsku fazu (P = 0.3124). Zaključak: Preliminarni rezultati ne pokazuju statistički značajnu razliku koncentracija AMH u odnosu na dob u ispitanica s urednim hormonskim statusom i redovitim menstruacijskim ciklusima. Daljnja istraživanja na većem broju ispitanica nužna su da bi smo pokazali korisnost određivanja AMH u prognostici slabljenja ovarijske rezerve prije ostalih pokazatelja ovarijske steroidogeneze.

Cilj rada: Usporediti uspješnost primjene probirnih testova aneuploidija u prvom i drugom tromjesečju trudnoće. Ispitanice i metode: Istraživanu skupinu činilo je 374 trudnica s kombiniranim ultrazvučno-biokemijskim u prvom, odnosno dvostrukim biokemijskim testom u drugom tromjesečju. Sve su trudnoće bile jednoplodne i urednog ishoda. U probiru prvog tromjesečja korišteni su biokemijski biljezi u serumu trudnica: plazmatski protein pridružen trudnoći (PAPP-A) i slobodna β -podjedinica humanog korionskog gonadotropina (slobodni β -hCG), uz ultrazvukom izmjerenu debljinu nuhalnog nabora (NT) i dužinu tjeme-trtica (CRL) u ploda. U dvostrukom biokemijskom probiru korišteni su biokemijski biljezi: alfa-fetoprotein (AFP) i slobodni β -hCG, a gestacija je procijenjena prema ultrazvučnoj biometriji. Rezultati: Povećani ultrazvučno-biokemijski rizik trisomije 21 u 1. tromjesečju trudnoće ustanovili smo u 30 trudnica (8.0%). Od ukupnog broja, 70 ispitanica (18.7%) imalo je povećani rizik obzirom na biokemijske biljege u prvom, odnosno njih 56 (15.0%) obzirom na biokemijske biljege u drugom tromjesečju trudnoće. Izvršeno je ukupno 30 postupaka amniocenteze. Od toga je u 19 trudnica (63.3%) indikacija postavljena na osnovi kombiniranog probirnog testa. Nadalje, amniocenteza je izvršena u 11 trudnica (28.2%) zbog povećanog rizika u dvostrukom biokemijskom probiru drugog tromjesečja. Udjel lažno-pozitivnih razultata u kombiniranom probiru prvog tromjesečja bio je statistički značajno niži, nego u biokemijskom probiru drugog tromjesečja (χ 2=12.02, p=0.0005). Ustanovili smo značajnu pozitivnu povezanost log10 MoM slobodnog β -hCG između prvog i drugog tromjesečja (r2=0.403, p

Cilj rada: Retrospektivna studija nakon primjene kombiniranog ultrazvučno-biokemijskog testa probira trisomija u prvom tromjesečju trudnoće. Metode: Od veljače 2006. do srpnja 2007. godine probir je proveden u 1112 trudnica između 10. i 14. gestacijskog tjedna. Individualni rizik trisomije 21, 18 i 13 izračunavali smo kombinacijom dobnog rizika trudnice, ultrazvučnih biljega u ploda (debljina nuhalnog nabora – NT, udaljenost tjeme-trtica – CRL) te biokemijskih biljega u serumu trudnice (slobodni β -hCG i PAPP-A), pomoću licenciranog računalnog programa (Typolog). Koncentracije biokemijskih biljega smo određivali imunometrijskom kemiluminiscentnom metodom (IMMULITE). Biokemijske biljege, kao i NT u odnosu na CRL, izrazili smo u obliku višekratnika MoM, u odnosu na regresijske medijane za odgovarajuću gestaciju u neugroženim trudnoćama. Rezultate smo obradili nakon dovršenih svih ispitanih trudnoća. Ukupno su 62 testirane trudnice imale povećani kombinirani rizik trisomije 21, a 10 trudnica povećani rizik trisomije 18/13. Otkrivene su 4 trisomije 21 i jedna trisomija 18. U trudnica s povećanim rizikom u probiru učinjeno je 7 biopsija koriona i 38 ranih amniocenteza. Udio lažno-pozitivnih rezultata bio je 5.2%. Zaključak: Prvi rezultati provođenja kombiniranog probirnog testa u Hrvatskoj potvrdili su visoku osjetljivost i veću specifičnost, u poredbi s biokemijskim probirnim testom u 2. tromjesečju trudnoće.

Pretilost se smatra jednom od najčešćih bolesti modernog društva s kompleksnom etiologijom koja se razvija zbog neuravnoteženog unosa i potrošnje energije pri čemu je dominacija na strani unosa. Pretilost uzrokuje brojne komplikacije vezane uz razne organske sustave. Vitamin B12 ključan je u eritropoezi, procesu metilacije te je kofaktor raznih enzima. 80-94% ukupnog kobalamina vezano je za haptokorin i taj dio čini neaktivnu frakciju, dok je ostatak vezan za aktivni oblik, holotranskobalamin. Deficit vitamina B12 može dovesti do hematoloških abnormalnosti te demijelinizacije središnjeg živčanog sustava, zbog čega ga je važno na vrijeme uočiti. Koncentracija kobalamina unutar referentnog intervala ne mora značiti adekvatan status vitamina B12 zbog čega on ne predstavlja dobar marker deficita vitamina B12. Holotranskobalamin kao aktivni oblik vitamina B12 predstavlja bolji izbor kao marker deficijencije. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati postoji li statistički značajna razlika u koncentracijama kobalamina i holotranskobalamina kod pretilih ispitanika (ITM > 25 kg/m2) u usporedbi s ispitanicima normalne tjelesne mase. Istraživanje je provedeno u Kliničkom zavodu za laboratorijsku dijagnostiku KBC-a Zagreb, na 195 ispitanika od čega je 103 normalne tjelesne mase, a 92 pretilo. Koncentracije analita određene su kemiluminiscentnom imunokemijskom metodom s mikročesticama (CMIA) na analizatoru Abbott Alinity i za kobalamin, a za holotranskobalamin na analizatoru Architect. Utvrđivanje statistički značajnih razlika ispitano je Mann-Whitney testom. Rezultati su pokazali statistički značajno nižu koncentraciju kobalamina kod pretilih ispitanika u usporedbi s ispitanicima normalne tjelesne mase. Medijan izmjerenih koncentracija nije ispod preporučene cut-off vrijednosti (150 pmol/L). Iako je kod pretilih ispitanika izmjerena niža koncentracija holotranskobalamina, nije pronađena statistički značajna razlika između skupina. Obesity is considered to be one of the most prevalent diseases in modern-day society. It is an illness with complex etiology that occurs due to an imbalanced input and usage of energy where the input of energy is larger than the usage. Obesity is the cause of many complications related to different organ systems. Vitamin B12 is a key vitamin in erythropoiesis, and methylation, and it is a cofactor of different enzymes. 80-94% of total cobalamin is an inactive fraction bonded to haptocorrin while the rest is bonded in holotranscobalamin. Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to hematological abnormalities and demyelination of the central nervous system which is why early detection is important. Cobalamin concentration within the reference range does not equate to an adequate status of vitamin B12 which is why this assay is not the best marker of vitamin B12 deficiency. As an active form of cobalamin, the holotranscoobalamin assay represents a better choice in detecting deficiency. The goal of this research was to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference in cobalamin and holotranscobalamin concentrations between a group of obese subjects (BMI > 25 kg/m2) and a group of subjects with a normal body mass index. The research was conducted at the Department of Laboratory Diagnostics at the University Hospital Centre in Zagreb on 195 subjects, of which 103 had normal body mass index, and 92 were obese. Analytes concentrations were measured using the chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) on the Abbott Alinity analyzer for cobalamin, and on the Architect analyzer for holotranscobalamin. The Mann-Whitney test was used to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference in the concentrations. The results show statistically significant lower cobalamin concentration in obese subjects compared to subjects with a normal body mass index. The median of measured cobalamin concentrations was not below the recommended cut-off value (150 pmol/L). Even though holotranscobalamin concentration measured in obese subjects was lower, there was not a statistically significant difference between the two groups of subjects.