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The paper deals with the issue of the small business in the renewable energy field. The experience of the renewable energy leaders shows that the exploitation of the potential of renewable energy sources allows to overcome the dependence on the energy import, stimulates economic growth, and enables the creation of new workplaces as well as opening the prospects for the scientific and technological progress. A very healthy solution would be a promotion of "green and small" business. Therefore there is given an analysis of the main political, economic, social, and technological assumptions of "green and small" business development and its evaluation in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Usually the system operator buys the regulating energy from generators to maintain the system's balance between supply and demand. System operators own a special power plant for this purpose in some countries. In the case of Lithuania, it could be the Kruonis hydropump storage. Unfortunately, its regulating diapason is not flexible enough. Therefore, the need of improving the flexibility of this plant is considered in the article. The mathematical model for evaluating the impact of the regulating diapason of the KHPS on the minimization of regulating power import is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coordination of generators or even of electricity consumption are very important to keep the system's operation secure, stable and reliable. The system's operator is responsible for such coordination. After the restructuring and privatization, generators were acquired by various owners, and the coordination of generators becomes a commercial activity between the owners of generators and the system operator. So, the system operator can ensure the coordination process by purchasing special services from the owners of generators. In this new commercial activity, all services could be classified as system and auxiliary services. The essential and main requirements for such services are described in this paper. The main attention is paid to pricing the auxiliary and system services and how it could be implemented in transmission tariffs on a transparent basis. Competition and market development of these services in Lithuania and in neighbouring countries are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The system of emission allowance trading in the European Union has been functioning for several years and has shown a significant impact on electricity markets over the EU. The main purpose of the article is to assess such impact on the Lithuanian electricity market. Based on the performed analysis, one can state that the impact of the emissions trading scheme varies very much in the EU electricity markets. Unfortunately, experiences gained from analysis of this impact in competitive electricity markets cannot be applied directly to the Lithuanian electricity market because of its strong regulation. Therefore, special principles for assessing the impact of the emissions trading scheme on the electricity market with a strong regulation are offered in this article. Based on the application of these principles, projections of electricity generation costs are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the problems of small cogeneration at the consumer side as the development of distributed generation as one of the rational directions. The differences between CHPs in the district heating sector and small CHPs constructed by consumers are described. Different support schemes are prepared for promotion of CHPs in the district heating sector. Unfortunately, cogeneration effect in the district heating utilities is not shared with consumers in an appropriate way. Distributed CHPs constructed by consumers are a more attractive alternative for electricity and heat generation. However, numerous barriers for the development of such CHPs is a common issue not only in Lithuania, but in other European countries as well. The major problems are originated, as outlined in this paper, by the conflict of business interests between network utilities and consumers. Based on the existing legal basis, network utilities can impose unfavourable conditions on the development of such CHPs and their integration into a power system. Differences between the Lithuanian legal basis and the cogeneration directive are discussed in the paper. Recommendations to mitigate the technical, business and regulatory barriers for integration of distributed generation are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A uniform load over time is important for an economic and secure operation of the power system infrastructure. An appropriate pricing may stimulate consumers to modify their pattern of electricity usage. Such stimuli can be based on the gain received by operators by reducing the peak load. The paper presents the principles that allow sharing this benefit with consumers by differentiating the average price into different prices according to time intervals. A mathematical model presented in this paper demonstrates how the average price could be differentiated into peak, shoulder and off-peak prices without exceeding the upper limit of the average price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of further improvements in differentiation principles in the network pricing was shown in previous papers of the authors. One of such improvements is based on setting a method for calculating the capacity and energy charges. The role of capacity charge in the pricing of network services is discussed taking into consideration the goal -- to create incentives for customers. As is shown in the paper, these price components may be derived from the average price not exceeding the price cap. The relation between capacity charge and other price components is mainly defined by the structure of the cost. The presented model, in addition to the average price level and cost structure, includes other practical aspects important when seeking to calculate capacity and energy charges in the most optimal way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of the principles of differentiation of network tariffs is rather important, because the process of the implementation of new tariffs has already started. To avoid mistakes and to choose the most optimal structure of tariffs, it is expedient to use the best experience of developed countries. The principles of the daytime differentiation after restructuring the power sector were left mainly unchanged. In addition to separated network activity the differentiation according to the voltage level was introduced. Unfortunately, economy of scale is still ignored. In this paper, the method of transposing the existing differentiation according to voltage level into differentiation according to the amount of energy sent through the network is proposed. The tight relation between these two principles is discussed. Seeking to apply the principle of economy of scale, the new method of grouping users according to the level of electricity consumption as the most appropriate approach is developed. On the basis of the analysis a mathematical model is proposed, and results of its testing are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]